A.P. U.S. History Mr. Krueger and Class Slide 2 Slide 3 Conflict
between the U.S and the Soviet Union began gradually. For years
they dealt with: Division in Europe Postwar Economic Aid Atomic
Bomb American diplomats sought peace with a suspicious Soviet Union
What is the Potsdam Conference? Slide 4 The conflict was over who
would control Europe Red Army had swept over Poland and the
Balkans, laying basis for Soviet Domination. American and British
Forces liberated W. Europe. Soviets were intent on imposing
Communist governments loyal to Moscow, the U.S. wanted
self-determination. Due to suspicion, Stalin created the Iron
Curtain. Baltic to Adriatic Sea created soviet satellites Germany
was the key Ignored the Potsdam Conference, countries were treated
as economic units. Britain and U.S. refused to allow Russia to take
reparations from the western zone. *Map Slide 5 Stalin used
Communism to: Protect Soviet security Advance international power
Climax of communistic spread occurred in Czechoslovakia. Free
government was removed and replaced with communism. Grants the
Soviet Union a foothold in Central Europe. The Western Nations,
remembering Hitler, begin to fear Stalin might be an aggressor.
Slide 6 WWII: Had taken 15-20 million Russian lives Destroyed
30,000 factories Tore up 40,000 mile of RR track Outside aid was
central to Soviet reconstruction Wartime ambassador Averell
Harriman felt economic aid was our key card (ace) Two forms of
assistance: Loan Lend-lease 1945 Soviets requested 6 billion for
Reconstruction Lend Lease proved not to be the solution May 11,
1945 Truman terminated all shipments to Europe Stalin termed
thisbrutal. Slowly Russia recovered and due to lack of U.S. aid,
Stalin was convinced of Western hostility this deepened the
antagonism between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. Slide 7 The
Atomic Bomb controversy was tremendous. Post wartime situation
means arms race. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t19kvUiHvAE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t19kvUiHvAE Stalin learned of the
Manhattan Project via espionage. Result Soviet Atomic Program.
After the war the U.S. developed a disarmament plan. Control of
fissionable material Control of processing plants Control of the
stock pile of American bombs Bernard Baruch was appointed to
present the plan to the UN. Followed the advice of Ike. Ike cited
the rapid demobilization of American forces (12 million to 2
million) to argue that we cant at this time limit our ability to
produce, or use our powerful weapons. Baruch Plan placed emphasis
on inspections that would preserve the atomic power of the U.S.
Slide 8 The Soviets responded, diplomat Andrei Gromyko presented a
plan calling for the total ban of production, the use of new
weapons, plus destruction of existing bombs. The Soviets had a
large army, and would be strong in conventional war. No agreement
was possible The U.S. emphasized inspection and control Soviets
sought disarmament The superpowers agree to disagree Each took
advantage of wartime gains Soviets acquired new territory U.S.
maintained its economic and strategic advantage ResultThe Cold War.
Slide 9 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=120wGL gCTkg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=120wGL gCTkg Slide 10 Form groups,
rejoice at having been issued a plan to explain to the class.
Create a GIST statement to summarize the plan and list important
information as needed. Containment The Truman Doctrine The Marshall
Plan The Western Military Alliance (NATO) The Berlin Blockade Slide
11 Book definition: The policy to prevent communism abroad The US
wanted to stop the spread of the ideas of communism in Europe.
Containment was the policy created by the US to try and accomplish
this. George Marshall Dean Acheson George Kennan Slide 12 Truman
wanted to give Greece and Turkey economic aid and military support
to prevent communist revolutions. Slide 13 George Marshall proposed
a big economic aid program to rebuild Western European nations torn
from the war Slide 14 Based on North Atlantic Treaty of 1949 System
of defense where its members agree to come together against an
attacking party Slide 15 Soviets blocked West Allies railways,
roads, and canals wanted to force Allies to supply Berlin with
food, fuel, and aid Allies respond with Berlin airlift
Embarrassment of Soviets Slide 16 By the time Truman left office in
1953 the Cold War had taken global proportions. Two goals of the
military system: U.S. armed forces should be unified into an
integrated military system New institutions to coordinate military
and diplomatic strategies Congress passed the National Security Act
It established a Department of Defense with 3 separate service
branches Army, Navy, Air Force Established the CIA Provided for the
National Security Council (NSC) Security Secretaries, Secretary of
State, Secretary of Defense Slide 17 Air Force emerges as the
dominate force in the Atomic Age Truman favored the AF with his
military budget. B-29s replaced with B-36s. Military planners
receive support when Soviets detonate an A-Bomb. Truman turns to
the Hydrogen Bomb to maintain nuclear supremacy. H- Bomb is 1,000
times greater than the A-Bomb New National Defense Policy (NSC 68)
increases defense budget, spending $13-45 billion. Proves Truman
wants to win the Cold War regardless of cost. Slide 18 The conflict
developed slowly in Asia At the Yalta Conference U.S. and USSR
agreed to a Far Eastern balance of power USSR dominated Northeast
Asia U.S. controls the Pacific including Japan General McArthur was
in charge of the Japanese occupation and denied Soviets any role in
reconstruction. Supervised the Japanese government into a
Constitutional Democracy. No communists. Tested Atomic Bombs at
Bikini Island (1946-1949) China was between the Soviet and the U.S.
spheres China was divided at the end of WW2 Nationalist Chiang Kai
Shek (South) Communist Mao Tse Tung (North) The Nationalists had
American backing (political/economic) plus Soviet recognition When
USSR left Manchuria, Mao gained control of the resources Chiang
attempted to get Manchuria, but this exposed him to Maos forces.
This ended a chance for peace which Marshall sought. (1947) Chinese
Civil War Slide 19 Maos forces drove the Nationalists out of
Manchuria and advanced across the Yangtze River Acheson released
the White Paper justifying American Policy in China (no
intervention) Military advisors told Congress that the Chinese
defeat was due to the Nationalists terrible leadership Republican
senators called the White Paper a do nothing policy Nationalists
flee to Formosa (Taiwan) 1949 Mao and Stalin sign the Sino Soviet
Treaty China is now in the Russian Orbit At first the State
department refused to recognize Chinas regime change To compensate
for China the U.S. focuses on Japan State Department encouraged
Japanese Industry Pentagon expanded American bases on the Japanese
islands Occupation ends in 1952 with Japan as an ally Cold War is
now in Asia Slide 20 Showdown between the U.S. and USSR 1945 Korea
was divided at the 38 th Parallel North Korea Kim II Sung (Russian
Occupied) South Korea Syngman Rhee (U.S. Occupied) UN plea for
elections fell on deaf ears Both superpowers left Korea in 1949,
Russia did train the well equipped N. Koreans, the U.S. gave
limited assistance to the South June 25, 1950 N. Korea advances
across the 38 th parallel Its thought Stalin ordered the attack to
expand the Soviet sphere, but Kim II Sung may have acted on his own
Truman saw the invasion as Soviet aggression Communism in Asia was
likened to Hitler and Mussolini Truman convened the National
Security Council Condemned N. Korea as the aggressor Within a few
weeks, American soldiers from Japan were in S. Korea Korea was a
police action, and the U.S. was at war with a Soviet satellite
Slide 21 Slide 22 Slide 23 N. Korea found early success but finally
the U.S. forces halted the advance at Pusan. Gen. McArthur changed
the war complexion with an amphibious assault on Inchon. The N.
Korean forces in the South were cut off and destroyed. Trumans New
Goal Korean Unification Ignored a warning from Peking, and received
bad advice from Acheson and McArthur. The UN forces advanced on N.
Korea, to the Yalu River and were completely destroyed by a Chinese
counterattack. McArthur was able to stabilize the fighting at the
38 th parallel. Truman ended his reunifying McArthur said this was
a mistake No substitute for victory. Truman removed him from
command, back in America McArthur was greeted by huge crowds.
General Omar Bradley warned Truman that a showdown in Asia would be
the wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time, against the
wrong enemy The Korean War settled into a stalemate at the 38 th
Parallel Slide 24 By defending S. Korea, Truman had achieved his
primary goal, but by not achieving unification he had humiliated
the U.S. in the eyes of the world Result U.S. massive rearmament
NSC 68 Expanded Army (3.5 million) Defense budget of 50
billion/year U.S. acquired military bases in Morocco and Saudi
Arabia USSR and U.S. conflict placed the U.S. in a situation
committed to a global war against the USSR Slide 25 1940s 1950s
American public concerned with overseas issues Republicans seized
the opportunity Dissatisfaction with post war economics Fear of
Communism 1952 Republicans retake White House (1 st time in 20
years.) Truman Troubles To err is Truman Two weaknesses Fondness
for old friends, lack of political vision Postwar mood was not
conducive for an extension of New Deal reforms Prices and wages
rose quickly Two critical strikes: walkout by coal miners, and
railroad strike Truman allowed increased wages, but this rose
prices Employment Act 1946 Council of Economic Advisors to aid the
President for state of the economy Slide 26 Vetoed the GOP measure
to give tax cuts to the wealthy Congress overrode his veto of the
Taft-Hartley Act it outlawed specific unfair labor union activities
(closed shop and secondary boycotts) Democrats try to get Truman to
let Ike run, but he instead gives the Give em hell campaign.
Defeats Dixiecrats Strom Thurmond and Progressive Henry Wallace
Defeats the GOP candidate Thomas E. Dewey Slide 27 The Cold War
brought the belief that subversion was a threat. Canadian officials
uncovered a Soviet Spy Ring 1948 Whittaker Chambers accused Alger
Hiss of being a soviet spy and giving state department documents to
him. Hiss convicted of treason. Loyalty Review Board dismissed
workers as security risks if there was any reasonable doubt.
Justice Department charged 11 members of the Communist Party with
the threat of a coup. They received prison sentences. 1950 Klaus
Fuchs (British Scientist) admitted giving the Russians atomic Bomb
information American Communists Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were
charged with transmitting atomic secrets to the Soviets. They were
executed for their crimes. Slide 28 Senator Joe McCarthy stated he
had a list of 205 members of the Communist Party working in the
State Department His Wheeling Speech triggered a 4 year crusade
against Communism. He failed to unearth one communist in the
government. He labeled Acheson (Red Dean) and went after Marshall
Drew support from Catholics, Ethnic Groups Irish, Polish, Italians,
who normally voted Democratic to defeat the enemy at home
Republicans rise to power Red Scare Stalemate in Korea Ike and
Nixon Korea an honorable end through diplomacy Armistice was signed
with the death of Stalin, Korea left divided McCarthy fades from
history
