AP US HISTORYEAST HIGH SCHOOL

MR. PETERSONSPRING 2011

The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1929-1939

Focus Questions

What caused the Great Depression, and how did President Hoover respond?

What strategy guided the early New Deal, and what problems and challenges arose in 1934–1935?

What key measures and setbacks marked the course of the New Deal from 1935 on?

How did the depression and the New Deal affect specific social groups in the United States?

What key developments shaped American culture in the 1930s?

Crash and Depression, 1929-1932

Black Thursday and the Onset of the Depression

Stock prices rise Speculation “margin” buying Interest rates increased

“Black Thursday-”Oct. 24, 1929 Stock market crash

Key industries collapseFed-tight money policiesGlobal economic crisis

Fig. 24-1, p. 731

Hoover’s Response

Bold response Encourages businesses to maintain wages and

employment Emergency Committee for Employment-voluntary

relief coordination Tax increase Reconstruction Finance Corporation

$4 billion Make loans to banks

“recovery just around the corner”

Fig. 24-2, p. 732

Fig. 24-2, p. 732

Fig. 24-2, p. 732

Fig. 24-2, p. 732

Fig. 24-2, p. 732

Fig. 24-2, p. 732

Fig. 24-2, p. 732

Fig. 24-2, p. 732

Mounting Discontent and Protest

Central Park-“Hoover Valley” “Hoovervilles”

Farmers’ Holiday Association Force prices up Refuse to sell, dump milk

“Bonus march” Broker up by Gen. Douglas MacArthur

p. 733

The Election of 1932

Republicans re-nominate HooverDemocrats choose Franklin Roosevelt

“bold persistent experimentation” Attacks Hoover’s “reckless spending”

FDR wins in landslideDemocrats win control of Congress

The New Deal Takes Shape

Roosevelt and His Circle

“The only thing we have to fear, is fear itself.”“brain trust”

Not ideologically driven Eleanor Roosevelt plays key role Frances Perkins-first female cabinet member (Labor)

The New Deal

“The only thing we have to fearis fear itself—nameless, unreasoning, unjustified fear.”--Franklin Roosevelt’s first inaugural address (March 1933)

p. 735

The Hundred Days

Major legislation-more than a dozenAlphabet agencies

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) Public Works Administration (PWA) Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) National Recovery Administration (NRA)

Voluntary support Price and production codes

Federal Emergency Relief Act Harry Hopkins Money to state and local relief agencies

Table 24-1, p. 736

p. 738

p. 739

Problems and Controversies Plague the Early New Deal

Supreme Court rules National Recovery Act unconstitutional

AAA provided for crop reductions, hurt farm workers and sharecroppers Southern Tenant Farmers’ union protests

Dust BowlCivil Works Administration (CWA) funds

short-term work projectsPublic Works Administration (PWA) funds

large-scale projects

Fig. 24-3, p. 738

Map 24-1, p. 740

Table 24-2, p. 743

1934-1935: Challenges from the Right and Left

Conservatives call New Deal socialismAl Smith forms anti-New Deal American

Liberty LeagueFather Charles Coughlin attacks FDR with

ant-Semitism, calls for nationalizing banksFrances Townsend calls for guaranteed

paycheck of $200 per monthGov. Huey Long of Louisiana calls for

“Share the Wealth” program confiscating income over $1 million

Roosevelt and New Deal remain popular

The New Deal Changes Course, 1935-1936

Expanding Federal Relief

Works Progress Administration (WPA) Federal Writers’ Project (FRP) and Federal Music

Project (FMP)

PWA completes major projectsResettlement Administration makes loans to

farmersNational Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)

Guarantees collective bargaining in private sector NLRB created

Favors unions, unions flourish

The Social Security Act: End of the Second New Deal

Old-age pensionsSurvivor benefitsMoney for disabledLong-term impactNew Deal enlarged government role in life

The 1936 Roosevelt Landslide and the New Democratic Coalition

Republicans nominate Alfred LandonFDR wins bigDemocratic coalition established

White South, parts of West, urban white ethnics, union members, blacks

Table 24-3, p. 745

p. 746

The Environment and the West

Soil Conservation ServiceNew national parks

Olympic National Park Shenandoah National Park

Wilderness preservation movementLarge dams

Grand Coulee Shasta

The New Deal’s End Stage: 1937-1938

FDR and the Supreme Court

FDR proposes court packing bill Press and public react with hostility FDR drops idea

Supreme Court changes views Several new justices appointed

The Roosevelt Recession

Partial recovery Economy slides in 1937

New relief spending in 1938 17% unemployment in 1939

Final Measures: Growing Opposition

Farm Security Administration (FSA) Low-interest loans to farmers

Fair Labor Standards Act Banned child labor Minimum wage (40¢ per hour)

Federal farm price support system established

New Deal over after 1938 election

Social Change and Social Action in the 1930s

The Depression’s Psychological and Social Impact

¼ of all farm families sought assistanceUnemployment never fell below 14%“dull misery in the bones”Women faced discrimination in workplace,

even though more married women workedFamilies often torn apart

Birthrate fell Difficult for children

Blacks, Hispanics, sharecroppers hit especially hard

Industrial Workers Unionize

Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) formed within AFL Organized all workers-blacks, women, unskilled Steel strike results in union at US Steel “sit-down” strikes work to unionize GM CIO breaks away from AFL

AFL adapts and welcomes low-skilled workers

Union memberships rises dramaticallyOrganizers often radicals

Fig. 24-4, p. 751

p. 752

Black and Hispanic Americans Resist Racism and Exploitation

Lynching continued to haunt blacks Supreme Court orders new trial for “Scottsboro Boys”

NAACP battles in courts “don’t shop where you can’t work” campaign

Strikes by farm workers Two killed by shots into union hall in Pixley, CA

p. 753

A New Deal for Native Americans

American Indian Defense Association formed Aimed to reverse Dawes Act

Indian Reorganization Act-1934 Halted tribal land sales No provision for self-government and cultural renewal Tribes split over law

The American Cultural Scene in the 1930s

Avenues of Escape: Radio and Movies

Movies remained popular during depressionFavored New DealGangster movies favored G-menStereotypesVirtuous heroes represent “the people”Color movies

Gone with the Wind (1939) The Wizard of Oz (1939)

p. 757

The Later 1930s: Opposing Fascism: Returning to Traditional Values

Popular Front Communists and Socialists Come together against fascists in Italy and Spain,

Nazis in Germany Many went to Spain to fight in Spanish Civil War Collapsed after Hitler and Stalin sign non-aggression

pact in 1939

p. 758

p. 759

Streamlining and a World’s Fair: Corporate America’s Utopian Vision

Streamlining“The World of Tomorrow”-New York World’s

FairWar of the Worlds

p. 760

p. 761

AP US HISTORYEAST HIGH SCHOOL

MR. PETERSONSPRING 2011

The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1929-1939