AP Psychology Mid-Term Exam Review

Chapters - Pro, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14

Mr. Biggs

What is a symptom that a person might have that should cause them to be checked for sleep apnea?

Snores at nightTired all day longIrritabilityHigh blood pressure

Respectively, how long is the first stage of the five-stage 90-minute sleep cycle, how long is the second stage, and which stage is characterized by slow delta waves that last for 30 minutes during which you are hard to awaken?

5 minutes20 minutesStage 4

On average, how much of our lives do we spend sleeping?

25 years⅓

Although most of our dreams do not contain sexual imagery, 8 in 10 dreams are marked by what?

Negative emotions

What term best describes a situation in which every person in the entire group has an equal chance of participating?

Random sample

According to Freud’s outdated argument, a dream’s manifest content is a censored, symbolic version of what, which consists of unconscious erotic drives and wishes that would be threatening if expressed directly?

Latent content

What type of person in a legitimate context can induce people, hypnotized or not, to perform unlikely events?

Authoritative

Users who stop taking psychoactive drugs may experience the undesirable side effects of withdrawal and what two types of dependence?

Physical dependencePsychological dependence

What psychological and/or social factors combine to lead many people to experiment with, and become dependent on, drugs?

StressPeer pressureDepressionHopelessness

What term describes the supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis?

Posthypnotic amnesia

What slows the sympathetic nervous system, affects judgment and memory, shrinks the brain, reduces self-awareness and kills more people than all illegal drugs combined?

Alcohol

Hypnosis is not a helpful treatment for addictions to drugs, alcohol and/or nicotine, but it is an especially good treatment for what?

Obesity

Our sense of smell may be a powerful trigger for memories because…

The nerve connecting the olfactory bulb sends impulses directly to the limbic system

By 1960, what advances made it possible to relate brain activity to various mental states, such as waking, sleeping and dreaming?

Neuroscience

What enables us to exert voluntary control and communicate our mental states to others?

Consciousness

What is nature’s way of keeping us from thinking and doing everything at once?

Consciousness

Which binocular cue describes how the brain compares the two slightly different retinal images and determines the relative distance and depth of different objects?

Retinal disparity

What function does the retina serve?

The retina contains the visual receptor cells

What term describes perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change?

Perceptual constancy

According to the Centers for Disease Control, what percent of Americans are overweight?

65%

What did psychologist Singer discover through questionnaires regarding people’s daily daydreams or waking fantasies?

Nearly everyone has daydreams

Of these two monocular descriptions, which term describes objects as farther away if they are a similar size and cast a smaller retinal image and which term describes if one object partially blocks our view of another we perceive it as closer?

Relative sizeInterposition

What are the four cycles controlled by the internal clock?

Annual cycle28 day cycle24 hour cycle90 minute cycle

Which of the four lobes is located behind your forehead and is involved in speaking and judgment?

Frontal

What term best describes natural opiates that are released in response to pain and vigorous exercise?

Endorphins

Neurons communicating with other neurons form our body’s primary information system called what?

Nervous system

Respectively, what specific area of the frontal lobe controls language expression (speech muscles) and what specific area of the temporal lobe controls language reception (interprets auditory code)?

Broca’s areaWernicke’s area

What does the endocrine system’s glands secrete?

Hormones

For those with individual brains, when a person performs a perceptual task, activity increases in which hemisphere?

Right

What contributions to our various traits do behavior geneticists research?

Nature (environment)Nurture (genetics)

What type of similarity arises from our biological similarity?

Behavioral

What term describes the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse?

Threshold

What seems to predispose temperament differences?

Genes

For psychological traits, human differences are always the result of what variations?

NatureNurture

What are possible parental or environmental influences on our personality?

Prenatal environment and early experiencePeer influence and culture

How can parents, whose influence differs from their child’s peers, manipulate their child’s interaction with their peers and therefore be more influential?

Choose the neighborhood and schools your children attend

The mark of our species, which is nature’s great gift to us, is our ability to do what?

Learn and adapt

Adoptees’ traits bear more similarities to whom?

Biological parents

After conception, how long are we indistinguishable from someone from the other sex?

7 weeks

What are the benefits of prenatal “nurture” as embryos receive differing levels of nutrition and exposure to toxic agents?

Increased blood supplyIncreased barriers against virusesIncreased weight at birthIncreased nourishment

Genetic differences account for about how much of our person-to-person differences in personality?

45% - 50%

How many total chromosomes does a fetus receive from its mother and father?

46

Although biologically influenced, what is also socially constructed?

Gender

How have women’s gender roles been limited around the world?

RightsPower

Gazzaniga concluded that what hemisphere was the “interpreter” that instantly constructs theories to explain our behavior?

Left

Unlike the quick nervous system, the endocrine system is a slow process. What gland of this slower system helps trigger the “fight or flight” response?

Adrenal (Epinephrine)

According to the Myers text, what is crucially important in shaping who we are?

NatureNurture

What gender is more likely to initiate sexual activity?

Male

What term best describes a theory that we learn social behaviors by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished?

Social learning theory

In most people, which one of the following is a specific function of the left hemisphere that is typically not controlled by the right hemisphere?

Producing speech

Antidepressant drugs like Prozac are often used to treat mood disorders. According to what you know about their function, which neurotransmitter system do these types of drugs try to affect?

Serotonin

What term best describes DNA segments that form templates for the production of proteins?

Genes

While men are attracted to women with youthful appearances, women are attracted to men who seem mature, dominant, bold and affluent because it connotes a capacity to be a good dad and to do what?

SupportProtect

According to the theory of evolution, why might we call some parts of the brain the old brain and some parts the new brain?

The old brain developed first according to evolution

Blindness could result from damage to which cortex and lobe of the brain?

Visual cortex in the occipital lobe

What transfers nutrients and oxygen from the mother to the fetus but also can admit teratogens which are harmful agents such as particular viruses and drugs?

Placenta

What system comprises our peripheral nervous system?

Somatic systemAutonomic system

What is the central nervous system’s information highway connecting the peripheral nervous system to the brain?

Spinal cord

What term best describes the sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body?

Peripheral nervous system

According to Bauer, what is our average age of earliest conscious memory?

3.5 years

In what two respective stages of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development do children experience the world through the senses and experience stranger anxiety while in the other stage they can be abstract?

SensorimotorFormal operational

What term best describes the biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior?

Maturation

From infancy on, the brain and mind develop together, however what area of the cortex is the last brain area to develop?

Association area

What type of psychologists view development not as fixed in childhood, but a continually developing process throughout life?

Developmental psychologists

What influenced adult independence to begin later in a person’s teens rather than shortly after sexual maturity?

Compulsory schooling

Respectively, what term describes how we interpret our schemas in terms of our current understanding and what term describes how we adjust our schemas to fit the particulars of new experiences?

AssimilateAccommodate

What term best describes a child’s sense of their identity and personal worth by the age of 12?

Self-concept

What are the three stages of moral thinking according to Kohlberg?

PreconventionalConventionalPostconventional

Noel eats some bad sushi and feels that he is slowly losing control over his muscles. The bacteria he ingested from the bad sushi most likely interferes with the use of…

Acetylcholine

What group of people study physical, mental and social changes throughout the human life cycle?

Developmental psychologists

By what time period does our physical abilities – muscle strength, reaction time, sensory keenness and cardiac output – all crest?

Mid-20s

What term best describes the ending of the menstrual cycle, usually beginning within a few years of 50?

Menopause

By what age do women outnumber males 5 to 1?

100

What term best describes a self-definition that unifies the various selves into a consistent and comfortable sense of who one is?

Identity

Which progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language and physical functioning occurs in three percent of the world’s population by the age of 75?

Alzheimer’s disease

What term best describes a fertilized egg?

Zygote

Older people have a minimal decline in memory when asked to recognize things previously memorized and a greater decline when asked to recall things without clues, but what type of material shows less of a decline in memory?

Meaningful

What type of stimulation can scientists use to experiment on the brain and note the effects?

ElectricalChemicalMagneticLesion

What term best describes the developing human organism from nine weeks after conception to birth?

Fetus

According to Erikson’s theory, adolescents are most primarily concerned in a search for:

Identity

The principal difference between a longitudinal study and a cross-sectional study is…

The time span of the study

Which of the following is the correct term for the mental rule Piaget said we use to interpret our environment?

Schema

What term best describes how we select, organize and interpret our sensations?

Perception

Which of the following attachment styles did Mary Ainsworth find most often in her research (in about 66% of the cases she studied)?

Secure

What hemisphere is well accepted as the dominant and verbal hemisphere?

Left

What term best describes the minimum stimulation necessary to detect a particular stimulus?

Absolute threshold

Research shows that we can process information without being aware of it but it does not have an enduring effect on behavior; what type of an effect does it have on our behavior?

SubtleFleeting

What type of wavelength and amplitude would describe dull reddish colors or low-pitched soft sounds?

Long wavelengthSmall amplitude

Psychologists usually measure absolute threshold by recording the stimulation needed for us to pinpoint its appearance what percent of the time?

50%

What term describes the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster?

Fovea

In human eyes, the information from the retina’s nearly 130 million receptor rods and cones is received and transmitted by the million or so ganglion cells, whose fibers make up what?

Optic nerve

What strikes our eyes is not color but pulses of what that our visual system experiences as color?

Electromagnetic energy

Age linked midlife-crisis skeptics reason that there is no evidence for midlife distress and coined what term that defines that the “right time” to leave home, get a job, marry and have kids varies from culture to culture and era to era?

Social clock

A longitudinal study, which retests the same people over a period of years, found what about intelligence as we got older?

Remained stableSometimes increased

Most prenatal influences on humans are genetic or hormonal in origin except for…

Teratogens

A major difference between psychoanalytic stage theories (Freud and Erikson) and the more cognitive or experimental stage theories (Piaget and Kohlberg) is…

The psychoanalytic theories are less empirical

What term best describes nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle or movement?

Feature detectors

The retina projects not just to one visual cortex area but to several areas, each of which becomes active in response to what?

Stimulation

The research by Harlow did what to the idea that attachment derives from an association with nourishment?

Contradicted

What term best describes an 8 month-old child’s emerging ability to evaluate people as unfamiliar and possibly threatening?

Stranger anxiety

According to Erikson, what two basic aspects of our lives dominate adulthood?

IntimacyGenerativity

Erikson stated that securely attached children who approach life with a sense that the world is predictable and reliable have what?

Basic trust

Respectively, what term describes the light sensitive inner surface of the eye that contains receptor rods and cones and helps produces neural signals and what is the colored muscle that regulates the amount of light entering the eye through the pupil?

RetinaIris

What term best describes a tone’s highness or lowness and is determined by the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time?

PitchFrequency

Children do become familiar with what they have known, but unlike ducklings, what don’t they do?

Become imprinted

What part of the ear transmits the eardrum’s vibrations through a piston made of three tiny bones?

Middle ear

Kohler’s experiment with what type of animals exhibited animal cognition and demonstrated that there is more to learning than conditioning?

Chimpanzees

Which sentence most accurately describes sensory memory?

Sensory memory stores all sensory input perfectly accurately for a short period of time

Language’s power to influence thought makes building what a crucial part of education?

Vocabulary

One of the ways memories are physically stored in the brain is by what process?

Long-term potentiation, which strengthens connections between neurons

Researchers Gardener and Gardener taught sign language to a chimp named Washoe, and by age 32, she had a vocabulary of how many signs?

181

Which example would be better explained by the levels of processing model than the information-processing model?

You are able to remember verbatim a riddle you worked on for a few days before you figured out the answer

What term describes a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it toward a goal?

Motivation

What did Abraham Maslow (1970) call his pyramid?

Hierarchy of needs

From the most basic, name the three middle levels on Maslow’s pyramid of human needs in ascending order?

SafetyBelonging/loveSelf-esteem

According to the nativist theory, language is acquired…

Using an inborn ability to learn language at a certain developmental stage

When hair cells bend, their movement triggers impulses in the adjacent nerve fibers that converge to form what that sends neural messages to the auditory cortex?

Auditory nerve

What term describes an eating disorder in which a normal weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet still feels fat and continues to starve?

Anorexia nervosa

What older theory describes a complex unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and was replaced by the drive-reduction theory?

Instinct

Alfred Kinsey’s confidential interviews of 18,000 people revealed that normal sexual behavior is what?

Enormously varied

Our ears are six inches apart and they can detect extremely minute differences in time lag and because of this we have what type of hearing?

Stereophonic hearing

What part of the brain performs various body maintenance functions due to blood vessels allowing it to respond to our current blood chemistry?

Hypothalamus

What are the three different kinds of color receptors that when stimulated can produce the perception of color which, like all aspects of vision, resides not in the object but in the theater of our brains?

RedGreen Blue

For women, what reinforces intercourse, which is essential to natural reproduction, and increases retention of deposited sperm?

Orgasm

What term describes goal-orientated leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals?

Task leadership

Prolonged stress, together with unhealthy behavior such as cigarette smoking, alcohol abuse, illicit drugs and poor nutrition, can increase our risk for which of today’s leading causes of serious illness or death?

Heart diseaseCancerStrokeChronic lung disease

For most people, what is life’s biggest single waking activity that satisfies several levels of need identified in Maslow’s pyramid?

Work

Since feeling connected and identifying with others boosted our ancestors’ chances for survival, what need do we feel when social bonds are broken, when we feel lonely, and when we seek social acceptance?

Need to belong

What term is not just a stimulus or a response but a process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threats and challenges?

Stress

Researchers Rubonis and Bickman discovered a 17% rise in psychological disorders after what type of event?

Catastrophe

For most adults, a sexual relationship fulfills not only a biological motive, but a social need for what?

Intimacy

What term describes how managers assume workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money and should be directed from above?

Theory X

What disease describes the closing of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle that became North America’s leading cause of death in the 1950s?

Coronary heart disease

Respectively, national surveys in both Europe and America in the 1990s suggest that what percent of men and what percent of women are homosexual?

3 to 4%1 to 2%

Respectively, what term by Friedman and Rosenman describes easygoing, relaxed people and what term describes hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people?

Type BType A

What term describes a cell that identifies, pursues, and ingests harmful invaders or dead cell material and helps prevent inflammation?

Macrophage

According to the text, we appraise the three types of stressors as especially stressful when they are both negative and what?

Uncontrollable

External stimuli can trigger sexual arousal in both men and women, however what may lead people to perceive their partners as comparatively less appealing and devalue their relationship?

Sexually explicit material

Since stressors are unavoidable and we cannot eliminate stress by changing or ignoring a situation, we must learn to do what because our attitudes and behaviors affect our health?

Deal with or troublesManage stressConfront problemsEscape problems

Shared sexual orientation is higher among what type of twins?

Identical

What reduces depression, anxiety, may add a couple years to our lives if done moderately and is therefore a useful adjunct to antidepressant drugs and psychotherapy?

Anaerobic exerciseAerobic exercise

The classical conditioning training procedure in which the UCS is presented first is known as…

Backward conditioning

What term describes the process of getting information out of memory storage?

Retrieval

Animals can most easily learn and retain behaviors that draw on their what?

Biological predisposition

What term describes the effect of promising a reward for doing something one already likes to do, which causes one to see the reward, not the intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task?

Overjustification effect

What is unlike videotapes or photocopies, is personally constructed, is a survival skill, and helps you predict the future?

Memory

Who stimulated vigorous intellectual debate on the nature of human freedom and the strategies and ethics of managing people?

Skinner

What three terms are used to encode the meaning of sound, pictures, and words?

AcousticVisualSemantic

On average, people can repeat back a range of digits approximately how long?

7 to 9

Respectively, which momentary sensory memory is a visual stimulus that has been described as a fleeting photographic memory and which is an auditory stimulus that seems to linger for 3 or 4 seconds if attention is elsewhere?

Iconic memoryEchoic memory

Our working memory stores approximately how many bits of information?

7 to 9

What term describes a learning that becomes apparent only when there is some incentive to demonstrate it?

Latent learning

It has been suggested that what is our most significant sex organ?

Brain

Implicit memory is retention independent of conscious memory and is also known as what?

Procedural memoryNondeclarative memory

What triggers hormonal changes and helps explain why we long remember exciting or shocking events, such as our first kiss, an earthquake, or a tragedy?

Emotions

What organizational device groups items into familiar, manageable units, and often occurs automatically?

Chunking

Experimenter Collier found that a familiar what activates memories even in 3-month old children?

Context

However imperfect, what helps us predict and restrain the illusions of our flawed intuition?

Correlation

What term describes the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood?

Mood-congruent memory

What is a graphed cluster of dots that represent the values of two variables?

Scatterplot

Name some concrete strategies for improving memory?

- Spaced study, returning to contexts and moods that are rich with associations- Active rehearsal, recording memories before misinformation can corrupt them- Encode well-organized, vivid, meaningful associations, minimize interference

- Mnemonic techniques- Self-testing

What term describes a measure of memory in which a person needs to only identify cues previously learned?

Recognition

What type of psychologists study the mental activities associated with processing, understanding, remembering and communicating?

Cognitive

On a graphed cluster of dots, what term best describes a correlation in direct proportion to scores?

Positive correlation

What term describes a mental image or best example that incorporates all the features we associate with a category?

Prototype

A credible authority, repeated suggestions, imagination-enhancing techniques, and affirmation are all ingredients for creating what in a therapeutic setting?

False memories

Respectively, what term describes a tendency to search for information that validates our preconceptions and what term describes the inability to see a problem from a new perspective?

Confirmation biasFixation

What term describes the tendency to think of things only in terms of their original intention and/or purpose?

Functional fixedness

Social psychologist Janis concluded that people often do not use a reflective problem solving approach, they usually just follow their what?

Intuition

What term describes incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event?

Misinformation effect

What term describes estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory?

Availability heuristic

What term describes clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited?

Belief perseverance

What are the three categories of the seven ways our memories fail us described by Schacter?

ForgettingDistortionIntrusion

What term describes the ability to retrieve information not in conscious awareness, such as on a fill-in-the-blank test?

Recall

Our judgments and decisions may not be well reasoned, therefore those who understand the power of what can use it to influence important decisions?

Framing

In one 1999 community survey, 3 in 4 people agreed with the inaccurate claim that hypnosis enables what phenomenon that describes that people can recover accurate memories as far back as birth?

Age regression

What did Ebbinghaus create that demonstrated that the course of forgetting is initially rapid, then levels off with time?

Forgetting curve

What Freudian term describes the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories?

Repression

What term best describes the school of psychology that focuses on how processes enable organisms adapt, survive and flourish?

Functionalism

What modern French scientist believed that the mind was entirely distinct from the body (Dualism)?

Rene Descartes

What does the acronym APA stand for?

American Psychological Association

We have an enormous capacity for storing and reproducing the incidental details of our daily lives, but what do we frequently do to our memories as we encode them?

Construct

Throughout history, humans have suffered illnesses and sought healing from what two healing traditions?

ReligionMedicine

What is not so much a matter of the decay of old impressions and associations as it is a matter of interference, inhibition, or destruction of the old by the new?

Forgetting

The United States spends 3 times more per person on what than Britain, despite Britain having a half year longer life expectancy at birth than the United States (77.8 vs. 77.3)?

Health care

What term describes our enduring sexual attraction toward members of our own sex or to the opposite sex?

Sexual orientation

What affects cancer growth by weakening the body’s natural defenses against a few proliferating, malignant cells?

Stress

Smokers reduce their life expectancy by how many minutes for each cigarette they smoke?

12 minutes

Treatment programs are often successful in the short run, but in the long run, what fraction of the participants eventually succumb to the habit again?

4/5

Which aspects of hunger are controlled by the lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus?

The desire to eat and the feeling of satiety, or fullness, that makes us stop eating

Excessive time spent in the resistance phase of Seyle’s general adaptation syndrome can contribute to…

Stress-related diseases like ulcers or heart conditions

What was the health finding from a seven-decade long Harvard study regarding marriages that were not positive, happy or supportive?

Not conducive to health

Seyle’s general adaptation syndrome describes…

Our reactions to stress

What neurotransmitter can be found in high-carbohydrate foods and helps us feel relaxed, sleepy and less sensitive to pain?

Serotonin

Which of the four skin senses has identifiable receptors?

Pressure

According to Fernandez and Turk, what is an especially effective way to increase pain tolerance?

Distraction

Our preferences for sweet and salty tastes are genetic and universal, but what are other factors that affect taste preferences?

ConditioningCultureFamiliarity (exposure)Adaptation

What term describes how at any moment we focus our awareness on only a limited aspect of all that we experience?

Selective attention

What type of stimulations indicate that with pain, the brain can misinterpret the spontaneous central nervous system activity that occurs in the absence of normal sensory input?

Phantom limb sensations

What term best describes the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste?

Sensory interaction

What term describes the smallest unit that carries meaning in language that includes prefixes and suffixes?

Morpheme

What term is an example of selective attention and describes the ability to attend selectively to only one voice among many?

Cocktail party effect

What term describes the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups?

Grouping

What is among the oldest research methods?

Case study

Respectively, 1 in 2000 people have which sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks that usually last for less than five minutes and which sleep disorder is unlike nightmares and occurs in stage 4 sleep, within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, and is seldom remembered?

NarcolepsyNight terrors

What term describes distance cues, such as linear perspective and overlap, available to either eye alone?

Monocular cues

Researcher Key’s semi starved subjects felt their hunger in response to what system designed to maintain normal body weight and adequate nutrient supply?

Homeostatic

In European countries centuries ago, many societies faced famine and obesity was an indication of what?

Wealth

Why do obese people find it so difficult to lose weight permanently?

- Fat cells swell several times their size and then divide- They have a large amount of Ghrelin and Orexin secretions- Fat has a low metabolic rate (energy expenditure)- Their weight thermostat is higher than average

Gestalt psychologists illustrate a fundamental truth that what constantly filters sensory information and infers perceptions that make sense to us; it does not just register information about the world?

Brain

Rose’s perceived control over a stressful event results in…

Less reported stress

Illusory correlations arise from our natural eagerness to make sense of what type of data?

Random

The effects of visual experiences during infancy in cats, monkeys and humans suggest there is a _____ for normal sensory and perceptual development?

Critical period

What is a predictor of successful long-term weight loss both during and after changing eating patterns?

Aerobic exerciseWeight lifting

What term describes the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field?

Perceptual adaptation

What two terms comprise our perception?

SensationCognition

Of these two monocular descriptions, which term describes that we perceive hazy objects as farther away than sharp, clear objects and what term describes a gradual change from a coarse, distinct texture to a fine, indistinct texture that signals increasing distance?

Relative clarityTexture gradient

What term describes the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input?

Extrasensory perception

Once we have formed a wrong perception about reality, we then have more difficulty seeing what?

RealityTruth

What behavior would be difficult without our vestibular sense?

Walking a straight line with our eyes closed

If you had sight in only one eye, which of the following depth cues could you NOT use?

Convergence

Respectively, what term describes the claim of perceiving remote events and what term describes the movement of physical objects with the mind?

ClairvoyancePsychokinesis

Light adjusts our biological clock by activating light-sensitive retinal proteins that affects the pineal gland’s production of what hormone?

Melatonin

Associative learning, learning that certain events occur together, causes humans to learn and adapt to their environment according to what three types of learning – (1) how we expect and prepare for an event (2) how we learn to repeat acts that bring good results (3) how by watching others we learn new behaviors.

Classical conditioningOperant conditioningObservational learning

What illusion is concerned with the lengths of straight lines between arrow tips and has been the subject of more than 1,250 scientific publications?

Muller-Lyer illusion

What term describes a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response?

Unconditioned stimulus

Respectively, what classical conditioning term describes the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus and what term describes an originally irrelevant stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response?

Conditioned responseConditioned stimulus

Respectively, classical conditioning involves what type of behavior that occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus and operant conditioning involves what type of behavior that operates on the environment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli?

Respondent behaviorOperant behavior

By far, what is the most widely used stimulant that over 80% of Americans consume on a daily basis?

Caffeine

What term describes a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water?

Skinner BoxOperant chamber

Respectively, what type of conditioning does an organism associate different stimuli that it does not control and responds automatically and what type of conditioning does an organism associate its behaviors with the rewarding or punishing consequences?

ClassicalOperant

What neuroimaging technique can take a series of x-ray photographs that can reveal brain damage?

Computed Tomography (CT)

What part of the peripheral nervous system controls the glands and the muscles of our internal organs?

Autonomic system

What part of the doughnut shaped limbic system is a cluster of neurons that play a role in aggression and fear?

Amygdala

A person’s cerebral cortex is a wrinkled surface about 1/8th of an inch thick and is only about 1/3rd visible. If flattened, the brain’s surface would be roughly the size of what?

4 pagesLarge pizza

Which of the four lobes is located just above your ears and is involved in hearing and recognition?

Temporal

What part of the brain receives information from all the senses except smell and distributes it to the higher brain regions?

Thalamus

What is the most tangible indication of our thinking power?

Language

Respectively, what neurotransmitter triggers muscle contraction and could lead to Alzheimer’s disease with undersupply and what is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter that can lead to migraines or seizures with oversupply?

AcetylcholineGlutamate

What part of the cortex doesn’t trigger any observable response by electrical probing and led to psychology’s largest falsehood that we use only 10% of our brains?

Association area

Humans are likely to do what to those we perceive as similar to ourselves, as successful, or as admirable?

Imitate

Prolonged exposure to violence has what type of an effect on viewers?

DesensitizedIndifferenceApathy

What term describes the technique of gathering self-reported attitudes and behaviors of people?

Survey

Since a reinforcer is anything that increases the frequency of a preceding response, what respective type of reinforcer strengthens a response by reducing an adverse stimulus and what respective type of reinforcer strengthens a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after a response?

Negative reinforcementPositive reinforcement

What type of behaviors do we learn by observing and imitating models?

Social behaviorsProsocial behaviorsAntisocial behaviors

Which of the following is evidence supporting the role theory of hypnosis?

Some people are more hypnotizable than others

What neuroimaging technique uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that allow us to see structures within the brain?

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

The twin studies demonstrate that in explaining individual differences, what matters?

Genes

Activation-synthesis theory tries to explain…

The origin and function of dreams

Ryan keeps poking Lisa in Mr. Biggsteinbergskiopolos’ class. Mr. Biggsteinbergskiopolos tells Lisa to ignore Ryan. Mr. Biggsteinbergskiopolos is hoping that ignoring Ryan’s behavior will…

Extinguish the behavior

Many psychologists believe that children of parents who beat them are likely to beat their own children. One possible explanation for this phenomenon is…

Modeling

The information-processing theory says that dreams…

Occur as the brain deals with daily stress and events during REM sleep

Respectively, what term describes the stage in speech development, beginning at age two, where children speak a couple of words per statement and what term describes how language in this stage is characterized?

Two-word stageTelegraphic speech

A mature egg released by a woman’s ovary is approximately the size of what?

A period on a page

What Greek philosopher founded the Lyceum which farmed out research to its students?

Aristotle

What term describes Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think?

Linguistic determinism

When a young brain does not learn any language, what happens to its language-learning capacity?

It never fully develops

What was the name of Charles Darwin’s 1859 book?

Origin of Species

What does the amount of material we can remember depend on?

The time spent learning

Respectively, what term describes a diminishing conditioned response that occurs when the unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus and what term describes the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus?

ExtinctionSpontaneous recovery

Respectively, what terms describe unconscious encoding of coincidental and well-learned information and what term describes encoding that requires attention and conscious effort?

Automatic processingEffortful processing

What term clarifies the short-term memory concept by focusing more on how we attend to, rehearse, and manipulate information in temporary storage as well as actively associate new and old information and solve problems?

Working memory

In real life, continuous reinforcement does not occur every time a desired response is given, therefore which partial reinforcement schedule describes reinforcers that are unpredictable over a non-constant amount of time?

Variable-interval schedule

What term describes the gap between the lowest and the highest scores?

Range

What phrase best describes how the nature-nurture tension dissolves in modern psychology?

Nurture works on what nature endows

What perspective evaluates how the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes?

Evolutionary

What term best describes a set of principles that organizes and predicts observations?

Theory

What academic discipline best describes the meeting ground for different disciplines and is a perfect home for people with wide-ranging interests?

Psychology

What perspective evaluates how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures?

Social-Cultural

Hindsight makes things seem so obvious that we become very what?

Overconfident

What is the most persistent issue of modern psychology?

Nature verses nurture

What term best describes a cognitive process that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions?

Critical thinking

Who tried to measure the “atoms of the mind” which is considered the 1st psychological experiment?

Wilhelm Wundt

What term best describes a statement of procedures used to research variables?

Operational definitions

The quote, “knowledge has modified attitudes, and through them, behavior,” illustrates that psychology can transform modern what?

Culture

Ultimately, a theory will be useful if it does what?

It effectively organizes a range of observationsIt implies clear predictions that anyone can use

What term best describes scientific study that aims to solve practical problems?

Applied research

What term best describes the effect a participant might have on a study if they have symptom relief because they think they are receiving treatment?

Placebo effect

During what time period was psychology described as “the science of the observable”? (Behaviorism)

1920s to 1960s

What term represents the middle score also known as the 50th percentile?

Median

Generalizations based on a few unrepresentative cases can be what?

Unreliable

Who was the 1st woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology?

Margaret Floy Washburn

What term best describes how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance?

Statistical significance

Researchers each year conduct experiments on approximately 200,000 dogs and cats, however humane animal shelters are forced to kill approximately how many times that many?

50

Psychology does have the potential power to deceive, but its purpose is to what?

Enlighten

Some psychologists consider Stanley Milgrams’ obedience studies to be unethical because of which ethical consideration?

Risk of long-term harm

What term describes the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next?

Culture

Despite the fact that men and women are overwhelmingly similar, knowledge of what types of differences can help to prevent conflicts and misunderstandings?

Gender

What research method involves watching and recording the behavior of organisms in their natural environment?

Naturalistic observation

What is the median of the following distribution: 6, 2, 9, 4, 7, 3?

5

A central principle in psychology states that everything psychological is simultaneously what?

Biological

An experiment manipulates a factor to determine its effect, what type of study uncovers naturally occurring relationships?

Correlational

What term best describes the condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition?

Control

What term best describes the tendency to overstate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors?

False consensus effect

What term best describes the perception of a relationship where none exists?

Illusory correlation

What is the purpose of using the three measures of “central tendency?”

Summarize

Occasionally, researchers temporarily stress or deceive people, but only when they believe it is essential to a justifiable end such as what?

Understanding and controlling violent behaviorStudying mood swings

What tissue speeds up axon impulses and could lead to multiple sclerosis if deteriorated?

Myelin sheath

What term best describes the experimental factor, like behavior, that is being measured?

Dependent variable

What is psychology’s most powerful tool for sorting reality from wishful thinking and for evaluating cause and effect?

Control group