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AP Psychology Exam Review Sheet “Confusing Pairs” · AP Psychology Exam Review Sheet “Confusing Pairs ... Qualitative data (deals with descriptions- color, smell, taste)

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Page 1: AP Psychology Exam Review Sheet “Confusing Pairs” · AP Psychology Exam Review Sheet “Confusing Pairs ... Qualitative data (deals with descriptions- color, smell, taste)

APPsychologyExamReviewSheet“ConfusingPairs”Bottom-upprocessing(individualelementstowhole)v.Top-downprocessing(wholetotheparts)Agontist(chemicalsthatmimictheactionsofneurotransmitter)v.Antagonist(chemicalsthatopposestheactionofaneurotransmitter)Foot-in-the-door(startsmallthengobig-$5get$100)v.Door-in-the-face(startbigtogetsmall-wantskateboardaskforcar)RandomAssignment(eachparticipanthasequalchanceofbeingplacedintoanygroup)v.RandomSample(istheprocessofchoosingtheresearchparticipantsfromthepopulation&happensbeforeassignment)AppliedResearch(clear,practicaluse)v.BasicResearch(puresciencethataimstoincreasethescientificknowledgebase)Quantitativedata(dealswithnumbers-height,weight,time)v.Qualitativedata(dealswithdescriptions-color,smell,taste)Self-ServingBias(tendencytooverstateone’sroleinapositiveventure&underestimateinafailure)v.Self-FulfillingProphecies(explainshowpeople’sideasaboutotherscanshapethebehaviorofthoseothers)Structuralism(schoolofthoughtthatthoughtthestructure(partsofbrain)andelementsofimmediate,consciousexperiencetobepropersubjectmatterofpsychology-Wundt,Titchener(USA)v.Functionalism(schoolofthoughtthattriedtounderstandhow&whythemindfunctionsandisrelatedtoconsciousness-James)DescriptiveStatistics(describeassetofdata-centraltendency:mean,mode,median)v.InferentialStatistics(istodeterminewhetherornotfindingscanbeappliedtothelargerpopulationfromwhichthesamplewasselected:causeandeffect)Syntax(grammar)v.semantics(meaning)Anterogradeamnesia(can’tremembernewstuffafterheadinjury)v.RetrogradeAmnesia(can’trememberstuffbeforeheadinjury)Proactiveinterference(oldinterfereswiththenew)vsretroactiveinterference(newinterfereswiththeold)SystematicDesensitization(behaviortherapyusetoreduceclient’sanxietyresponses-badpairedwithgood)v.AversionConditioning(therapy)-(behaviortherapyinwhichanaversivestimulusispairedtoelicitanundesirableresponse-badw/bad)AbsoluteThreshold(levelneededtoseeit50%oftime)v.Just-noticeable-difference(JND)-(perceivechangeinstimuluslevel-musiclevel)ConstructValidity(testmeasuresaparticularhypotheticalconcept-creativity,IQ,extraversion)v.ContentValidity(contentofatestisrepresentativeofthedomainitissupposedtocover-stuffontestfromthatchapter)

IndependentVariable(whatistested)v.DependentVariable(whatismeasured)ExperimentalGroup(groupthatistested)v.ControlGroup(comparedtotheexperimental,receivestheplacebo)Leftbrain(languageandlogic)v.Rightbrain(creativeandspatial).

Page 2: AP Psychology Exam Review Sheet “Confusing Pairs” · AP Psychology Exam Review Sheet “Confusing Pairs ... Qualitative data (deals with descriptions- color, smell, taste)

CorpusCallosum(dividesthebrain)v.CerebralCortex(coversthebrain)SympatheticNervousSystem(“fightorflight”)v.Parasympathetic(calming–parachute)Neurotransmitters(inthenervoussystem)v.Hormones(intheendocrinesystem)LateralHypothalamus(stimulateshunger)v.VentromedialHypothalamus(suppresseshunger)Broca’sArea(makeswords)v.Wernicke’sArea(comprehendswords)IdenticalTwins(samefertilizedegg)v.FraternalTwins(twoseparateeggs)Afferentneurons(sensory,bodytobrain)v.Efferentneurons(motor,braintobody)Assimilation(allfour-leggedanimalsare“doggies”)v.Accommodation(“doggies”aredifferentthan“kitties”)Concreteoperations(logicalthinking)v.Formaloperations(philosophicalthinking)Sensation(bottom-upprocessing)v.Perception(top-downprocessing)Rods(nightvision)v.Cones(colorvision)Classicalconditioning(involuntary)v.operantconditioning(voluntary)Primacyeffect(firstitemsremembered)v.Recencyeffect(lastitemsremembered)Proactiveinterference(lossofthenewinfo)v.retroactive(lossoftheoldinfo)Implicitmemory(non-declarative;skills)v.Explicitmemory(declarative,facts)Recallmemory(nocues)v.Recognitionmemory(somehints)Algorithms(step-by-step)v.Heuristics(rule-of-thumb)Representativeheuristics(stereotypes)v.Availabilityheuristics(basedonavailableinfo)Phonemes(basicsoundunits)v.Morphemes(basicunitsofmeaning)FluidIntelligence(processingspeed)v.CrystallizedIntelligence(acquiredknowledge)Validity(testmeasureswhatitshould)v.Reliability(samescoresonaretest)Achievementtest(whatyou’velearned)v.Aptitudetest(potential)Intrinsicmotivation(forpersonalsatisfaction)v.Extrinsicmotivation(forrewards)TheoryY(democratic/intrinsic)v.TheoryX(rewardsorpunishment/extrinsic)Internallocus(youcontroltheenvironment)v.Externallocus(environmentcontrolsyou)Lithium(treatsbi-polar)v.Librium(treatsanxiety)TypeA(highstress)v.TypeB(lowstress)