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Language vs. Speech
• Language – made up of socially
shared rules that include the following:• What words mean• How to make new
words• How to put words
together• What word
combinations are best in what situations
• Speech – the verbal means of
communicating – consists of the
following:• Articulation
– How speech sounds are made
• Voice– Use of the vocal
folds and breathing to produce
• Fluency– The rhythm of
speech
Language vs. SpeechDisorders
Language Disorders
• Receptive Language– understanding others
• Expressive Language– sharing thoughts, ideas,
and feelings completely
Speech Disorders
• a person cannot produce speech sounds correctly or fluently
• A person has problems with his or her voice
Language Structure
• Language– Consists of symbols that convey meaning, plus rules
for combining those symbols to create messages– Phonemes
• Smallest speech units – there are about 40– Includes the 26 letters of the alphabet
– Morphemes• Smallest units of meaning in language
– Root words, prefixes, suffixes
– Semantics• Meaning of words & word combinations
– Denotation – dictionary definition– Connotation – emotional overtones & secondary implications
– Syntax• Rules that specify how words are arranged into sentences
Milestones in Language Development
• First 6 Months• Communication through crying, cooing & laughter• Babbling & repetitive sounds “ba, ba, ba” “la, la, la”
• 10 – 13 Months• Sounds increasingly resemble words• Mama, papa, dada
• 13 – 18 Months• Vocabulary of 3 to 50 words (mostly objects)• Comprehension is much greater than production of speech
• 18 – 24 Months• Vocabulary Spurt – up to 20 more words per week• Fast Mapping – map a word to an underlying concept after
only one exposure
Milestones in Language Development
• 2 – 3 Years• Children turn words into sentences• Telegraphic Speech use mainly content words
(articles, prepositions & less critical words are omitted)• 3 yr olds – should be able to use plurals & past tense• Overregularizations – grammar rules are incorrectly
generalized
• 4 – 5 Years• Largest strides in language development happen here• Metalinguistic Awareness ability to reflect upon the
use of language