Slide 2 AP Psych Class Announcements: Psych Quiz Bowl Wed.
4/24!! Extra Credit for attending! Review session tomorrow for
those who want to compete. Lets get that trophy back!! AP Review
Help Class 4/27 2-6:00 Aim: to explain the factors that influence
prejudice, aggression and attraction. Do NOW: Quiz 691-717 HW:
study for test Practice questions Have you started reviewing your
old vocab yet? Goal: One chapter a day!!! Slide 3 Social Psychology
Studying the way people relate to others. Attitude Attraction
Aggression Group Behavior Slide 4 Attitudes A set of beliefs and
feelings. Advertising is ALL based on attitude formation. Mere
Exposure Effect- more youre exposed to something, the more youll
like it. Slide 5 The messenger affects the attitude: Most
persuasive are: Attractive people Experts famous Slide 6
Attribution Theory Tries to explain how people determine the cause
of the behavior they observe. Its either due to situation or
disposition. Situational Attribution (due to the situation)
Dispositional Attribution (personality, temperament) Slide 7 Slide
8 Fundamental Attribution Error We analyze ones behavior and
underestimate the situation and overestimate the impact of their
personality or disposition. How do you view Mr.Millers behavior?
You probably attribute it to his personality rather than his
profession. But do you really know? When you start a romance, you
assume that they agree with your world views.honeymoon period. If
you win it is because you are awesomeif you lose, it must have been
the coach or weather or. Slide 9 Situational or dispositional
Attributions? A teen crashes the car. Mom says it was because of
the slippery road. Dad says its because he wasnt paying attention
to driving. Which parent explained using dispositional attributes?
Which situational attributes? Slide 10 Self-fulfilling prophecy:
Rosenthal and Jacobsons Pygmalion in the Classroom Slide 11 Actions
Can Affect Attitudes Not only do people stand for what they believe
in (attitude), they start believing in what they stand for.
Cooperative actions can lead to mutual liking (beliefs). D.
MacDonald/ PhotoEdit Slide 12 Foot-In-the-Door Phenomenon Tendency
of people who will agree to a small request to comply to a larger
one Small Request Large Request In the Korean War, Chinese
communists solicited cooperation from US army prisoners by asking
them to carry out small errands. By complying to small errands they
were likely to comply to larger ones. Slide 13 How do car salesmen
use foot-in- the-door? Slide 14 Attitude and Behavior Cognitive
Dissonance Theory People want to have consistent attitudes and
behaviors.when they are not they experience dissonance (unpleasant
tension). Usually they will change their attitude. You have a
belief that cheating on tests is bad. But you cheat on a test!!!
The teacher was really bad so in that class it is OK. Slide 15 Role
Playing Affects Attitudes Zimbardo (1972) assigned the roles of
guards and prisoners to random students and found that guards and
prisoners developed role- appropriate attitudes. Self-fulfilling
prophesy Originally published in the New Yorker Phillip G.
Zimbardo, Inc. Slide 16 Stanford Prison Experiment In 1972,
Zimbardo set up a lab prison and asked volunteer to play roles of
either guards or inmates. The situation became too real when each
group assumed their roles all too well. The guards went from being
kind, mild-mannered college students to cruel guards. They had to
stop the exp. after just 6 days.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ir9G8RF1NXY&playnext=1
&list=PL98578AAEDBF20AE7&feature=results_main
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ir9G8RF1NXY&playnext=1
&list=PL98578AAEDBF20AE7&feature=results_main part 1, 2
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQmcxoosMhg part 3,4 Slide 17
Conclusion: Evil acts shape the self!!! Slide 18 Social Influence
The greatest contribution of social psychology is its study of
attitudes, beliefs, decisions, and actions and the way they are
molded by social influence. NON SEQUITER 2000 Wiley. Dist. by
Universal Press Syndicate Reprinted with Permission Slide 19 Social
Influence: Behavior is contagious! Laughter Yawns Suicidal clusters
Food fights!!!! When someone else was present in a public restroom
90% of women washed their hands. If no one else was present, only
16% did so. Slide 20 Social Facilitation- people perform better in
front of an audience than when alone Slide 21 Individual Behavior
in the Presence of Others Social facilitation: Refers to improved
performance on tasks in the presence of others. Triplett (1898)
noticed cyclists race times were faster when they competed against
others than when they just raced against the clock. Michelle Agnis/
NYT Pictures Slide 22 Activity I am going to give you a time
interval that I want you to estimate. No counting or looking at
your watches. I will say begin at the start and stop at the end of
the interval. Then I want you to write down how long you think the
interval was. Slide 23 Solomon Aschs conformity experiment
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TYIh4 MkcfJA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TYIh4 MkcfJA Which line is equal to
the standard line? After several others said 3 the subject would
say 3. William Vandivert/ Scientific American Slide 24 Aschs
Results About 1/3 of the participants conformed. 70% conformed at
least once. Slide 25 Conditions that Strengthen Conformity 1.One is
made to feel incompetent or insecure. 2.The group has at least
three people. 3.The group is unanimous. 4.One admires the groups
status and attractiveness. 5.One has no prior commitment to a
response. 6.The group observes ones behavior. 7.Ones culture
strongly encourages respect for a social standard. Slide 26
Normative Social Influence We behave out of a desire for social
approval or to avoid disapproval Ex: we clap when others clap Norm:
an understood rule for accepted or expected behavior. What are the
norms for my class? Slide 27 Information Social Influence When we
accept others opinions about reality or normal EX: People naturally
look to the police during time of crises EX: Freshmen look up upper
classmen to know how to act during the first few weeks of school
Slide 28 New seats Please move to your new assigned seating area
Slide 29 Obedience People comply to social pressures. How would
they respond to outright command? Stanley Milgram designed a study
that investigates the effects of authority on obedience. Stanley
Milgram (1933-1984) Courtesy of CUNY Graduate School and University
Center Slide 30 Milgrams Study Both Photos: 1965 By Stanley
Miligram, from the film Obedience, dist. by Penn State, Media Sales
Slide 31 Milgrams Study Of Obedience
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6GxIuljT3 w Slide 32 Results: 63%
of the teachers fully complied up to the maximum voltage In future
variations of the experiment he found that obedience was highest
when: The person giving the orders was physically close The victim
was placed out of their vision They saw no one else disobeying the
orders of the researcher Slide 33 Milgrams Study: Results Slide 34
What did we learn from Milgram? Ordinary people can do shocking
things. Could not have received approval from todays IRB (Internal
Review Board). Slide 35 Group Dynamics Slide 36 Social Loafing The
tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling
efforts toward a common goal than if they were individually
accountable. We do not put in as much effort when acting as part of
a group Slide 37 Anonymous Question
???????????????????????????????????????? I repeat, this is
completely anonymous. No one will know the answer you gave.
PROMISE!!!!!!! Slide 38 Question: If you could do anything humanly
possible with complete assurance that you WOULD NOT be detected or
held responsible what would you do? Slide 39 Most frequent
responses: Criminal acts 26% Sexual acts 11% Spying behaviors 11%
Most common response was rob a bank 15% 36% were antisocial
answers! 9% prosocial! Slide 40 How groups affect our behavior
Slide 41 Deindividuation People get swept up in a group and lose
sense of self. Feel anonymous and aroused. Rioting, looting,
concert behavior Slide 42 Group Polarization The enhancement of a
groups prevailing tendencies as a result of discussion Slide 43
Slide 44 Groupthink The tendency for groups to make bad decision
b/c member suppress reservation about the ides being discussed.
They are more concerned with group harmony. Worse in highly
cohesive groups. Slide 45 Groupthink A mode of thinking that occurs
when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides
the realistic appraisal of alternatives. Famous Examples: Attack on
Pearl Harbor Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis Watergate
Cover-up Chernobyl Reactor Accident Slide 46 Stereotypes, Prejudice
and Discrimination Stereotype: Overgeneralized idea about a group
of people. Prejudice: Undeserved (usually negative) attitude
towards a group of people. Ethnocentrism is an example of a
prejudice. Discrimination: An action based on a prejudice. Slide 47
Why did he take a $90,000 a year pay cut? Slide 48 Does perception
change with race? Slide 49 The Roots of prejudice: Social
inequalities- the haves and have nots Scapegoating Categorization
Just-World Phenomenon Slide 50 Social Inequalities The haves
rationalize the prejudice. Those people in the ghetto deserve to be
there. Look at the violence. Theyre just too lazy to go out and get
a job Slide 51 Scapegoating Blaming the ills, or problems of
society on a group Slide 52 All. All athlete All Irish.. All
elderly.. All obese people All Bayside students.. All cheerleaders
Slide 53 Categorization Simplifying our idea of another group by
categorizing them as all similar Slide 54 Shoes vs. Sandals vs.
Sneakers All those with shoes must move to the left side of the
room Sandals move to the middle section Sneakers to the right Each
group is to create a list of reasons as to why the other two groups
are not wearing the type shoes like your group wears. Slide 55 Us
and Them Ingroup: People with whom one shares a common identity.
Outgroup: Those perceived as different from ones ingroup. Ingroup
Bias: The tendency to favor ones own group. Scotlands famed Tartan
Army fans. Mike Hewitt/ Getty Images Fi m Slide 56 Just-World Scale
Reverse scores for items 1,4,5,8,10,13,16,17 and 20 (0=5, 1=4, 2=3,
3=2, 4=1, 5=0) Add up all twenty items Total scores can range from
a 0 to 100 with higher scores indicating a stronger belief in a
just world: People get what they deserve and deserve what they get!
Slide 57 Just -World Phenomenon The tendency of people to believe
the world is just, and people get what they deserve and deserve
what they get The New Yorker Collection, 1981, Robert Mankoff from
cartoonbank.com. All Rights Reserved. Slide 58 Psychology of
Aggression Biological theories of Aggression: 1. Freud- linked it
to our death instinct which we usually channel into acceptable
forms like sports Slide 59 Other biological causes: 2. Genetic-
Animal have been bred for aggressiveness (pit bulls) and twin
studies who correlation 3. Neural when the amygdalas of animal and
human brains are stimulated, it produces aggression 4. Biochemical-
Testosterone, alcohol and other substances can affect aggression.
Violent criminal have higher levels. Slide 60 Psychological causes
of aggression: Frustration-aggression principle: feeling frustrated
makes aggression more likely Aversive stimuli: pain, hot weathercan
bring about aggression Slide 61 Social Trap: the pursuit of
self-interest lead to collective harm Ex: we continue to drive our
fuel inefficient cars despite warnings about greenhouse gases Slide
62 Prosocial Behavior: the psychology of helping Kitty Genovese
case in Kew Gardens NY. Bystander Effect: Conditions in which
people are more or less likely to help one another. In generalthe
more people aroundthe less chance of help.because of Diffusion of
Responsibility Pluralistic Ignorance People decide what to do by
looking to others. Slide 63 Bystander Effect Tendency of any given
bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are
present. Slide 64 Other terms: Altruism: unselfish regard for the
welfare of others Slide 65 Reciprocity Norm The expectation that we
should return help to those who have helped us Slide 66 Social
Exchange theory When we weigh the costs of doing something vs. the
benefits Should I go to the effort to buy a b-day gift and attend
her party ($, time)? What is the benefit? (reputation,
admiration..are there going to be important people there?...) Slide
67 Attraction Factors of Attraction: Proximity, attraction,
similarity Slide 68 1. Proximity Means nearness Mere exposure
effect: Repeated exposure to something breeds liking. Slide 69 2.
Physical Attractiveness Slide 70 The Hotty Factor Physically
attractiveness predicts dating frequency (they date more). They are
perceived as healthier, happier, more honest and successful than
less attractive counterparts. Still rated as #1 for 1 st
impressions Slide 71 Effects of physical appearance People tend to
ascribe desirable personality characteristics to good looking
people. They are perceived as being healthier, happier, more
successful than unattractive people. Slide 72 In reality...
Research indicates there is little correlation between
attractiveness and personality traits. Slide 73 Good looks are not
related to self-esteem Because people tend to downplay ones
accomplishments and attribute them to their good looks. Slide 74 3.
Similarity Paula Abdul was wrong- opposites do NOT attract. Birds
of the same feather do flock together. Common attitudes, beliefs,
and interests Slide 75 Romantic vs. Companionate love Romantic-
marked by arousal adrenaline makes the heart grow fonder
Companionate- deep affectionate attachment Slide 76 TWO Keys to an
enduring relationship: Equity- both partners receive in proportion
to what they give : possessions, emotional support, duties etc.
Self-disclosure- the revealing of intimate details about ourselves:
likes, dislikes, dreams, worries, past regrets, etc. BOTH CREATE A
DEEP LEVEL OF INTIMACY
