AP Notes Chapter 1AP Notes Chapter 1Matter & MeasurementMatter & Measurement

Chemistry is the study of the nature of ______ Chemistry is the study of the nature of ______ and its ____________.and its ____________.

Matter is anything that has ____ in unit (_) Matter is anything that has ____ in unit (_) and occupies _____ in unit (_). and occupies _____ in unit (_).

Matter exists in several different ______ based Matter exists in several different ______ based on the excitation or ____ in unit (_) of the on the excitation or ____ in unit (_) of the particles.particles.

matterinteractions

mass gspace L

phasesheat J

Matter composed of only one type of _____ Matter composed of only one type of _____ is classified as an __________.is classified as an __________.

114 accepted elements are listed on the 114 accepted elements are listed on the periodic table. Names, symbols- some with periodic table. Names, symbols- some with ______ origins ______ origins

Elements can be represented by Elements can be represented by _____, _______, ________ and _______._____, _______, ________ and _______.

Know your element symbols and names!Know your element symbols and names!

1.1Elements & Atoms1.1Elements & Atomsatom

element

foreign

Names, symbols, diagrams models

An _____ is the smallest particle of an An _____ is the smallest particle of an element that retains the element that retains the ______________________ of that element.______________________ of that element.

Elements with similar _________ are Elements with similar _________ are grouped in the periodic table.grouped in the periodic table.

Characteristics or properties must be Characteristics or properties must be definabledefinable and even and even measurablemeasurable..

atomcharacteristic properties

properties

When two or more different elements When two or more different elements combine together a ________ _________ is combine together a ________ _________ is formed.formed.

The composition (kind and number) of a The composition (kind and number) of a atoms in a compound can be represented atoms in a compound can be represented by a ________ _______. by a ________ _______.

Compounds may consist of ____ (charged Compounds may consist of ____ (charged particles) or _________ (discrete units of particles) or _________ (discrete units of atoms).atoms).

1.2 Compounds and Molecules1.2 Compounds and Molecules

chemical compound

chemical formula

ionsmolecules

1.3 Physical Properties1.3 Physical Properties

Physical properties can be observed Physical properties can be observed without changing the ___________ of a without changing the ___________ of a substance.substance.

Height, weight or mass, size and color Height, weight or mass, size and color are a few physical properties (Table 1.1)are a few physical properties (Table 1.1)

_________ properties depend on amounts _________ properties depend on amounts and _________ properties do not.and _________ properties do not.

Composition

Extensive

Intensive

TemperatureTemperature Temperature is a measure of theTemperature is a measure of the

_______ ______ ______ ._______ ______ ______ . Different temperature scales, all are Different temperature scales, all are

talking about the same height of mercury talking about the same height of mercury or alcohol.or alcohol.

Derive a equation for converting ºF to ºCDerive a equation for converting ºF to ºC Kelvin scale is an ________ scale there is no Kelvin scale is an ________ scale there is no

temperature below 0K. temperature below 0K. Kelvin temperatures = ºC + 273.15Kelvin temperatures = ºC + 273.15 Kelvin temperatures are _______ related to Kelvin temperatures are _______ related to

kinetic energy (the motion of particles).kinetic energy (the motion of particles).

average kinetic energy

absolute

directly

DensityDensity DensityDensity Ratio of mass to volumeRatio of mass to volume D = D = mm in units of in units of g g

V mLV mL Useful for identifying a compoundUseful for identifying a compound Useful for predicting weightUseful for predicting weight An ________________ does not depend on An ________________ does not depend on

what the material iswhat the material is Volume and hence density are Volume and hence density are

temperature dependanttemperature dependant

Intrinsic property

0ºC 32ºF

0ºC = 32ºF

100ºC 212ºF

100ºC = 212ºF

0ºC 32ºF

0ºC = 32ºF

100ºC 212ºF

100ºC = 212ºF

0ºC 32ºF

0ºC = 32ºF

100ºC = 180ºF

100ºC 212ºF

100ºC = 212ºF

0ºC 32ºF

0ºC = 32ºF

10ºC = 18ºF

100ºC = 180ºF

5ºC = 9ºF

1ºC = 9ºF 5

So 5ºC = 1ºF 9

ºC

ºF

(0,32) = (C1,F1)

(100,212) = (C2,F2)

1.4 Physical and Chemical Change1.4 Physical and Chemical Change

Changes in physical properties are called Changes in physical properties are called physical changesphysical changes

Changes in reactants to form new Changes in reactants to form new products are caused by a chemical change products are caused by a chemical change or chemical reactionor chemical reaction

Chemical properties of materials are Chemical properties of materials are observable only through a chemical observable only through a chemical change and represented in a chemical change and represented in a chemical equation equation

Scientific MethodScientific Method A way of solving problemsA way of solving problems Observation- what is seen or measuredObservation- what is seen or measured Hypothesis- educated guess of why Hypothesis- educated guess of why

things behave the way they do. (possible things behave the way they do. (possible explanation)explanation)

Experiment- designed to test hypothesisExperiment- designed to test hypothesis leads to new observations,leads to new observations, and the cycle goes onand the cycle goes on

After many cycles, a broad, generalizable After many cycles, a broad, generalizable explanation is developed for why things explanation is developed for why things behave the way they dobehave the way they do

Theory – is formed to define a WHY Theory – is formed to define a WHY Also regular patterns of how things Also regular patterns of how things

behave the same in different systems behave the same in different systems emergesemerges

Law – is written to explain HOWLaw – is written to explain HOW Laws are summaries of observationsLaws are summaries of observations

Theories have predictive value.Theories have predictive value. The true test of a theory is if it can The true test of a theory is if it can

predict new behaviors.predict new behaviors. If the prediction is wrong, the theory If the prediction is wrong, the theory

must be changed.must be changed. Theory- whyTheory- why Law - howLaw - how

Observations

Hypothesis

Experiment

Theory(Model)

Prediction

Experiment

Modify

Law

1.5 Classifying Matter1.5 Classifying Matter Kinetic-molecular theoryKinetic-molecular theory Helps us interpret properties of matter Helps us interpret properties of matter – – matter is composed of tiny particles matter is composed of tiny particles – – particles are continuously in motion particles are continuously in motion – – in solids they vibrate usually in a regular in solids they vibrate usually in a regular

arrayarray – – in liquids & gases more free to move in liquids & gases more free to move

Kinetic energy – force of motion of Kinetic energy – force of motion of particlesparticles

Observing and describing these Observing and describing these particles at the Macroscopic level is particles at the Macroscopic level is the world around us the world around us

Attempting to describe these Attempting to describe these particles at the Submicroscopic or particles at the Submicroscopic or particulate level requires models that particulate level requires models that represent what we think the particles represent what we think the particles look like and act likelook like and act like

Matter

Heterogeneous Homogeneous

Solution Pure Substance

Element Compound

Classifying MatterClassifying Matter

1.6 Units of Measurement1.6 Units of Measurement Matter must be explainable to others which Matter must be explainable to others which

means that individuals communicating must means that individuals communicating must agree on type and units of measurement or agree on type and units of measurement or at least be able to convert measures at least be able to convert measures between each others measurebetween each others measure

Qualitative – it is blue, (what shade of blue)Qualitative – it is blue, (what shade of blue)

Quantitative – it is 4 inches, (well how long is Quantitative – it is 4 inches, (well how long is an inch)an inch)

A common system of measure is neededA common system of measure is needed

Metric SystemMetric System Every measurement has two partsEvery measurement has two parts NumberNumber Scale (unit)Scale (unit) SI system (le Systeme International) SI system (le Systeme International)

based on the metric systembased on the metric system Prefix + base unitPrefix + base unit Prefix tells you the power of 10 to Prefix tells you the power of 10 to

multiply by - decimal system -easy multiply by - decimal system -easy conversions conversions

MetricMetric SystemSystem Base Units - must be definable or Base Units - must be definable or

derivablederivable Mass - kilogram (kg)Mass - kilogram (kg) Length- meter (m)Length- meter (m) Time - second (s)Time - second (s) Temperature- Kelvin (K)Temperature- Kelvin (K) Electric current- ampere (amp, A)Electric current- ampere (amp, A) Amount of substance- mole (mol)Amount of substance- mole (mol)

PrefixesPrefixes giga- giga- G G 1,000,000,0001,000,000,000 101099

mega - mega - M M 1,000,0001,000,000 101066

kilo - kilo - K K 1,0001,000 101033

Hecto - Hecto - H H 1,001,00 101022

Deka - Deka - D D 1,01,0 101011

Base UnitBase Unit grams, Liters, metersgrams, Liters, meters 101000

deci-deci- dd 0.10.1 1010-1-1

centi-centi- cc 0.010.01 1010-2-2

milli-milli- mm 0.0010.001 1010-3-3

micro-micro- mm 0.0000010.000001 1010-6-6

nano-nano- nn 0.0000000010.000000001 1010-9-9

Deriving the LiterDeriving the Liter Liter is defined as the volume of 1 dmLiter is defined as the volume of 1 dm33

gram is the mass of 1 cmgram is the mass of 1 cm33 of water at of water at 2525ooC where then 1Kg of water is the mass C where then 1Kg of water is the mass of 1 L of water.of 1 L of water.

Deriving or describing Deriving or describing densitydensity Density is the proportional relationship Density is the proportional relationship between an objects mass and its volume, between an objects mass and its volume, D = m/VD = m/V

Mass and WeightMass and Weight Mass is measure of resistance to Mass is measure of resistance to

change in motion change in motion Weight is force of gravity.Weight is force of gravity. Sometimes used interchangeablySometimes used interchangeably Mass can’t change, weight canMass can’t change, weight can

1.7 Using Numerical Information1.7 Using Numerical Information Systematic error is in same direction each Systematic error is in same direction each

timetime

Better precision implies better accuracyBetter precision implies better accuracy

You can have precision without accuracyYou can have precision without accuracy

You can’t have accuracy without precisionYou can’t have accuracy without precision

How well is a measure known? How well is a measure known? Significance

Accuracy vs. PrecisionAccuracy vs. Precision

Absolute error (AE) = exp - known

AccuracyAccuracy

% Accuracy = 100 - |%AE|

PPrecisionrecision

Relative error (RE) = exp - average

% Precision = 100 - |%RE|

ErrorError

Error = experimental – acceptedError = experimental – accepted

Significant figuresSignificant figures

Meaningful digits in a MEASUREMENTMeaningful digits in a MEASUREMENT Exact numbers are counted, have Exact numbers are counted, have

unlimited significant figuresunlimited significant figures If it is measured or estimated, it has sig If it is measured or estimated, it has sig

figs.figs. If not it is exact.If not it is exact. All numbers except zero are significant.All numbers except zero are significant. Some zeros are, some aren’tSome zeros are, some aren’t

Which zeroes count?Which zeroes count? In between other sig figs doesIn between other sig figs does Before the first number doesn’tBefore the first number doesn’t After the last number counts iffAfter the last number counts iff it is after the decimal pointit is after the decimal point the decimal point is written inthe decimal point is written in 3200 3200 2 sig figs2 sig figs 32003200.. 4 sig figs4 sig figs

Doing the mathDoing the math

Multiplication and division, same Multiplication and division, same number of sig figs in answer as the number of sig figs in answer as the least in the problemleast in the problem

Addition and subtraction, same Addition and subtraction, same number of decimal places in answer number of decimal places in answer as least in problem. as least in problem.

1.8 Problem Solving1.8 Problem Solving Conversion of a given measurement to a Conversion of a given measurement to a

desired quantity by means of desired quantity by means of mathematical relationship of datamathematical relationship of data

Dimensional AnalysisDimensional Analysis

Using the units to solve Using the units to solve problemsproblems

Dimensional AnalysisDimensional Analysis Use conversion factors to change the unitsUse conversion factors to change the units Conversion factors = 1Conversion factors = 1 1 foot = 12 inches (equivalence statement)1 foot = 12 inches (equivalence statement) 12 in 12 in == 11 = = 1 ft. 1 ft.

1 1 ft. ft. 12 in 12 in

Every equality gives 2 conversion factorsEvery equality gives 2 conversion factors multiply by the one that will give you the multiply by the one that will give you the

correct units in your answer.correct units in your answer.

How Many Millimeters in 6.78 inches?

Given: 6.78 in. Need: millimeters Connections: 2.54 cm = 1 in.

1cm = 10mm

mm 172cm 1

mm 10

in 1

cm 54.2in 78.6

Sample Distance Problems Sample Distance Problems 11 yards = 2 rod11 yards = 2 rod 40 rods = 1 furlong40 rods = 1 furlong 8 furlongs = 1 mile8 furlongs = 1 mile The Kentucky Derby race is 1.25 The Kentucky Derby race is 1.25

miles. How long is the race in rods, miles. How long is the race in rods, furlongs, meters, and kilometers?furlongs, meters, and kilometers?

A marathon race is 26 miles, 385 A marathon race is 26 miles, 385 yards. What is this distance in rods, yards. What is this distance in rods, furlongs, meters, and kilometers?furlongs, meters, and kilometers?

Apothecaries (druggists) use the Apothecaries (druggists) use the following set of measures in the English following set of measures in the English system:system:

20 grains ap = 1 scruple (exact)20 grains ap = 1 scruple (exact) 3 scruples = 1 dram ap (exact)3 scruples = 1 dram ap (exact) 8 dram ap = 1 oz. ap (exact)8 dram ap = 1 oz. ap (exact) 1 dram ap = 3.888 g1 dram ap = 3.888 g What is the mass of 1 scruple in grams?What is the mass of 1 scruple in grams?

Sample Mass ProblemSample Mass Problem

How Many Liters in 1.0 Cubic Yard?

Given: 1 yd3

Need: Liters Connections: 1 yd = 36 in

2.54 cm = 1 in 1 mL = 1 cm3

L2

33

3

3

33

106.7

L 764mL 1000

L 1

cm 1

mL 1

in 1

cm 54.2

yd 1

in 36yd 1

Volume ProblemVolume Problem

Sample Speed ProblemSample Speed Problem Science fiction often uses nautical Science fiction often uses nautical

analogies to describe space travel. If the analogies to describe space travel. If the starship U.S.S. Enterprise is traveling at starship U.S.S. Enterprise is traveling at warp factor 1.71, what is its speed in warp factor 1.71, what is its speed in knots? knots?

Warp 1.71 = 5.00 times the speed of lightWarp 1.71 = 5.00 times the speed of light speed of light = 3.00 x 10speed of light = 3.00 x 1088 m/s m/s 1 knot = 2000 yd/h exactly1 knot = 2000 yd/h exactly

Sample ProblemSample Problem

The speed of light is 3.00 x 10The speed of light is 3.00 x 1088 m/s. How m/s. How far will a beam of light travel in 1.00 ns?far will a beam of light travel in 1.00 ns?

DensityDensity DensityDensity Ratio of mass to volumeRatio of mass to volume D = D = mm in units of in units of g g

V mLV mL Useful for identifying a compoundUseful for identifying a compound Useful for predicting weightUseful for predicting weight An ________________ does not depend on An ________________ does not depend on

what the material iswhat the material is Volume and hence density are Volume and hence density are

temperature dependanttemperature dependant

Intrinsic property

Sample Density Problem 1Sample Density Problem 1 An empty container weighs 178.3 g. Filled An empty container weighs 178.3 g. Filled

with carbon tetrachloride (density 1.53 with carbon tetrachloride (density 1.53 g/cmg/cm33 ) the container weighs 317.2 g. ) the container weighs 317.2 g. What is the volume of the container?What is the volume of the container?

3

33

4

4

cm 78.90

cm 78431373.9053.1

cm19.138

9.1383.1782.317

ggCCl

gCClgg

A 55.0 gal drum weighs 82.0 lbs. when A 55.0 gal drum weighs 82.0 lbs. when empty. What will the total mass be when empty. What will the total mass be when filled with ethanol? filled with ethanol?

density 0.789 g/cmdensity 0.789 g/cm33

1 gal = 3.78 L1 gal = 3.78 L

1 lb = 454 g1 lb = 454 g

Sample Density Problem 2Sample Density Problem 2