IndustryAP Human Geography

Sectors of the Economy

Primary sector (agriculture) Extraction of raw materials from the Earth Farming, mining, fishing, forestry Higher % in LDC’s than MDC’s, decreasing

Secondary sector (industry) Turn raw materials into useful products Food processing, manufacture of consumer goods Decrease in MDC’s; increase in LDC’s

Tertiary sector (services) Provision of goods and services in exchange for $ Retail, banking, education, govt, etc. High % in MDC’s

What is Industry?

The manufacturing of goods in a factory

Secondary sector Historically, major

source of jobs in MDC’s.

Shifting from MDC’s to LDC’s Impact of job loss in

MDC’s

The Industrial Revolution Industrialization- the

process by which a country moves from primary to secondary sector.

Begins mid to late 1700’s (18th century) in N. England/ S. Scotland

Diffusion to N. America/ W. Europe by mid-1800’s.

Rest of the world in 20th century.

Led to many social, economic, political changes.

The Industrial Revolution New technologies (steam engine) increase

production…less reliance on animal/human power.

Shift from agricultural to industrial society People leave rural areas for urban…cities

grow rapidly! Industries impacted by the IR: iron, coal,

transportation, textiles, chemicals, food processing.

Overall, standard of living increases as a result of IR

Watt Steam Engine

Industry in Europe

Origin of the IR (Great Britain) United Kingdom

Steel, textiles High tech Rhine-Ruhr Valley (Germany, Belgium,

Netherlands) Iron, steel, railroads, armaments Port of Rotterdam

Mid-Rhine (Germany/ France) Consumer markets

Po Basin (Italy) Textile

NE Spain Textile, vehicles

Russia

Industry in North America IR spread to U.S. early to mid- 1800’s New England (Boston)

Textiles Middle Atlantic (NYC/ Philly/Baltimore)

Largest American market, entertainment Mohawk Valley (Buffalo)

Steel Pittsburgh/ Lake Erie (Pitt/ Cleveland)

Steel Western Great Lakes (Chicago, Detroit, Gary)

Steel, auto, food So California (LA)

Clothing, textile, furniture SE Ontario (Hamilton, ON)

Steel

Industry in East Asia

Japan (1950-60’s) Originally cut-rate goods…now highest

quality Cars, electronics, precision tools Tokyo/ Nagasaki/ Osaka

China Low-cost labor Textiles/apparel Household products Guangdong/ Hong Kong/ Shanghai/ Beijing

Proximity to Inputs

Input---Manufacturing---Retail/Service

Inputs= raw materials/natural resources

Bulk- reducing industry Plant is located close to inputs if cost of

transporting raw materials > finished product to consumer.

Ex. Copper, steel

Proximity to Markets

Bulk gaining industry Product gains volume/ weight during

production Ex. Fabricated metals, beverage (pop/beer)

Single market manufacturers Located near only customer Auto parts plant would be located near

assembly plant. Perishable products

Newspaper, foods