AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHYCH. 18n 14o

CLASS NOTES

AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHYCH. 18n 14o

CLASS NOTES

Traditional Livelihoods

of Rural Peoples

Economic ActivitiesEconomic Activities

• 1. Primary:

• (EXTRACTION) Farming, Fishing, Herding, Mining

• 2. Secondary:

• (PRODUCTION) Convert raw materials into useable products

• 3. Tertiary:

• Service Industry (CONSUMER) (retail, lawyer, doctor, teacher, plumber)

Quaternary & QuinaryQuaternary & Quinary

• Tertiary so complex – broken down further in 4 and 5

• 4. QUAT. – Knowledge Based

• Services for Businesses

• Banking, Insurance, Consulting

• Manage Information / Exchange of money or capital

QuinaryQuinary

• 5. QUIN. – Research, Technology, & Higher Ed.

First Agricultural Revolution (remember???)First Agricultural Revolution (remember???)

• Begin to plant fields and grow crops

• Surplus of food can be grown

• Larger settlements develop

• Not everyone has to farm – can do other jobs (specialization)

Subsistence FarmingSubsistence Farming

• Growing only enough to survive (sustain)– not profit (no surplus)

• Small Scale

Geographer Carl SauerGeographer Carl Sauer

Plant Domestication –

•Root vs. Seed plant

•Artificial Selection

•Genetic Changes to suit Human Needs

• The domestication of wheat provides an example. Wild wheat falls to the ground to reseed itself when ripe, but domesticated wheat stays on the stem for easier harvesting. There is evidence that this critical change came about as a result of a random mutation near the beginning of wheat's cultivation. Wheat with this mutation was harvested and became the seed for the next crop. Therefore, without realizing, early farmers selected for this mutation, which would otherwise have died out. The result is domesticated wheat, which relies on farmers for its own reproduction and dissemination

Animal DomesticationAnimal Domestication

• Attracted to settlements as scavengers

• Get used to human presence / protection from predators

• Changes for Human Needs• Labor / livestock / protection

• Natural variations in individual plants and animals also support the selection of new traits. It is speculated that tamer than average wolves, less wary of humans, selected themselves as domestic dogs over many generations. These wolves were able to thrive by following humans to scavenge for food near camp fires and garbage dumps. Eventually a symbiotic relationship developed between people and these proto-dogs. The dogs fed on human food scraps, and humans found that dogs could warn them of approaching dangers, help with hunting, act as pets, provide warmth, or supplement their food supply. As this relationship progressed, humans eventually began to keep these self-tamed wolves and breed from them the types of dogs that we have today.

Taming – Not DomesticationTaming – Not Domestication

2nd Agricultural Revolution2nd Agricultural Revolution

• During 17th – 18th Century Europe (leads into Industrial Rev.)

• Soil Preparation, fertilization, tools, harvesting, storage improved

• Increased productivity & yield

Von Thunen Concentric RingsLand Use Model

Von Thunen Concentric RingsLand Use Model

Spatial Layout of Agriculture – Rural land use Model (early 1800s)

Spatial Layout of Agriculture – Rural land use Model (early 1800s)

• Johann Heinrich von Thunen • Activity precedence around city

(market)

• Premise of RENT • (land value : profit)

3 Model Assumptions 3 Model Assumptions

• 1. Flat Terrain

• 2. Consistent Env. Conditions

• 3. No Transport Barriers to Market

• RING 1 - Closest to Market (city): • perishables & dairy items

• Command highest prices • Need fastest transport to market• (INTENSIVE AGRICL.)

• RING 2 – • Forest: provide fuel for

burning

• RING 3 – • Field Crops: Wheat & Grains

• Not as perishable, can be stored, transport slower

• (EXTENSIVE AGRICL.)

• RING 4 – • Ranching & Livestock

• Need Grazing Space• Beyond This = Unprofitable

• Market Dist.

Von Thunen AnalysisVon Thunen Analysis

• Interplay between Market Distance, Land Use, and Transportation costs

• Examine which land use yields the highest returns (PROFIT!!!)

• RENT (land value) decreases w/ distance from Market

Pre - 3rd Agricultural RevolutionPre - 3rd Agricultural Revolution

• Cash Cropping, Plantations

• Role of Technology in Farming

• Reduction of Human labor

3rd Agricultural Revolution3rd Agricultural Revolution• “Green Revolution”

• Intensive Mechanization

• Use of Bio-Technology

• Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

• Higher yield strains

• “Frankenfoods”

Worldwide laws regarding GM Foods 2012Worldwide laws regarding GM Foods 2012

The Labeling DebateThe Labeling Debate