AP History - Question Set 4

8/9/2019 AP History - Question Set 4

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1/21/2010

AP History, Dr.Lewis | Peter Castoldi

AP

HISTORY,

DR.LEWIS

ADISCOURSE ON HISTORYAFORTH ANALYSIS


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AP History, Dr.Lewis | Question Set 4, Questions 50-60

Table of Contents

Question 50The Key Events in Napoleons Rise to Power and his Overall Success ................. 3

Question 51How Napoleon Changed France .............................................................................. 5

Question 52How Napoleon Changed Europe ............................................................................. 7Question 53Problems Within the Empire ................................................................................... 8

Question 54The Development of German Romanticism and its relationship to Napoleon, J.G.

Herder, J.G. Fichte, The Volk and The Volksgeist In Accordance to Palmer, Colton, and

Kramer .......................................................................................................................................... 10

Question 55Why Napoleon Invaded Russia and How it Turned Disastrous ............................ 12

Question 56Clemens von Metternich and the Congress of Viennas Push to Reform Europe. 15

Question 57The Major Causes of the Industrial Revolution .................................................... 18

Question 58The Major Consequences of the Industrial Revolution ......................................... 20

Question 59The Advent of the Isms, In Accordance to Palmer, Colton, and Kramer........ 22

Question 60Dramatic Political Development & Parallels from France and Britain ................. 23


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Question 50 The Key Events in Napoleons Rise to Power and his

Overall Success

An Introduction to Napoleon Bonaparte

Born on August 15th

, 1769 in Corsica, Napoleon was the second of eight children and noBonaparte that was part of the family was ever a professional soldier. His father Carlo was alawyer who had fought for Corsican independence, but after the French occupied the island in

1768, he served as a prosecutor and a judge and entered the French aristocracy as a count.

Through the influence of his father, Napoleon was educated at the expense of King Louis XVI in

Paris, France where he later graduated at the age of sixteen and joined the artillery company as asecond lieutenant. Although his early history seemed promising, you would not know it just by

looking at his appearance for he had a shabby appearance and was not one that was known to get

along with the other people in the community. Despite these qualities, and like many other rulers,Napoleon always had the idea that he was destined for great deeds and that the public just did not

understand him for what he was.

A Whiff of Grapeshot

Napoleons rise of power could be stated as a spontaneous one, for it stemmed from one main

event that mainly involved him and his actions in the year 1795. During this year, a group ofpeople known as Royalists were forming up to protest in front of the Tuileries palace in France,

debating that they were largely in favor of the Bourbon family and of the King and they felt that

they wanted them to make a comeback in the society to rule. A group during this time called the

Directory (the leaders of the revolutionary government) was unsure about whose side anyonewas on during this time or who was in favor of a specific event, for it was a highly confusing

time, and they called upon Napoleon Bonaparte to help rectify the problem and to defend the

palace. To do this, Napoleon enlisted the help of 4,000 of his men and he setup multiple artillery

pieces (cannons and other artillery of the sort) at close range and pointing directly towards thecrowd of protesters. Unaware of the severity of the situation, the protesters refused to take note

of the newly places defenses and Napoleon fired the artillery directly into the crowd killing

hundreds of people. This event is what Napoleon describes as being a whiff of grapeshot, andas a result of resolving the problem in front of the Tuileries, he was promoted to the military rank

of General.

Continuing Rise to Power

After being promoted to the status of General in 1795, there was a notable change in the lifestyle

of Napoleon: it was reported that he had purchased a new house, received a fairly high salary,

and also purchased a seat in the Paris Opera Houseall of these events meant that Napoleon wasmaking a name for himself. Due to the distasteful course of the war in Austria, the Directory -

amazinglyin the neat year, gave Napoleon command of the French forces stationed in Italy andthey instructed him to go forth with his troops and eradicate the Austrians in Italy. However, his

status of power was not the only thing in his life that was growing: his love life, was, too,

growing as well. During the planning stages of the invasion of the Austrians in Italy, Napoleon

fell in love with a woman named Josephine (who, at the time, was seven years older that he was).


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Onward to Italy: 1796-1797

After the marriage of Bonaparte and Josephine in 1796, Napoleon decided it was time to train the

French forces to be well-prepared for the battle ahead. At this time, the French forces were ill-prepared and exhausted when on the journey onward to Italy. Eventually, during this conquest,

one of the more important battles that took place during January of 1797 the Battle of Ravoli

andeventuallyon October of 1797, France and Austria signed the Treaty of Campo Formio

which stated that Austria accepted the French control over much of Italy, the Netherlands, and

that France had exclusive control over the west bank of the Rhine river.

The Keys to Napoleons Success

Already at the (still young) age of 27, Napoleon enters Italy with an ill-equipped army and

manages to defeat the Austrians and gain control over a large portion of territory. There is one

large question that is posed during these circumstances: How does Napoleon do it what were

his keys to success? Napoleons success relied on three important things:

(1) The Motivation and the Caring of the Troops

(2) Speed, Timing, and Flanking (3) A good eye for Terrain

As for the first methodone could daringly compare these motives to that of Propaganda: One

way to motivate the troops of France is to appeal to a large mindset, which would be

compensation. He would tell his military that they were the army of the Revolution and it was

their chance for fortune and fame and this was a crusade for liberty, and for that of those whowish to spoil the quest for liberty in France. In additionunlike other commandersNapoleon

would travel to the battlefield and encamp in a tent and he would also converse with the veteran

soldiers of the military and discuss many battles. Not only was he generous to the high-rankingsoldiers, but he was also generous to the lower-ranking soldiers as well: he would taste the soup

in which they were planned to eat and if it was not to his liking, he would call upon the chef to

correct the mistake in the cuisine. Promotions were also a method of Napoleonhe stated that

the military would be an army of talent and if one man has a superior performance on the

battlefield that that man would be rewarded accordingly and respectively.

A second method was the speedy tactics that Napoleon employed on the battlefield and whentraveling between destinations. He wanted the army to travel light, for he wanted to be able to

move parts of his army fairly quickly. Flanking was used greatly by Napoleon, and this was a

technique in which Napoleon employed very well and he was considered one of the masters at

the flanking technique.

A third method involved cartography and the physical features of the land. Napoleon was amaster at reading maps and he was a great landscape visionarymeaning he could envision the

terrain as it was laid out on a map and he was able to use the natural features of the landscape to

his advantage.


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Question 51 How Napoleon Changed France

18 Brumiare

Napoleon returned to France in the year 1798 and after returning to France he was deemed a hero

praise and song rejoiced in his name and for his honor. The phrase Viva la Bonaparte! couldbe heard when he walked the streets wearing the clothes of the commoners. Despite the

overwhelming popularity that he has received, Bonaparte once again starts a campaign to invade

the country of Egyptthis was decided because if the invasion was successful, France couldhave a foothold on the Middle East and on Indiawhich, at the time, was a very profitable

colony for the English. Eventually Bonaparte leaded the military up to Egypt and during the

fighting the outcome was looking grimmany men had perished as a result of the fighting,

however Bonaparte did not want to let the situation be known back in France and, this is wherehis mastery of Propaganda comes into play (yet again). Not releasing the true reason for heading

into Egypt, Bonaparte issued a cover-up story and made it look like the excursion was a

scientific exploration. And, during Frances stay in Egypt, they uncovered the Rosetta Stone

which was a decipher to figuring out the Egyptian hieroglyphics and their meaning. Afterreturning in 1799 from Egypt, Napoleon decides that the time is right to try and take power in

France. The people of France were ready and willing to accept Napoleon as the new power to thecountry and this was becauselooking back at all of the hardships that France had faced prior

(for example: The Terror, economic problems, and etc.) they needed a ruler who could help

prevent these types of problems and who could bring the glory back to France, essentially. And,

seeing what the young Napoleon had achieved, they were ready to accept him as a ruler.

18 Brumiarean important date on the French calendar (this amounts to the date equivalent ofNovember 9th, 1799) because this was the day in which Napoleon took power in France, and did

so in a relatively peaceful manner. The title of First Council was placed upon him after his

coronation and he and his colleagues seized power and established a new regime the

Consulate; under its [the Consulates] constitution, Napoleon had almost dictatorial powers.

Background Information: The Consulate

The Consulate was a form of government in France from 1799 to 1804 that was established afterthe overthrow of the Directory by Napoleon. Now known as Napoleon I, Napoleon served as

first council and he had two other councils (Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes and Pierre Ducos) who

served as his advisors, who were then later replaced by two other men.

Following these events in 1804, Napoleon had addressed himself as the emperor of France and as

much of Europe and he permitted a constitution to be drafted that provided universal malesuffrage, which meant that all men had the right to vote. However, those who were able to vote

were voting forwhat were callednotables which sat in the legislature and had no direct

power of influence, since the legislature could not write or debate laws.

The Transformation of France

Napoleon sets about transforming France and one of the most important accomplishments took

place in 1804 with the codification of French laws, which were commonly known as Code

Napoleon which consisted of 2,281 articles. In this he declared serfdom be abolished; there was


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to be legal equality between the classes; and that there would be religious freedom in France. As

there were improvements for the rights ofman the rights ofwomen were still at a set-back:Napoleon stated that all wages that a women earned would have to go straight to the man, and

that women were not allowed to sell property without the consent of the husband and, in

addition, he also made the process of divorce very difficult. As for taxation and the tax system,

Napoleon revised the tax system by ending the tax exemptions for the nobles and the upper-classand instated that they needed to start paying taxes.

Napoleon On French Religion

When it comes to Napoleon and religious conditions, there is an area showing a clear

disagreement between him and the French Revolution. Reflecting back to the Civil Constitution

of the Clergy (which stated that you needed to swear your loyalty to the French Government, and

that people of the Jewish and Protestant faith could vote for the bishops), Napoleon felt thatcorrections needed to be made. He began discussions with the Pope in 1801 where, after many

talks, both the Pope and Napoleon signed the Concordat with the Vatican. This was a mutual

agreement that stated the Pope recognized Napoleon as a key power and he had the ability to fire

bishops, and that the Pope agreed to discontinue the discussions about the land seized from thechurch years back.

Napoleon On Education

As well as religion, Napoleon also sought to change education in France and he created what he

called careers open to talent and in order to do this, he created the first public university

system. In addition, he also created secondary schools called lycees (however these werestrictly for boys) and this was so that he could give those who were not of the noble class a

chance to succeed in life and ever textbook that was used in classrooms were inspected by

Napoleon to make sure they were to his liking and that they were pro-Napoleon so-to-speak.

Napoleon On Architecture

New styles of architecture were created as a result of his ruling called the Empire Style of

architecture. A good example, and one of the greatest achievements of this architecture that isknown world-wide today, is the Arc de Triomphewhich was built as a monument to his

military victories (however, it was not completed until after his death in the year 1836).

Napoleon also beautified Paris by building new canals which brought in fresh water; building

new roads; constructing new bridges; clearing away the slums in Paris; building fountains; andmore. At one point he even renamed the Louvre (the infamous museum in Paris) and he creates a

new wing where he could exhibit the stolen artwork from his many conquests and campaigns

which he called Museum Napoleon.


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Question 52 How Napoleon Changed Europe

How Napoleon Remakes Europe

Napoleon was tremendously successful with his achievements in France and he also had a

profoundly important impact upon Europe. For the first few years, he was an unstoppable poweron landhe could start battles, see them through to the end, and finish them with France coming

out on top. He had two important victories: The first was The Third Coalition on December 2nd

,

1805 and the second was the Battle of Jenna in 1806. Napoleon had control over most of Europeexcept England and he did not have direct control over Russiahe in fact controlled Germany,

Belgium, Spain, Poland, Italy, and Austria and he sought to remake Europe by doing what he did

in France. In Germany, after defeating Prussia, he created the Federation of the Rhine, which

was a federation of twenty German princes (with the exception of Austria and Prussia) led byNapoleon, and he brought all of these under his control. And, following this, the Holy Roman

Empire came to an end. In addition, he abolished Feudalism across Europe, declared legal

equality, and he reduced the power of the churchsince he did not want any competition. He

also ended the inquisition in Spain, promoted religious equality for Catholics, Protestants, andJews; and he removed internal tariffs and established free trade.


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Question 53 Problems Within the Empire

Problems in the Empire

Despite all of the major developments that were instated in Europe, problems started to arise

within the empire .

Problem 1The British Navy

One major problem was the British Navy, and this brings the subject to the Battle of Trafalgar

that occurred in 1805 where Horatio Nelson defeated the French navy, and it was a glorious

victory for Britain and a horrible defeat for France. This victory (for Britain) was important for

two reasons: (a) Since the battle, the French left the power of the seas to the British and (b)

Nelsons victory that overtimewould severely cripple Bonaparte.

Problem 2The Continental System

Implemented as a result of the Battle of Trafalgar, Napoleon decided that if he could not get tothe British by sea that he could get them by land and (as he planned) he would cripple them

economically. The Continental System was a French boycott of England: Napoleon told every

country to seize trading with Britain and failure to follow the message would result in aninvasion and a nation take-over by the French. As one would imagine, this creates some major

problems for people such as merchants who relied on Britain to purchase their goods, and as a

result of the trading bans, smuggling became a major problem. As a result of the ban on British

trade, Britain placed a trade blockade upon France which eventuallybecame more successful.

Problem 3Nationalism

As rust deteriorated the body of even the greatest vehicle, this can be compared to the element

that would slowly wither away at one of the greatest powers (at the time) in Europe and thatelement would be Nationalism. Nationalism was the idea that you would become more loyal to

your nation and by doing so it would give you a sense of patriotism: you, essentially, wanted to

improve your nation and help defend it. This sense of Nationalism was enforced by Napoleonspolicies by censorship of the press; the raising of taxes; and by engaging in what was called

Nepotismmeaning he favored his family members and gave them positions in government.

Those who did not feel as patriotic towards France would be arrested and imprisoned.

Another thing that was related to Nationalism was Romanticism. This movement began in the

late 18th

century and it consisted of writers, poets, authors, artists, and etc. who believed that theEnlightenment placed too much emphasis on the brain and not much (or not enough) emphasis

on the heart. The romantics were repulsed on Napoleons attempts to implement his ideas uponEurope. One romantic named J.G. Herder published a book in 1784 titledIdeas on the

Philosophy of the History of Mankindin which he made one very important point: For any

individual to become a fully-developed individual entailed an identity relationship with theVolk, which were a community at that time. The Germans and Herder both said to be passionate,

and to love, and care for your people. Another man named J.G. Fichte said that the Germanswere pure and that they must maintain this purity. Other men include Johann Wolfgang vonn

Geothe who wrote a famous work titled Fause which was considered one of the best works of


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German literature. Another man that sought to appeal emotion and passion was a world-famous

man named Ludwig Van Beethoven who wrote Beethovens 9th

symphony which best conveyed

the ideas of emotion and passion.

Other famous writers and poets of the Romantic era included William Wordsworth and Samuel

Taylor Coleridge, who collectively wrote a work calledLyrical Ballads; and Mary Shelly who

wrote Frankenstein.

Problem 4Spain

Spain would soon turn into quicksand that would eat Napoleons resources and his men

figuratively speaking. Napoleon wanted to rule Spain and he put his brother Joseph on the throne

of Spain. The Spanish people did not like Joseph because Spain still felt like they had a largesense of importance in their lives and that they did not want to be ruled by a Frenchmen.

However, there was a religious aspect to this: Spain was a Catholic nation and Napoleon was not

Catholic: he revoked the inquisition and took the land and the power away from the church and

because of Napoleons activities Spain fought back using guerilla warfare tactics. Their goal was

to slowly bleed away France, and the tactic seemed to be working since the more men thatNapoleon lost in Spain, the more resources he kept putting towards fighting the Spanish and it

soon proved to be very costly for Napoleon.


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Question 54 The Development of German Romanticism and its

relationship to Napoleon, J.G. Herder, J.G. Fichte, The Volk and The

Volksgeist In Accordance to Palmer, Colton, and Kramer

The Resistance to Napoleon: Nationalism

From the beginning, as far back as 1792, the French met with resistance as well as collaboration

in the countries that they occupied. The Continental System was also resented because it wasused for the benefit of French manufacturers and the Europeans began to feel that Napoleon was

employing them as tools against England, figuratively speaking. Nationalism developed as a

movement of resistance against the forcible internationalism of the Napoleonic Empire.

According to Palmer, Colton, and Kramersince the international system was essentiallyFrench, the nationalistic movements were anti-French; and since Napoleon was an autocrat, they

were antiautocratic. The nationalism of the period was a mixture of conservative and liberal and

some nationalistsmostly conservativeinsisted on the value of their own peculiar institutions,

customs, folkways, and historical development, which they feared might be obliterated under the

French and Napoleonic system. Others, or the same persons, insisted on more self-determination,more participation in government, more representative institutions, more freedom for the

individual against the bureaucratic interference of the state.

In Spain, nationalism took the form of implacable resistance to the French armies that desolated

the land. In Italy the Napoleonic regime was better liked and national feeling was less anti-French than Spain. Bourgeois of Italian cities generally prized the efficiency of the

enlightenment of French methods and often shared in the anticlericalism of the French

Revolution. With the Poles, Napoleon positively encouraged national feeling and he repeatedlytold them that they might win a restored and units Poland by faithfully fighting in the cause. A

few Polish nationalists, like the aging patriot Kosciusko, never trusted Napoleon, and some

others, like Czartoryski looked rather to the Russia tsar for a restoration of the Polish kingdom.

The Movement of Thought in Napoleonic Germany

According to Palmer, Colton, and Kramer, by far one of the most momentous new nationalmovements developed in Germany. The Germans rebelled not only against the Napoleonic rule

but also against the century-old ascendancy of French civilization and they rebelled not only

against the French armies but also against much if the philosophy of the Age of Enlightenment.

The years of the French Revolution and Napoleon were for Germany the years of great culturalunfolding for it was the years of Beethoven, Goethe, and Schiller, or Herder, Kant, Fichte, Hegel,

Schleiermacher, and many others. Germany became the most romantic of all countries and

German influence spread throughout Europe. In the 19th

century the Germans came to be widely

regarded as intellectual leaders, somewhat as the French had been in the century before.

In about 1780 signs of change set in. Even Frederick, in his later years, predicted a golden age of

German literature, proudly declaring that Germans could do what other nations had done. In

1784 a book appeared that as written by a man named J.G. Herder titled Ideas on the Philosophy

of the History of Mankind. Herder was an earnest soul, states Palmer, Colton, and Kramer, aProtestant pastor and theologian who thought the French somewhat frivolous. He concluded that

imitation of foreign ways made people shallow and artificial. He declared that German ways


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were indeed different from French but not for that reason the less worthy of respect. All true

culture that the life of common people, the Volk, not from the cosmopolitan and artificial life ofthe upper class. He thought that each people, meaning by a people a group sharing the same

language, had its own attitudes, spirit, or genius. A sound civilization must express a natural

character or Volksgeistand the character of each people was special to itself. Herder did not

believe the nations to be in conflictthe opposite was in fact the case; he simply insisted thatthey were different. He did not believe the German culture to be the best, however.

The Idea of the Volksgeist

The idea of the Volksgeistwas reinforced from other and non-German sources and soon passed

to other countries in the general movement of romantic thought. Like much else in romanticism,

it emphasized genius or intuition rather than reason. It stressed the differences rather than the

similarity of mankind. It broke down that sense of human militarily or universally which hadbeen characteristic of the Age of Enlightenment, and when revealed itself in French and

American doctrines of the rights of man, or again in the good for all peoples.

Fichte and the German National Spirit

The career of J.G. Fichte illustrates the course of German thought in these years. Fichte was a

moral and metaphysical philosopher, a professor at the University of Jena. His doctrine that theinner spirit of the individual creates its own moral universe was much admires in many countries.

In America, for example, it entered into the transcendental philosophy of Ralph Waldo Emerson.


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Question 55 Why Napoleon Invaded Russia and How it Turned

Disastrous

1812: Into Mother Russia

Despite all of the problems that Napoleonand the French Empirewere facing, Napoleon wasstill reaching enormous heights of power that other rulers (with some exceptions) had never

reached and it is said that this power rivaled Alexander the Great and Caesars power, and eventhe power of Adolf Hitler. He had an empire that now stretched far across Europe from Spain

to Russiaand he ruled over forty five million people. However, despite major success in the

Napoleonic Empire, in 1812 Napoleon would make a mistake that would prove to be

catastrophic for the French: Invade Russia.

A Quest for Immortality

Napoleon was a great ruler and led France though much success, however one thing that he also

had was a large ego and was seeking immortality. There was one country that stood between

Napoleon and his goal, and that country was Russia. Before one learns about the history of thebattles that are soon to take place between Russia and France, one must know the relations

between Napoleon and the current (at the time) tsar of Russia Alexander I. Alexander was not a

particularly bright man, nor was he a tremendous ruler and he did little to resolve problems inRussia and did nothing to abolish serfdom. In 1807, after being defeated by Napoleon through

various battles, France and Russia signed a peace treaty called The Treaty of Tilst which formed

an alliance between the two nations. After signing the treaty and withdrawing back to Russia,

Alexander I received much oppression from his people and he was therefore pressured to breakthe contract between Russia and France. In 1810 Alexander finally made the choice to break the

treaty between Russia and France. After hearing about this, Napoleon was angered and began

thinking that ifRussia had broken a contract with France than other nations are soon to follow

through this was when Napoleon decided to invade Russia.

Gathering a Force

In response, Napoleon decided to invade Russia. Before doing so, however, he needed to gathera force, in which he called the Grand Army. The Grand Army consisted of 690,000 men and

traveling alongside the army were wives and prostitutes.

On the Road to Russia

Napoleon and the Grand Army left France in June of 1812 and they eventually made their way

across France, Prussia and Poland and they were soon to arrive near Russia. Before entering

Russia borders, Napoleon rallied his troops by giving them a great speech and told them that thiswas their shining moment. However, almost immediately there were problems: The military

had overextended their supply linesmeaning that they had traveled too far ahead of their

supplies and they were running short, and since Napoleon told his men to travel light, this

allowed them to move faster, however it meant carrying less supplies. Also, adding to theproblems, the fields in Eastern Europe during this time were drying out and there was not much

food to go around. Even worse, lice spread a disease called typhus which, if not treated, can

eventually lead to death.


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Despite all of these problems Napoleon pushed on and when he entered Russia territory, the

Russian forces pushed backfurther into Russia. About then Napoleons generals had advisedhim that it would be sufficient to instead turn back instead of pushing forward Napoleon denied

the request saying in response: The wine has been poured and has to be drunk an indication

that Napoleon is eager to keep pushing forward and to pursue the Russians. Eventually the Grand

Army pushed further into Russia and eventually, on August 17

th

, they reached a walled-in citycalled Smolensk located 220 miles west of Moscow. Seeing this, the French started to fire upon

the walls with cannons and the city soon caught fire and while Napoleon was watching it is said

that he said the following: Rememberthe words of a Roman emperor: A dead enemy always

smells sweet. It was not until the next day August 18ththat the French entered Smolensk and

they soon came to a stunning realization: they were burning peasants instead of Russian soldiers!

While the French were burning the walls the night before, the Russians left and proceeded to go

deeper into Russia towards Moscow where they had in fact camped in a town called Borodino

located 70 miles west of Moscow, where they will await for Napoleons forces.

The Fighting Begins

It is now September 7th of 1812the fighting begins during the Battle of Borodino. To haltNapoleons advance on Moscow, about 125,000 Russians built earthworks along the highway at

Borodino and this battle was mentioned in Leo Tolstoys novel War and Peace (written in 1869).When the fighting was over, the casualties were as follows: The French had lost 28,000 and theRussians had lost 45,000this was a technical victory for the French. Again, the main Russia

force continues to march towards Moscow and again Napoleon follows them deeper and deeper

into Russia and finally on September 14th

, 1812 Napoleon sets his eyes on Moscow and hethinks that victory is in sight. Before entering he sends his cavalry to enter and scout the city

only for them to return with bad news: there are no forces in Moscow! This was because, prior to

Napoleons entrance into Moscow, Alexander ordered an evacuation of the city. Napoleon,

angered yet again, orders everyone inside of the city and they setup encampments where he tells

his men to have the rest of the day offwhile, unknowingly, Napoleon has yet to see the worst.

Fire in the Sky

On September 16th, 1812; Alexander gives orders for his men to burn down the city of Moscow.

The city was then set on fire and it was said that the fire was so bright that it could be seen 10

miles outside the city. Unsure of what to do, Napoleon drafts a peace offering and sends it to

Alexanderin response, Alexander denies the request for another peace treaty. Days andeventually weeks pass and yet another major challenge is about to greet Napoleon: Russian

winters. Snow starts to fall in Russia and food is becoming scarce in the region and, eventually,

on October 14th

, Napoleon makes the decision to leave.

Leaving Russia

As the French are beginning to pull out of Russia, they are battling the elements snow, ice, andfreezing temperatures and aside from these problems, the Russians are pursuing the evading

French. The Russia burn any food-related items in the region so the French could have no chance

of obtaining any food or supplies while they were leaving. Eventually the French forces and

Napoleon returned back to France and what started with over 600,000 people endede up


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returning with only around 10,000 people. The invasion of Russia was a catastrophic

consequence for France.


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Question 56 Clemens von Metternich and the Congress of Viennas Push

to Reform Europe

The Congress of Vienna

After the attempted invasion of Russia and after the attempted total-blockade on Britains tradesystem, other nations decided that it was time to put a stop to Napoleons rule of power and to dothis they formed an alliance known as the Quadruple Alliance which consisted of Russia,

Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain. In doing so, they restored the power of Louis XVIII and

Napoleon was put aside. The Alliance converged and attempted to figure out a solution on how

to fix Europe since Napoleon had been removed from power and they also attempted to figureout on how to reconfigure Europe. Their solution was to create what was called the Congress of

Vienna and they in turn created what was known as the Concert System. This was a series of

meetings that were held from September 1814 to June 1815 and the main attendees were that of

the Quadruple Alliance.

Enter Clemens Von MetternichA man named Clement Von Metternich, who was Austrians foreign minister, was a clear opposeof the French Revolution. He was a leading conservative and those like Metternich believed that

the French Revolution was, indisputably, a negative thing for society, and that Napoleon was agrave ruler who made equally grave changes to Europe. Essentially, his overriding belief was

that changes were bad and the state of Europe in the 1600s was better off than the state of Europe

then (where there was the old kingship and the social systems were in place). As bad as these

arguing points may have seen, they did have some reasonable arguments and amongst one oftheir supporters was a man named Edmund Burke who published a work titled Reflections on the

Revolution in France (written in 1790). In this work, Burke said that the French Revolution is

doomed to failure and that it did not respect tradition and the Revolution would end in

bloodshed (since those involved were all radicals). Other men included Louis de Bonald andJoseph de Maistre.

The Two -Isms

Burke believed in a few things that society needed to do to replay on the ideas of the French

Revolutionhe believed: (1) The society needed to come around an idea known as a balance of

power, meaning essentially to not let one sole figure dominate the rest of the common good: He

believed that you need equally powerful figures ruling the various other nations. (2) There were

three -isms that existed: Conservatism and Liberalism Burke supported Conservatism;

however he opposed Liberalism (this was the philosophy of 1689 and 1789 [During the Glorious

Revolution and during the French Revolution] and it meant going back to the Age of Kings). Thethird -ism in existence is Nationalism and below is an overall view of these -isms:


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LIBERALISM

It was the philosophy of the Bourgeoisie Believed in Natural Rights Contained a Representative Government

Expressed Tolerance Expanded Suffrage (however not to women) Said NO to Guilds and Unions Promoted Self-Interest

Two more famous Liberals included John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham and they both

believed in a philosophy called Utilitarian Philosophy. This was an argument that stated

whatever was right and good was something that produces the most happiness for most people.Bentham opposed Nationalism, which is simple the idea that a nation consists of a people with a

common language, culture, and history; and that all nations could be free, independent, and

sovereign.

NATIONALISM

It overlapped the ideals of the other beliefs (Liberalism, Conservatism ) Had a belief for Tradition, History, and Language

The Congress of Vienna and how it Changed Europe

The Congress of Vienna, after its formation, made some major changes to Europe, by instating

the following:

Created the Netherlands (combined Austrian Netherlands with the Dutch Republic) Frances southern border: strengthen Kingdom of Sardinia (addition of Piedmont and

Savoy)

Joined 35 German states into a German Confederation (dominated by Austria andPrussia)

Strengthened Austria (and compensated it for the loss of the Netherlands) by giving it theLombardo-Venetian kingdom in north Italy

Strengthened Prussiagave it northern portion of Saxony (the northern half) andterritory along French border

Recognized Switzerland as independent nation Britain gained Cape of Good Hope (South Africa), Malta (in the Mediterranean), and

Trinidad and Tobago (in the Caribbean) Good trading territories

Russia gained more Polish territory The Kingdom of Poland proclaimed but dominated by Russia France permitted to maintain army and independent government


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Keep all land incorporated before November 1st, 1792 - The Congress didthis because, otherwise, if some other country acquire the land, there

would be an imbalance of power

They sought to essentially place strong nations around France and to improve many other

nations, as well. However, as one would imagine, the Congress of Vienna did not consult the

common people about these changes.


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Question 57 The Major Causes of the Industrial Revolution

The Five Main Causes of the Industrial Revolution

Cause 1Improved Agricultural Production

One cause of the Industrial Revolution was the improved agricultural production, which included

the following: (1) Better Farming MethodsFarmers were highly productive and were able to

produce more foodsone of the main factors of this was crop rotation. (2) As aforementioned,Crop Rotation played a large (positive) role on the improvement of farming methods Crop

Rotation is the practice of planning different types of crops during the off-season to help keep the

soil fertile and to keep it from spoiling (or becoming infertile). Some of the main types of crops

planted were clover and turnips. (3) Enclosure of Common Lands Particularly practiced by theBritish, the enclosure of common lands meant that they claimed, and then sold, common lands to

private interest (this was because before the 1700s in England over 50% of all land was open

fields and other types of common land). (4) The 1760-1815 Enclosure Acts There were over3,000 of these acts which helped promote the selling of common land and they made it private

interest, which, in turn, made the farming more productive. (5) A Warm Climate in the 18 th

CenturyThe warm climate helped the growing of various types of crops and therefore

increased production.

Cause 2Demographic Explosion

1700 1800 1850 1914

Population

(in millions)

120 187 266 435

Table 1 - Population (In Millions)

As depicted in the table above, there was a large growth in population in Europe, due to multiple

factors: (1) Agricultural ProductionMore people, in turn leads for more products to be

created and circulated; (2) Sewage Disposal & Good, Clean WaterIn Europe in the 1800s

people were healthier because of the installment of sewage systems and the piping in of cleanwater (as a result of these sewage systems). (3) Sterilized MilkMilk was sterilized to make it

better to drink and to be used for many other applications. (4) Creation of the FirstVaccinationsSmallpox vaccinations became more widespread in the 19

thcentury; (5) Change

in Living Standards and DietsFor the first time, the working class could afford to purchaseand consume red meat (people including craftsman and artisans, to name a few); and (6) Peace

Another large factor why the population had grown was because the 19th

century was a relatively

peaceful century in Europe, and only two main wars were fought: The Crimean War and the

Franco-Prussian War.

Cause 3Inventions

Below is a list of some of the most infamous inventions created during the Industrial Revolution:

1733: Englishmen John Kays flying shuttle: enabled one worker to doubleproduction (weave thread faster)


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1760s: Englishman James Hargreavess spinning jenny enabled a worker to workwith 6-8 different threads at a time

1769: Englishman Samuel Cromptons spinning mule: made stronger and finer thread 1785: Englishman Edwards Cartwrights power loom: used waterpower to speed

production

Early 1700s: The Englishmen Thomas Newcomen built the first usable steam engine Scotsman James Watt improved the steam engine

o Drive pumps in coal mineso Propel boats and trains

Robert Fulton: first steam engine to sail a boat1807 1850s: Henry Bessemer: the Bessemer Converter to improve steel (cooking the iron

to enormous vats to remove impurities)

Thomas Edison: invented the incandescent lamp 20th Century: electricity replaced coal as major source of energy 1876: Alexander Graham Bell invented the first phone

Cause 4The Middle Class

The Middle Class population during that time made up 15-20% of the population and it can be

compared through Eastern Europe and Western Europe. The Middle Class thought of themselvesto be the useful class and they had three main beliefs: Industry, Thrift, and Sobriety. In

addition, the life of the middle class improved drastically with the introduction of dining rooms

and kitchens; flush toilets; pianos; travel and leisure time; and something called separate

spheres. The middle class were firm believers in an idea called separate spheres which was anidea that stated women were more suited to simply being at home and tending towards the

domestic responsibilities and the men believed that they were the ones that had to work.

Cause 5Trains, Cars, Zeppelins, and Planes

Below is a run-down of the above mentioned products of the Revolution:

Cause and consequence By the 1830 Britain had 400 miles of RR track Increased Employment Transportation and communications speeds were increased Trade Late 1800s, early 1900: first cars Germans Carl Benz (1844-1929) and Rudolf Diesel (1858-1913) American Henry Fordthe Model T Leisure activities Goggles Parliaments Red Flag act: 2mph & 3 flag carriers 1896 speed limit: 14 mph 1900: Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin (1838-1917) created the blimp. Aka the Zeppelin 1903: Orville and Wilbur Wright launched first successful flight of a plane


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Question 58 The Major Consequences of the Industrial Revolution

Changes

Europe during the 19th

century had a word ringing throughout: change and Europe wouldexperience more change during this time than it ever had experiences prior to the 19 th century

Europe had become modern. There were three main changes:

1Economic and Social Change

One large change in Europe was the start of the Industrial Revolution and the introduction to

factories and stream-powered machinery. Due to this change Europe went from an agricultural to

an industrial economy and this had major consequences on the European civilization. TheIndustrial Revolution went through two phases: the first phase was the intensification of previous

forms of manufacturing and the introduction of what was known as the Cottage Industry

System and the Putting Out System. These systems were for the merchants who wanted to

make productsthey would hire people who worked in the countryside and those who worked incottages to fulfill various orders. However, as new ideals progressed these two systems

eventually faded out and these types of manufacturing were replaced with machinery andfactories and workers were placed in these factories where they could be watched and their hours

could be strictly regulated. During the first part of the Industrial Revolution the key products

were textiles and coal and in the second phase of the Revolution the key product was steelsteel

that was to be used for things like railroads, cars, buildings, warfare, and etc.

One important thing to keep in mind is that the Industrial Revolution did not begin in one year

it was indeed aprocessand the effect that it had was different for every country. In England,

the leader of production, due to the following: Coal and Iron ore was produced; Water

transportation (specifically the river Thames) aided in the transportation of goods; there was ahigh merchant class; and there was a strong government. France was second-highest in

production because they had less coal and iron ore deposits; More common land (meaning areas

like parks)this was a factor since the land was not privately owned and therefore, could not be

developed; and banks were limited to the government. Germany, third in line, was more

constricted than France because of customs and tariffs; Guilds; The role of the banks in theregion were shrewd since they lent money to private interest and only invested in the companies

that they lent money to; they had strong Universities; they were catching up in the production of

steel; and they did not become a nation until 1871.

Below: This chart reflects the Steel Output in Metric Tons of Britain and Germany:

Year Britain Germany1885-1889 2.86 1.65

1900-1904 5.04 7.71

1910-1913 6.93 16.14Table 2 - Steel Output (In Metric Tons)

Russia, forth in production, was hindered due to their: Large Middle Class population;

Rudimentary transportation systems; and their growth did not develop until the early 20th


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century. As for Eastern Europe, they were the furthest behind in the Industrial Revolution

coming in fifth, due to an almost non-existent Middle Class; Different Farming techniques; No

crop rotation; and hindering Governments.

2Intellectual and Artistic Change

Some of the main Intellectual and Artistic changes of the Industrial Revolution were some greatintellects such as Pasteur (in relations to the studies of Germs); Charles Darwin (theories of

Evolution), and Albert Einstein (on his Theory of Relativity). For Artistic changes, came the

development of new art and the founding of what was known as Impressionism from Monet and

Manet; and Freud and his studies on Psychoanalysis.

3Political Change

Political Change came with expanding democracy and mass politics; the coming of Nationalism;

and the coming of Imperialism.

4- Urbanization and Immigration

There was urbanization and immigration and in 1860 5 million Europeans travelled across the

seas. In the early 1900s one million Europeans a year left Europe. There are also terms in regards

to immigration called the push and pull factorsthe push would be bad living conditions and the

pull is what attracted the people to a particular place.

5 - Education

In 1880 the British Parliament mandates that all children between the ages of 5 and 10attend primary school

1891: Parliament makes primary school free Other nations followed University education still limited

6Mass Culture & Shared Experiences

Leisure activities Dance halls, cafes and large scale performances grew in size and numbers RadiosGuglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) created the first wireless device July 14th, 1900: First subway in Paristhe Metro Department stores Sporting activites

o Football (soccer) First modern-day Olympics was in 1896 in Athens

7Pollution and Politics

Pollution in cities Smoke, sewage, rivers Disease


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Question 59 The Advent of the Isms, In Accordance to Palmer,

Colton, and Kramer

The Advent of the -Isms

The combined forces of industrialization and of French Revolution led after 1815 to aproliferation of new doctrines and movements, most of which contributed to a general European

revolution in 1848, says Palmer, Colton, and Kramer. As for the 33 years from 1815 to 1848,

there is no better way of grasping their long-run meaning than to reflect on the number of

enduring -isms that arose at that time.

Palmer, Colton ,and Kramer then proceed to say: So far as is the word liberalism first appeared

in the English language in 1819, radicalism in 1820, socialism in 1832, conservatism in

1835. The 1830s first saw individualism, constitutionalism, humanitarianism, feminism,and monarchism. Nationalism and Communism date from the 1840s. not until the 1850s did

the English-speaking word use the word capitalism; and not even until later had it heard ofMarxism, through the doctrines of Marx grew out of and reflected the troubled times of the

1840s.

The rapid coinage of new -isms, said Palmer, Colton, and Kramer; does not in every case mean

that the ideas they conveyed were new. Many of them had their origins from the Enlightenment,if not before. People had loved liberty before talking of liberalism and been conservative without

defining their ideas as conservatism. The appearance of so many -isms shows rather that

people were making their ideas more systematic.

An -ism (excluding such words as hypnotism or favoritism) may be defined as the

conscious espousal of a doctrine competition with other doctrines. Without the isms created in

the 30-odd years after the peace of Vienna it is impossible to understand or even talk about thehistory of the world since that event, so that a brief characterization of some of the most

important is in order.


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Question 60 Dramatic Political Development & Parallels from France

and Britain

Politics in 19 th Century England

England, despite many other nations, was the only country in the 19th

century that did notexperience a revolution, however despite not experiencing a revolution; they did experiencegreat change. When reflecting upon Englands power status (in comparison to other nations in

Europe during the 19th

century)it is easy to see that England was the imperial power and it

controlled more land, had more natural resources, better access to trade, and more. One main

event that mainly symbolized the power of England was something called the Worlds Fair thattook place at the Crystal Palace and representatives from every nation came to London in 1851 to

see the exhibit.

The Many Reforms of the 19 th Century

During the political changes of England during the 19th

century, there were many reforms that

were passed, including:

1828 Catholic Emancipation ActCatholics could hold office and serve in theParliament

1832 Reform ActReduced/Eliminated representation in towns that wereoverrepresented

o Added representation in towns and cities that were underrepresented or notrepresented (Manchester)

o Lowered the minimum franchise requirement and thereby doubled the size ofthe electorate

1833Parliament abolished slavery in the Empire 1834Parliament passed Poor Law (no assistanceworkhouses instead) 1846Parliament repeals 1815 and 1828 Corn Laws that had imposed tariffs on

foreign grain

o Support from Whig politicians, industrialists, free-traders 1847Parliament passed the Ten Hours Act(limited the number of hours women and

children to 10)

Why the Reforms?

One may inquire as to why all of these reforms were instated and there are three main reasons

why the reforms were put into place: (1) The Enlightenment and the French RevolutionPeople reflected upon the events of these two major periods and instated reforms to help prevent

such disastrous situations; (2) LeadersThere were many leaders of nations that were not aware


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AP History Dr Lewis | Question Set 4 Questions 50 60

of problems and many who did not deal with the problems (whether intentional or not). The

Whigs Prime Minister Earl Charles Gray formed an alliance with King William IV, and theTories eventually became Liberal due to many issues (one of the more famous liberals was

William Gladstone). Also emerging from this was the Conservative Partythe famous leader of

the conservatives was Benjamin Disraeli. (3) Pressure from the CommonersExisting during

this time was the London Workingmens Association for Benefiting Politically, Socially, andMorally Useful Classes (also known as the Chartists, since they presented a list of demands to

Parliament whichin the short-term, was rejected.) Despite the early failure at attempting to

establish more rights for the commoners, the Chartists were eventuallyin the long termsuccessful since by the year 1900 almost every male could vote and in 1918 every man and

woman can vote. Also instated during this time was the secret ballot and frequent parliament

meetings.

Difference from France

These changes were different because when the changes were instated on behalf of the Congressof Vienna, the commoners were not polled on their opinion. Instead, here, for the other changes,

the commoners help topressure changes and they had a largerimpact on the political structurethan in France.

Documents

AP History - Question Set 4