AP GOPO

Chapter 17

Foreign Policy

Arab Spring

Facing the World: Foreign and Defense Policy

– Foreign policy techniques:– Diplomacy—the total process by which

states carry on political relations– Economic aid—assistance to other

nations in the form of grants, loans, or credits to purchase goods

– Technical assistance—sending experts with technical skills in agriculture, engineering, or business to aid other nations

Arab-Israeli Conflict

National Security and Diplomacy– National security: the protection of

the independence and political and economic integrity of the United States.

– Diplomacy is the total process by which states carry on political relations with each other.

Foreign Policy

• Economic Aid - Grants; Loan; Credits to other countries

• Technical Assistance - send experts with technical skills

• Foreign Policy originates with the PRESIDENT and the agencies that advise him

Security

• National Security policy is developed with input from DOD; DOS; NSC; the president

• NSC - advisory body to the president on foreign matters

• NSC

Defense Policy

• Defense Policy - set of policies that deal with the U.S. military

Morality Versus Reality in Foreign Policy

– Moral Idealism• This view of the world sees nations as normally

willing to cooperate and agree on moral standards. (Axis of Evil; Bin Laden was evil)

– Political Realism• This principle supports a strong military

and a willingness to make deals with dictators.

– American Foreign Policy—A Mixture of Both• Every president has based his foreign

policy on both of these principles, though some have tended to stress one or the other of the two

State of the Union: Axis of Evil

Challenges in World Politics

A.The Emergence of Terrorism 1.Terrorism and Regional Strife2.Terrorist Attacks against Foreign

Civilians3.September 11

B.The War on Terrorism1.Military Responses2.A New Kind of War

– Bush had enunciated a new doctrine of “preemptive war” to deal with terrorism.

Terrorism

• The use of violent or intimidating acts against people or property

• Premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets (State Dept)

Terrorism

• Al Qaeda: get U.S. forces out of Middle East including Iraq & Saudi Arabia

ALSO want to end U.S. support in Israel

Early Foreign Policy

• Washington– Farewell address he warned of permanent

alliances– Created the policy of isolationism

Foreign Policy

• James Monroe (1823)– John Q. Adams drafted the Doctrine– Wanted to protect American economic

interests in the Western Hemisphere – Western Hemisphere was off-limits to

Europe

Foreign Policy

• McKinley– Open Door Policy - give everyone access

to Chinese trade– Sec. John Hay drafted the policy

Foreign Policy

• Truman - Truman Doctrine– Give assistance to battle communism– Sec. George Marshall drafted the Marshall

plan to give economic aid to war torn countries

– “Atomic Diplomacy” by some revisionists

Foreign Policy

• Truman– Sec. Acheson helped to develop NATO– Military anti-communist alliance

Foreign Policy

• JFK– Cold War escalated– Nuclear Options– DEFCON 2 (Defense Readiness Condition)

5 = normal & 1 = maximum readiness

Foreign Policy

• Nixon– Détente - easing the Cold War tensions– China and Soviet Union

Foreign Policy

• Reagan– Cold War tensions– Asked Gorbachev to tear down wall– Outspend the Russians

Foreign Policy

• Bush I– Sec. James Baker created a large coalition

of Middle Eastern countries to liberate Kuwait from Saddam Hussein

Bush Doctrine

• Bush II– 9/11/01– Resolution of Force– 8 point Bush Doctrine post 9/11

Handout: How Should the U.S. Respond?

• Middle East Conflict

1st Persian Gulf War

• U.N. resolution authorized force• Clear act of aggression by Saddam in Kuwait• Drive Saddam from Kuwait • Did not throw Saddam from power• Promised the Kurds help if they led an Anti-

Saddam revolution - we backed out of promise

2nd Persian Gulf

• No U.N. resolution to invade Iraq• Post 9/11 - Bush proposed preemptive

war• 2003 U.S. and other forces removed

Saddam from power - Iraq disbanded• Occupation and democracy has been

difficult

Occupation of Iraq

• Shiite Arabs (anti-Saddam) - 60%

• Sunni Arabs (pro-Saddam) - 20%

• Kurds (anti-Saddam) - 17%

Ethnic/Religious Groups in Iraq

Nuclear Weapons

–America gained nuclear weapons in 1945, the Soviet Union in 1949, Britain in 1952, France in 1960, and China in 1964. These powers remained the only ones with open nuclear weapons programs until 1998, when Pakistan and India tested nuclear weapons.

–The U.S. and the Soviet Union–Nuclear Proliferation

• Terrorism and nuclear capability??

The New Power: China

– American policy has been to engage the Chinese in diplomatic and economic relationships in the hope of turning the nation in a more pro-Western direction.

U.S. – China Relations

Israeli - Palestinian Conflict

• Israel gave up the West Bank and Gaza strip and the Palestinians will not claim or return to Israel proper

Who Makes Foreign Policy? – Constitutional Powers of the President

• Commander in Chief• Treaties and Executive Agreements• The president appoints ambassadors and

decides whether to recognize other governments as legitimate.

– Informal Techniques of Presidential Leadership

1. accessing information from within the executive branch2. influencing the budgetary constraints in all areas of appropriations, economic aid, military aid, and humanitarian aid3. using the “bully pulpit” to build public support for his programs4. committing the nation to courses of action from which it would be very difficult to back down even if Congress wished to.

Other Sources of Foreign Policymaking

• The Department of State• The National Security Council• The Intelligence Community

– Covert Actions– Criticisms of the Intelligence

Community• The Department of Defense

Congress Balances the President

–After the War in Vietnam (1964-1975) - War Powers Resolution (1973)–Presidents since, however, have often not consulted Congress before committing troops, and that can create a situation in which Congress does not dare recall them. –Congress can sometimes take the lead, for example by voting sanctions on South Africa to oppose that nation’s former policy of racial discrimination known as apartheid.

Domestic Sources of Foreign Policy

–Elite and Mass Opinion•Both presidents and elites try to

influence that subset of the public that has a strong interest in foreign policy, the attentive public.

–The Military-Industrial Complex•The military-industrial complex is the

term that describes the mutually beneficial relationship between the armed forces and defense contractors.

The Major Foreign Policy Themes

–The Formative Years: Avoiding Entanglements

• The Monroe Doctrine• The Spanish-American War • World War I

–The Era of Internationalism–World War II• The Cold War• Containment Policy