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Louis XIII
• Son of Henry IV and Marie de’ Medici (Henry’s 2nd wife)
• Inherited throne at the age of 9
• Mom claimed regent
Cardinal Armand Richelieu
• 1585-1642• Louis XIII’s Chief Minister• Laid foundation for absolutism• Main goals:
o Destroy power of nobles o Destroy Huguenots o Check power of Habsburgso Dominate in 30 YW
Cardinal Jules Mazarin
• Chief minister to Louis XIV
• Picked up where Richelieu left off
• Barely escaped La Fronde
Louis XIV• Son of Louis XIII and Anne of Austria
o Louis XIV’s birth = “miracle”o Queen Anne childless for 23 yrs
Val-de-Grâce (Benedictine Convent)
Louis XIV• King - age 5
• Name = absolutismo Reign - 72 years (54
personally) – longest of any Euro monarch
o Never convened Estates General
o French style, clothes, etiquette = Euro standard
o French = common Euro language
La Fronde
• 1649-1652• An uprising of the
nobles against royal authority
• Louis XIV (child) & Mazarin nearly died
“L’État c’est moi”
• “I am the state”o divine righto Law = will of the sovereign king
• Sun = Louis’ symbol (Apollo/center of the universe)
• Goal = “One King, One Law, One God”
1. Political Absolutism
Expanded Bureaucracy:
• Firm, uniform admin. flowing Louis
• One purpose: do Louis’ bidding
• Appointed intendantso Public officials (“civil service”)
• Usually “recent nobles” (bourgeois recently ennobled)
Political (cont.)
• The intendantso Justice (oversaw courts)o Police (protection & military affairs)o Finance (taxes & financial affairs)
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
• Chief Financial Minister (20 yrs)
• Tax exempt nobility
• Taxed peasants unmercifully
Mercantilism
a system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state based on the belief that a nation’s international power was based on its wealth, specifically its supply of gold and silver
Colbert (cont.)
• Followed mercantilism
• Aim omake France self-sufficiento expand Fr. Exports (colonies, French East
India Co.)
Colbert (cont.)
• AgricultureoMain industryo Lagged behind other Europeans
• Five Great Farmso Free trade zone (Central France)o Illegal to export food (incr. supply = lower
costs)oCheap food = peasants:
oFed/happyoMore $$ for taxes
Colbert (cont.)
Commerce
• Commercial Code:o built roads/canalso required minimum quality standardso subsidies, tax exemptions, & monopolies to
silk, tapestries, glass, woolens
2. Military Absolutism
• Took over armyo previously – each noble maintained & controlled own o Often pillaged neighbors on their way to war
• All armed forces must fight for Louis XIV• Produced peace & order w/in France + increased strength
Military (cont.)
• Organized units:oCalvaryo Infantry o Artillery
• Made ranks & chain of command (him on top)
• Instilled discipline and order to military
• 400,000 meno Paid, fed, trained, & supplied
• Hôtel des Invalides (military hospital)
Military (cont.)
Louis XIV’s Wars:• Franco-Dutch War
(1672-1678)• France, Sweden,
England + vs. Netherlands, Spain, Austria +
• France – gains some Spanish territories
Military (cont.)
• War of League of Augsburg (1688-1697)oGrand Alliance (Spain, Dutch Rep, Sweden,
Engl. & HRE) vs. Franceo Spread into N. Am. colonies, as well (King
Wm’s War)
• GA worried Louis will upset balance of power w/ expansions to “natural borders”
Military (cont.)
• War of Spanish SuccessionoChas II (Spain) died heirlesso Philip Duc d’Anjou (L. XIV’s grandson) namedo Austrian Habsburg Leo I challenged – backed
by Grand Alliance
Treaty of Utrecht
• Ended Spanish War of Succession
• France lost Germanic territories (war decimated economy)
• French Bourbon = king of Spain (Philip V)
3. Religious Absolutism
• Louis XIV o Believed religious unity essentialoHated hereticsoDragooned Huguenots (quartered soldiers in
homes to ensure RC practices)
Religion (cont.)
Revoked Edict of Nantes
• October 1685 – Edict of Fontainebleau
• biggest mistake ?
• Protestantism made illegal
• Exodus of over 100,000 Huguenots (to Great Britain, Prussia, Dutch Republic, etc.)
Religion (cont.)
• lost skilled workers (bad for economy)
• damaged Louis XIV’s reputation – bordering Protestant nations = more hostile
4. Patron of the Arts
• Brought to court the besto Playwrights & authorso ArtistsoComposers & musicians