Chapter 22 Section 4 Reforms and Revolutions Before 1848

Radical/Liberal/National Ideas Begin Challenging Conservative Orders

Case Study 1: The Liberation of Greece-Controlled by Ottoman Empire-Rise in Greek Nationalism

-Led by Alexander Ypsilanti-Religious and ROMANTIC connections cause Western Nations to sympathize

-1827 Great Britain, France, and Russia-1st Success of Nationalism Leading to Political Independence.

Greek struggle for Freedom against the Ottomans

Case Study 2: GRADUAL LIBERAL REFORMS IN GREAT BRITAIN

Domination of Conservative Landed Aristocracy Tories over Middle Class Business Liberal Whigs

Only 8% of population Voted Voting is restricted to those who own large amounts of property Holding office is restricted to those who own even more property

Rotten Boroughs (Overrepresentation) Rural Districts with representation that had little to not population

Industrial Districts (Underrepresentation) had little to no representation

Corn Laws Protective Tariff on Foreign Grain Keep Grain Prices High, benefit landed aristocracy Greatly affects working class

Coercion Acts of 1817 Suspended writ of habeas corpus

Peterloo Massacre August 16, 1819 Working Class Protest Armed Calvary Charge to Disperse Crowd

Six Acts o Almost eliminated public assembly of reformerso Heavily Taxed Press

1801 Act of the Union o Catholic Ireland is absorbed into the “United Kingdom”o Only Protestant (No Catholic) Irish may serve in British Parliament

Irish Great Famine: 1845-1851o Multiple Failed Potato Cropso 1 Million Irish Die and 1 Million Irish Emigratedo British Parliament: Laissez Faire Economics (Did not intervene to alleviate suffering)

Irish Nationalism and Desire for Independence Intensifies Greatly Further Rise of Irish Nationalism and Independence as a result of the Great Famine

Sketches from London News covering the Great Famine in Ireland

1.

2.

"Scalp of Brian Conner, near Kilrush Union-House." "Sketch in a House at Fahey's Quay, Ennis -- The

Widow Connor and Her Dying Child." 1850.

3. "The Day after the Ejectment." From

the Illustrated London News, December 16, 1848.

4.

"Miss Kennedy distributing clothing at Kilrish," from The Illustrated London News, December 22,

1849, page 404

GRADUAL LIBERAL POLITICAL REFORMS DID OCCUR: 1830’s and 1840’sWhy: Liberal Industrial Middle Class Was GROWING in POWER and INFLUENCEWhy: Industrial Revolution

Great Reform Bill of 1832-Increase Middle Class Demand for Greater Political Participation-Conservative Aristocratic Tories were replaced by More Liberal Whigs-Whigs Bend for Fear of a Violent Revolution

CONTENTS of Bill:-Increased Suffrage BY 50%!!!! (Yeah from 8% to 12% of population)-Not for Everyone, Simply Lowered Property Qualifications to Vote

-Helped Middle Class NOT WORKING Class-Eliminate “Rotten Boroughs”

-Removed Overrepresentation from Rotten Boroughs -Increased Representation to Northern Industrial Cities

1833: Parliament Banned Slavery

1833-1847 -Prohibited Women/Children from Working in Mines -9 Year Min Age for Children to Work - 10 Hour work day max for Women and Children

1846 Corn Laws Were Repealed

What about the Working Class in Great Britain-Chartist Movement (The People’s Charter) MORE DEMOCRACY

Universal Suffrage : A vote for every man twenty one years of age, no property qualifications for voting or running for office

Secret Ballots : A ballot to protect the elector in the exercise of his vote Payment of MPs : so that tradesmen, working man, etc. is compensated when serving his

constituency Equal Sized Districts Annual (yearly) parliaments : to prevent corruption and bribery

Question: What do these reforms indicate about British politics and/or the perception of British politics by the working class?

The People’s Charter was denied three times by Parliament but represents an adherence to gradual and political change.

The Gradual Political Reform Keeps Great Britain from Experiencing the Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 that other European Nations Experience

Russia was the other nation that did not experience revolutions in 1830 or 1848, WHY?

Case Study 3: Another Revolution in France 1830 (The July Revolution)

King Louis XVIII-Bourbon Monarchy Restored-Constitution Charter of 1814

-Grants Liberal Constitution-Preserved rights and social/economic gains of

revolution-Louis XVIII DIES

Charles XReactionary Conservative= EXTREMELY CONSERVATIVE- MUST RE-ESTABLISH OLD ORDER

-Sided with Aristocracy, Church, Ultraroyalists-Repudiated Constitution Charter of 1814

-Censorship-Church controlled education-Nobles get land-Stripped Voting Rights

July Revolution/Second Revolution 1830In 3 Glorious Days

Public Backlash Against Charles

New King is chosen (Louis Phillippe)

Constitutional Monarch is Formed

“When France Sneezes the rest of Europe gets a cold”

Inspires other revolutions in Europe, although unsuccessful

MORE REVOLUTION???….TO BE CONTINUED

Eugene Delacroix: Liberty Leading the People 1830

Marianne, a female figure representing liberty and reason, became a central element in French political iconography during the French Revolution. From that point forward, French artists have used Marianne to connect the political events of their day to France’s revolutionary legacy, drawing on this powerful symbol of the promise of the revolution to give meaning to their own struggles. The work of this artist provides an example of this phenomenon. In 1830, with France once again convulsed by revolutionary upheaval, Delacroix placed Marianne in the thick of the Parisian street fighting, leading a crown of revolutionaries forward over their fallen comrades, pointing the way toward the realization of France’s national destiny.

1. What classes appear to be represented in the painting and what does that suggest about political alliances on the revolution of 1830?

2. Why did the artist draw Marianne with a torn shirt and partially naked?

3. What does this painting suggest about a French national identity concerning the French Revolution in the 19 th century?