AP Euro Midterm Review Woch 12

7/30/2019 AP Euro Midterm Review Woch 12

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AP EUROPEAN HISTORY MID TERM REVIEW

For each of these you should know WHAT it was and WHY IT WASIMPORTANT.

What did it lead to?

What significant theme is it connected to?What is it an example of?What other significant events is it connected to?

CHAPTER 13: European Society in the Age of the RenaissanceTerms & Names: Renaissance, Humanism, Secular, Patron, Perspective, Vernacular,Medici Family, Castiglione, Donatello, da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Dante, Petrarch,Boccaccio, Machiavelli, Utopia, Printing Press, Gutenberg Bible, Pieter Bruegel, DesideriusErasmus, Thomas More, Francois Rabelais, William Shakespeare, Johann Gutenberg, GeoffreyChaucer, Louis XI, Louis XII, Henry IV, Henry VII, Wars of the Roses, Isabella and Ferdinand,Reconquista, Marranos, Moriscos, Inquisition

Prime quality of the Renaissance = "independence of mind"Ideal = "complete man"

Where did it start?Characteristics of Italian city-state life

ClassesGovernment

SignoriCondottieri

AmbassadorsCauses

Humanism & Secularism

Human personalityBirth of HistoryStirrings of ScienceImpact on artImpact on politicsImpact on religionErasmus

EducationArt

Perspective - UccelloRealistic action - MantegnaLandscape & human form - BotticelliDa VinciRaphaelMichelangelo

MusicArchitecture

Florentine "classical style"Brunelleschi

LiteratureVernacularMachiavelli

War of the Roses


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Rise of the TudorsHenry VII

SpainReconquistaFerdinand & Isabella

Inquisition

CHAPTER 14: Reform & Renewal in the Christian Church


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Terms & Names: Indulgence, Reformation, Martin Luther, Lutheran, Protestant, Peace ofAugsburg, Annul, Anglican, Predestination, Calvinism, Theocracy, Presbyterianism, Anabaptism,Catholic Reformation, Jesuits, Council of Trent, John Calvin, Zwingli, Pope Paul III, IgnatiusLoyola, John Knox, Habsburg Dynasty, Pope Alexander VI, Pope Julius II, Johann Tetzel, HenryVIII, Catherine of Aragon, Mary Tudor, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour

Causes of the ReformationPrince-bishopsJesuitsPope Alexander VIPope Julius II"Indulgences"Martin Luther

Johann Tetzel95 ThesesDr. von Eck & Leipzig debate4 primary treatises of LutheranismImperial Diet at WormsGerman translation of the New Testament

Lutheranism

3 fundamental tenetsAnglicanism

King Henry VIIICatherine of AragonMary Tudor

Act of AnnatesAct of AppealsAct of SupremacyThomas MoreJohn Fisher

Anne BoleynElizabeth TudorJane SeymourEdward TudorWhat is Anglicanism?Puritans

Swiss reformersZwingliCalvin

Doctrine of predestinationConsistory

KnoxPresbyterianism

AnabaptistsCatholic or Counter-reformation

Pope Paul IIICollege of Cardinals

Holy OfficeJesuitsCouncil of Trent

Society of Jesus (Jesuits)St. Ignatius LoyolaSpiritual Exercises

Holy OfficeIndex

Council of TrentChanges in doctrine and institutional organization


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Baroque artLatin mass

Impact of the reformationRise of the Hapsburgs

CHAPTER 15: Age of Religious Wars and European ExpansionTerms & Names: Habsburg-Valois Wars, Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre, Henry ofNavarre (Henry IV), Catherine de Medici, Henry of Guise, Huguenots, War of the Three Henrys,King Henry III, Politiques, Edict of Nantes, Emperor Charles V, Philip II, Duke of Alva, Council ofBlood, Prince William of Orange, Alexander Farnese, Union of Utrecht, United Provinces,Elizabeth I, Spanish Armada, Mary, Queen of Scots, Protestant Wind, Thirty Years War,Protestant Union, Catholic League, Ferdinand I, Defenestration of Prague, 4 phases of war,


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Christian IV, Gustavus Adolphus, Cardinal Richelieu, Peace of Westphalia, Bartolomeu Dias,Prince Henry, Vasco da Gama, Line of Demarcation, Treaty of Tordesillas, Dutch East IndiaCompany, Columbus, Colony, Hernando Cortes, Conquistadors, Montezuma II, FranciscoPizarro, Mestizo, Encomienda, New France, Jamestown, Pilgrims, Puritans, New Netherland,French and Indian War, Metacom, Atlantic slave trade, Triangular trade, Middle passage,Columbian Exchange, Commercial Revolution, Capitalism, Joint-stock companies, Mercantilism,Favorable balance of trade

Philip IIAbsolutismDivine RightHusband of Mary I of EnglandCastillian emphasis

Capital at MadridTrade center at Seville

Religious problemsMarranosMoriscosDutch Revolt

Elizabeth I

Spanish ArmadaReligious WarsHenry of NavarreHenry IV

Edict of NantesLouis XIIICardinal Richelieu

Thirty Years WarReligious and Political StruggleProtestant UnionCatholic LeagueFerdinand II4 Phases

CzechDanishSwedishFrench

Peace of WestphaliaRecognition of FranceRecognition of CalvinismSwiss IndependenceGerman devastation and humiliation

Factors Encouraging ExplorationDemand for spices?Sea route to Asia?Spread of ChristianityTechnology

Caravel shipsTriangular sails

AstrolabeMagnetic compass


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Latitude and longitudeCannon

Portugal Leads the WayExploration of Africa

Prince Henry and the school for navigatorsOrigins of the slave trade

Portuguese reach AsiaDiasships could reach E. Asia by sailing around AfricaDa Gamapioneered the water route to India

Spanish claimsColumbuswestern route to Asia?Pope Alexander VI and the Line of DemarcationTreaty of Tordesillas

Trading Empires in the Indian OceanPortugals trading empire

Main interest = tradeSpice Islands

Other explorers take to the seaMagellan

Circumnavigation

world was round and much larger than previously believedthe Pacific and Atlantic were separate but connectedlands reached by Columbus were not part of Asia

Spain Builds an American EmpireMainly interested in colonization and conquest

Cortes conquers the AztecsHernando CortesMexicoConquistadorsMontezuma IISpanish advantages

1. superior weapons2. division among the natives3. disease

Pizarro subdues the IncaFrancisco Pizarro--Peru

AtahualpaSpains pattern of conquest

Peninsulares = Spanish settlersMestizo = mixed Spanish and Native AmericanEncomienda = Native Americans laboring for Spanish landlords

The Portuguese in BrazilSpain Expands Its InfluenceConquistadors Push North

Ponce de LeonVasquez de Coronado

Opposition to Spanish RuleBartolome de Las Casas

Native ResistanceOther nations drive out the PortugueseDutch East India Co.

European trade outpostsEuropean Nations Settle North AmericaExplorers establish New France

Jacques Cartier MontrealSamuel de Champlain Quebec = New France

A trading empireQuick profits from trade rather than long term investment in colonies


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Fur tradeThe English settle at Jamestown

Colonies to provide raw materials they would otherwise have to purchase from othercountriesVirginia Company of London

Jamestown = 1st permanent English settlement in N. AmericaPuritans create a New England

Pilgrims = religious dissidents PlymouthPuritans = religious dissidents Massachusetts Bay

Dutch found New NetherlandVery efficient shipsHenry HudsonDutch West India Company New NetherlandBoers settle at the Cape of Good Hope

Colonizing the CaribbeanTobacco and sugar plantationsLabor problems & slavery

The Fight for North AmericaEnglish oust the Dutch

Duke of York (English) ousts the Dutch from New Netherland, renaming it New York

England battles FranceFrench and Indian War (part of the European Seven Years War)Native American Reaction

A strained relationshipExploitation and religious issuesDisease

Status of womenWitchcraft

The Evolution of African SlaverySlavery in Africa

Slavery has a religious basisThe desire for Africans

Atlantic slave tradeAfrican cooperation and resistance

What was in it for the African tribal rulers?A Forced JourneyThe triangular tradeThe middle passageSlavery in the AmericasConsequences of the Atlantic Slave Trade

The Columbian ExchangeIntro of new items into Europe and Americas

A Commercial Revolution

Rise of CapitalismAn economic system based on private ownership and the investment of wealth for profitEntrepreneurship

Entrepreneurs combine money, ideas, raw materials, and labor to make goodsand profits

Joint-stock companiesPooling of wealth for a common purpose

The Growth of MercantilismA nations power depended mainly on its wealth

Measure of wealth was accumulation of bullion (gold and silver)


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PiracySir Francis Drake = 1st Englishman to circumnavigate the globe

Balance of tradeFavorable = selling more goods than buying

Role of the colonies was to act as sources of raw materials as well asmarkets for finished goods produced in the mother country

Changes in European societyGrowth of townsRise of merchant class

Work lawsDumping of surplus population in the overseas colonies

Literature and artSkepticism

MontaigneDescartes

ShakespeareBaroque

CHAPTER 16: Absolutism and Constitutionalism in Western EuropeTerms and Names: Absolutism, Bourbon, Henry IV, Edict of Nantes, Cardinal Richelieu,

Louis XIII, Louis XIV, Intendants, Jean Baptiste Colbert, War of Spanish Succession, EstatesGeneral, Fronde, Philip of Anjou, Treaty of Utrecht, Constitutionalism, Charles I, English CivilWar, Oliver Cromwell, Restoration, Constitutional Monarchy, Cabinet, Stuarts, Long Parliament,Cavaliers, Roundheads, New Model Army, Commonwealth, Levellers, Restoration, ClarendonCode, Tories, Whigs, Exclusion Act, Habeas Corpus Act, Glorious Revolution, Bill of Rights, Actof Toleration, Battle of the Boyne, Act of Settlement, Act of Union, House of Hanover, cabinetsystem, prime minister, Charles II, James II, Mary Stuart, William of Orange, Anne Stuart,George of Hanover, Sir Robert Walpole,


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Louis XIV and AbsolutismLouis XIV

Sun KingCardinal MazarinFrondeIntendantsColbert

MercantilismPalace at VersaillesRevocation of the Edict of Nantes

Flight of the HuguenotsLouis XIV and War

War with the DutchWar of Spanish Succession

Treaty of UtrechtDecline of SpainDifference between Stuarts and Tudors re: ParliamentJames I and Divine Right of Kings

Composition of ParliamentIssues between James I and Parliament

ReligionMoneyForeign Policy

Charles I and ParliamentPetition of Right

The Long ParliamentIrish RebellionNineteen Propositions

The English Civil WarCavaliersRoundheadsOliver CromwellNew Model ArmyTrial and execution of Charles IRump ParliamentEnglish Republic

The CommonwealthLevellersRestoration of the monarchy

Restoration under Charles IIConstitutional monarchyClarendon Code

Emergence of Political PartiesTories

WhigsExclusion ActHabeas Corpus Act

James II and the Glorious RevolutionActs in opposition to the Clarendon CodeConcerns over succession to the throneInvitation to William and Mary to rule

Bill of RightsIs England democratic?

Act of Toleration


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Ireland and ScotlandJames II and the Battle of the Boyne

Act of SettlementAct of Union

United Kingdom of Great BritainQueen Anne and the Act of Settlement

George, the German elector of HanoverGrowth of Constitutional Government

Political Parties gain more defined roles in ParliamentEvolution of the cabinet systemEvolution of the office of prime minister

Sir Robert Walpole17th century Dutch Republic

CHAPTER 17: Absolutism in Eastern EuropeTerms & Names: Ottoman Empire, Charles VI, Pragmatic Sanction, Maria Theresa,Frederick William (the Great Elector), Frederick William I (the Soldier King), Junkers,

Hohenzollerns, Ivan I, Ivan IV, Tsar, Boyars, Michael Romanov, Stenka Razin, Peter the Great,Westernization, Romanovs, Oprichnina, Livonian War, Holy Synod

Central Europe Differs from the WestSerfdomWeak empires

OttomansHoly Roman

Growth of AustriaCharles VI


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Pragmatic SanctionMaria Theresa

Rise of PrussiaHohenzollerns

Frederick William the Great ElectorKing Frederick William I

JunkersFrom Ivan to the Romanovs

Ivan IV (the Terrible) First CzarBoyarsOprichninaLivonian War

Warm water portPeter the Great

Russian serfdomWesternization and modernizationOther reforms

Holy SynodSt. PetersburgTaxes

CHAPTER 18: Toward a New World-ViewTerms and Names: Scientific Revolution, Nicolaus Copernicus, Heliocentric theory,Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, Scientific method, Francis Bacon, Rene Descartes,Isaac Newton, Enlightenment, Social contract, John Locke, Natural rights,Philosophe, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Separation of powers, Jean Jacques Rousseau,

Mary Wollstonecraft, Salon, Baroque, Neoclassical, World of Ideas, SalonsDiderots Encyclopedia

Roots of modern scienceScientific Revolution

Revolutionary Model of the universeHeliocentric theoryCopernicusOn The Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies


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Johannes KeplerGalileo

Scientific MethodFrancis BaconRene Descartes

GravityIsaac Newton

Scientific Revolution spreadsInstrumentsMedicine and the human body

Andreas VesaliusWilliam Harvey

ChemistryRobert BoyleJoseph Priestley

The Enlightenment in Europe2 views on government

HobbesSocial contract theory

Locke

Natural rightsPhilosophes advocate reasonPhilosophesReasonNatureHappinessProgressLibertyVoltaireMontesquieu

Separation of powersOn the Spirit of Laws

RousseauCesare Beccaria

Women and the EnlightenmentMary Wollstonecraft

Impact of the EnlightenmentProgressSecular view of the worldIndividualism

Art and literature in the age of reasonBaroqueNeoclassicalClassical music

Haydn

MozartBeethovenEnlightenment & Absolutism

Frederick II (the Great)War of Austrian SuccessionSeven Years War

Catherine the GreatPugachev Rebellion


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CHAPTER 19: The Expansion of Europe in the 18th CenturyTerms & Names: Open field system, Agricultural Revolution, Enclosure Movement, ViscountCharles Townsend, Jethro Tull, Enclosure Acts, Tenant Farmers, Population Explosion, CottageIndustry, Putting-Out System, Textiles, Spinster, Holy Monday, Adam Smith, EconomicLiberalism

CHAPTER 20: The Changing Life of the PeopleTerms & Names: Extended Family, Nuclear Family, Illegitimacy, Killing Nurses, Foundlings,Infanticide, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Emile, Charity Schools, Just Price, Famine Food, FaithHealers, Apothecaries, Midwives, Purging, Bloodletting, Edward Jenner


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CHAPTER 21: The Revolution in PoliticsTerms and Names: Old Regime, Estate, Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, Estates-General,National Assembly, Tennis Court Oath, Great Fear, Declaration of the Rights of Man, Legislative

Assembly, migrs, Sans-culottes, Guillotine, Robespierre, Committee of Public Safety,Reign of Terror, Napoleon Bonaparte, Coup detat, Plebiscite, Lycee, Concordat, NapoleonicCode, Battle of Trafalgar, Blockade, Continental System, Guerrilla, Peninsular War,

Scorched-earth policy, Waterloo, Hundred Days

The Old RegimePrivileged 1st and 2nd estates

Taxes?Third Estate

98% of the populationComprised of 3 groups: peasants, urban workers, and bourgeoisieTaxes?

Forces of ChangeEnlightenment ideasEconomic woes

Expanded populationDebtGrain shortages

Louis XVIWife = Marie AntoinetteWants to tax the aristocrats

Forced to call the estates-generalRevolution Dawns

The National Assembly3rd estate delegates want change

one man, one vote3rd estate votes to establish themselves as the National AssemblyTennis Court Oath

Storming the BastilleJuly 14, 1789, mob attacks the fortress prison: the Bastille

Symbolic act of revolutionFrench independence day

Great Fear Sweeps FranceRebellion spreads across FranceGreat Fear: panic over rumors of armed bandits acting on behalf of nobility

French peasants arm themselves rural looting and riotingWomens march on Versailles

King and queen forced to return to ParisPower has swung to the radicals

The Assembly Reforms FranceThe Rights of Man

National Assembly adopts a statement of revolutionary idealsThe Declarationof the Rights of ManLouis tries to escape

Conflicting Goals Cause DivisionsNational Assembly created a limited constitutional monarchyFactionalism in the assembly

Radicals


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Sat on the left side of the hall (left-wing)Opposed the king and idea of monarchyPromoted sweeping change

ModeratesSat in the center of the hall (centrists)Promoted some change, but less radical

ConservativesSat on the right side of the hall (right-wing)Promoted limited monarchy

Other factions in societyEmigres: nobles who fled France during the Great Fear

Extreme right-wingSans-culottes: wage-earners and shopkeepers who wore long pants in protest ofnoble fashions

Extreme left-wingWar and Extreme Measures

War with AustriaAustria and Prussia believe war vs France would help Louis regain his absolutemonarchyLegislative Assembly responded by declaring war on Austria

Revolt in ParisNational ConventionFrench army wins a battle vs Austrians and Prussians

Radicals Execute the KingJacobin Club

MaratDantonGuillotine

Frances Citizen ArmyWar of the First CoalitionConscription

Terror Grips FranceRobespierre Assumes Control

Maximilien RobespierreCommittee of Public SafetyReign of Terror

Approx. 40,000 executions

End of the TerrorRobespierre executed 7/17/94DirectoryNapoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon Grasps PowerHero of the Hour

whiff of grapeshot

Coup detatNapoleon overthrew the DirectoryWar of the Second Coalition

Napoleon Rules FranceRestoring Order at Home

National Bank of FranceLycees: government run secondary schoolsConcordat of 1801

Exchanged control of the Papal States for control of French churchNapoleonic Code


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Napoleon Crowned EmperorNapoleon Creates an Empire

New World TerritoriesSale of Louisiana Territory to US

Conquering EuropeWar of the Third Coalition

Battle of AusterlitzBattle of Trafalgar

Horatio NelsonEnd of plans to invade England

French EmpireHuge but unstable

Napoleons 3 Costly MistakesThe Continental System

Blockade of EnglandWar of 1812Damaged French and other economies

The Peninsular WarInvasion of Portugal and SpainNationalism

Guerrilla warGermany and Italy turn on FranceNapoleons Downfall

Coalition Defeats NapoleonBattle of LeipzigMarch on ParisExile to Elba

A Comeback FailsLouis XVIIINapoleon returns 3/1/1815Battle of WaterlooHundred DaysExile to St. HelenaDied 1821

Documents

AP Euro Midterm Review Woch 12