AP Euro Boot Camp 1 - 24 P6 (3)

AP European History Boot CampReview Exercise #1:

What’s My Ism? 1. I say “from each according to his ability, from each according to his needs” and believe in total state management of the economy by the government. I am _collectivism_.

2. I am the idea that all cultures have the same problems and solve them in different ways. No one culture is better than another; they are just “different.” I am _Cultural relativism_.

3. My followers believe that God exists and created the world but thereafter assumed no control over it or over the lives of people. I am _deism_.

4. I am the desire of a country to take over and exploit foreign lands, usually inhabited by people of different ethnicity and religion. I am _colonialism_.

5. I am the idea that a national economy must be strong and self-sufficient and, in order to achieve this goal, I advocate high tariffs and state-granted monopolies to achieve a favorable balance of trade. I am known as _mercantilism_.

6. I am a movement in art, music and literature that was a reaction against the classical period. My themes included emotion, the supernatural, nationalism, & nature. I am _romanticism_. 7. I am the idea that the government should manage the economy, or aspects of the economy, for the good of the people. I am _socialism_. 8. I am the idea that life is a struggle and only the fittest groups of people should survive. Call me _Darwinism_. 9. I am the concept that the object of conduct and legislation is to achieve, in the words of Francis Hutchison, “the greatest good for the greatest number”. I am _utilitarianism_.

10. I am the idea that Jews should have a nation in the land of Israel. Call me _Zionism_.

11. I am the notion that people of the same language, religion, ethnicity, or heritage should have their own government on their own land & I’ve caused a lot of trouble in the last couple of centuries. They call me _nationalism_.

12. I am the intellectual and culture movement that grew out of the study of Greek and Roman literature at the end of the Middle Ages. I helped bring on the Renaissance! I am _classicism_.

13. A form of government in which the king has complete control. As Mel Brooks said, “It’s good to be the King!” I am _absolutism_.

14. I say all forms of government are bad. Fight the power. I am called _anarchism_.

AP European HistoryReview Exercise #2:

That Confused Tangle Called Reformation Theology

1. I embrace Consubstantiation (the idea that Christ is present in the Eucharist, just not physically present). __Lutheranism__.

2. I was strongest in Italy, Spain, Poland, France, & Ireland. _Catholicism_.

3. I say the Eucharist is just a symbol. Nothing else. _Protestantism_.

4. My main geographic area is Scotland. _Calvinism_.

5. I contend that good works may or may not be evidence of justification. ________________________.

6. I say only priests may interpret the Scripture. __Catholicism__.

7. I originally embraced Communion, Baptism, & Penance as my Sacraments, but later dropped Penance from the list. __Lutheranism__.

8. I stick with seven Sacraments in all. __Catholicism__.

9. Most of my followers are in northern Germany & Scandinavia. __Protestantism__.

10. I hold with Transubstantiation, and that means that Christ is actually physically present in the Eucharist. __Anglicanism__.

11. I have only one Sacrament (the Lord’s Supper) and that’s it. _Anabaptism_.

12. The King and the Church Hierarchy are my rulers. __Catholicism__.


Ruling Merry Old England, 1485 – 1901 1485 – 1509 King Henry VII – Ended the War of the Roses, and united the houses of York and Lancaster1509 – 1547 King Henry VIII – Breaks ties with the Catholic Church and establishes the Church of England1547 – 1553 King Edward VI – The First Book of Common Prayer is introduced1553 – 1558 Queen Mary I – Catholicism is reestablished, followed by the persecution of Protestants1558 – 1603 Queen Elizabeth I – The Protestant Church of England is reestablished, the Spanish armada is defeated, and Sir Walter Raleigh establishes the first American colony, Virginia, after his Virgin Queen1603 – 1625 King James I – Catholic dissidents attempt to blow up King and Parliament in the Gunpowder plot, are executed 1625 – 1649 King Charles I – Act of Toleration allows religious toleration, Civil war breaks out, Charles executed1649 – 1658 – Oliver Cromwell – made himself virtual king out of the English Civil War, took control of parliament and nobility, failed to leave a strong government1658 – 1660 – Richard Cromwell – son of Oliver Cromwell, forced to resign1660 – 1685 - King Charles II – Rump Parliament restored, Habeas Corpus established1685 – 1688 – King James II – attempts to restore Catholicism to England, creates discontent1689 – 1702 – King William II and Queen Mary II- Bill of Rights passed by Parliament, limiting royal power1702 – 1714 – Queen Anne – England declares war on France in the War of Spanish Succession, and wins1714 – 1727 – King George I – Robert Walpole effectively becomes the first Prime Minister1727 – 1760 – King George II – The War of Austrian succession breaks out in Europe, Britain goes to war with France in the Seven Year’s War1760 – 1820 – King George III – The American Revolution breaks out, American independence is eventually recognized1820 – 1830 – King George IV – Police force established, Catholic Relief Act allows Catholics to become members of parliament1830 – 1837 – King William IV – First Reform Act passed, slavery abolished, Factory Act passed1837 – 1901 – Queen Victoria – Crimean War fought by France and Britain against Russia, education made compulsory, Second and Third Reform Acts passed, secret voting is introduced for elections

Name that Ruler!1. Lorenzo de Medici the Magnificent--had a brother who was killed during Easter mass; sponsor of

artists and neo-Platonist philosophy2. Henry IV--was not born hier to the throne of France, but fought in; just had to convert to Roman

Catholicism3. Louis XIV--tamed nobles by wowing w/wonders; regretted going to war too often; was the state4. Catherine the Great--corresponded with Voltaire and tried to reform the backwards empire she

inherited; was not born or related to country she inherited5. Frederick the Gread--criticized by Voltaire for invading Austria; father was Soldier’s King but he

was a far greater warrior than he ever dreamed of being6. Queeen Victoria--gave her name to an age, most powerful woman in the world; adopted culture

and values of the middle class; grandson became emperor (but not of her country)7. Napoleon Bonaparte--dominated his time; stranded on South Atlantic island8. Charles I of England--tried to rule without Parliament, relying on forced loans and traditional King’s

fees; ended up getting executed9. Louis XVI--came to power when he was 9 years old and knew nothing of politics; not suited to be a

king; would rather play with lock collection

French KingsDates of Reign Name of Ruler Important Facts About them/Their Reign1515-1547 Francis I patron of renaissance art

concordat of Bologna 1547-1559 Henry II Ended the Italian Wars1559-1560 Francis II Married Mary Stuart to gain Scottish lands1560-1574 Charles IX Allowed the St. Bartholomew’s day massacre1574-1589 Henry III last of the Valois dynasty and fought in the War

of the Three Henrys out of religious conflictHouse of Velois to Bourbon

1589-1610 Henry IV War of Three HenrysEdict of Nantes

1610-1643 Louis XIII Cardinal Kichelied support by centralization of power & opposition to Habsburgs

1643-1715 Louis XIV absolutist monarchcreated palace of Versailles

1715-1774 Louis XV relied on cardinal fleurylost the Seven Years War

1774-1792 Louis XVI Weak King who was executed in the Frenchrevolution for his incompetence Monarchy to Republic

1792-1795 National Convention First French assembly elected by universal male suffragecreated the first French Republic

1795-1799 Directory Gained lands in Austriaput Napoleon in a position for a coup d'etatRepublic to Empire

1799-1804 Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew directory and replaced it with the consulate: established Abby Sieyes and Napoleon Bonaparte as consuls

1804-1814 Emperor Napoleon I first emperor of Franceestablished the Napoleonic Code: influencingvarious civil law jurisdictionsLead France in the Napoleonic Wars Empire to House of Bourbon

1814-1824 Louis XVIII ruled the Bourbon regime as a constitutional monarchy royal rule undermined by Charter of 1814

1824-1830 Charles X rule ended in July Revolutiongranted greater power to the clergydeath penalty was established for certain sacrileges House of Bourbon to Orleans

1830-1848o Louis Philippe

reign known as July Monarchy after July Revolution. Became unpopular and forced to abdicate

House of Orleans to Second Republic 1852-1870

o (Louis) Napoleon III ruled an authoritarian regime with economic expansion reconstructed Paris Granted liberal policies for the working class (such as the right to strike) Lost in the Franco-Prussian War

Prussian kings 1640-1688

o Frederick William the Great Elector restored Hohenzollern dominions after Thirty Years’ War; acquired sovereignty over

Prussia

1688-1701o Frederick I

convinced Leopold (archduke of Russia/HRE) to allow Prussia to be ruled as kingdom

1701-1713o Frederick I (under title of King of Prussia)

upgraded to royalty; first king of prussia; sovereign prince of Principality of Neuchatel

1713-1740o Frederick William I The Soldier King

increased army to 80,000 warriors; reformed tax systems with militaristic feel; established absolutism

1740-1786o Frederick the Great

one of greatest Enlightened Despots; absolute ruler; “first servant of the state”

1786-1797o Frederick William II

joined European coalition in support of Louis XVI; made peace w/ French at Basel (1795)

1797-1840o Frederick William III

aimed to maintain neutrality - Napoleonic Wars; defeat by French at a Jena + Treaty of Tilsit (1807) made Prussia French Vassal

1840-1861o Frederick William IV

romanticist/mystic; reform based on medieval structural revival; dissolved constituent society

1861-1871o William I (king of Prussia)

appointed otto von bismarck as prime minister 1871-1888

o William I (king of Germany) prime minister - otto von bismarck; Austro-Prussian war; commanded Franco-

Prussian war; receiving surrender of Napoleon III at Sedan

1888o Frederick III

married Victoria of England; military commander (Franco-Prussian War); died of throat cancer

1888-1918

o William II removed bismarck from being chancellor

Rise of Hohenzollerns:o reversed process of civic decentralization; particularism; used military to achieve national

consolidation

Fall of Hohenzollerns:o German defeat - WWI, German Revolution; overthrown for Weimar Republic (ended

German Monarchy)

AP European History

Review Exercise #7:

Holy & Not-So-Holy Roman Emperors,

The Rulers of Austria (1519-1919)

Dates of Reign

Name of Ruler A Must-Know Fact About Them/ Their Reign

1519-1556 Charles V Presided Diet of Worms 1521 shortly after the Ninety-Five Theses

1711-1740 Charles IV Pragmatic sanction was issued as a result of the failure to produce a male heir

1740-1780 Maria Theresa War of Austrian Succession

1765-1790 Joseph II An enlightened despot of the Holy Roman empire, who was also the brother of Marie Antoinette. His co-regent was his mother Maria Theresa as he implemented enlightenment reforms of equality and education such as; abolishment of serfdom, religious toleration, liberty of the press etc.

1835-1848 Ferdinand I (Emperor of Austria)OR akaFerdinand V (king of Hungary and Bohemia)

Suffered from mental deficiencies such as epilepsy, hydrocephalus, etc., which severely restricted his ability to rule. As a result, his regent’s council (Archduke Louis, Prince Metternich, and Count Kolowrat) directed the government in his place.

1848-1916 Francis Joseph I Upon the defeat of Austria in the Austro-Prussian War 1866, Austria decided to combine lands with Hungary under the Compromise of 1867 which became known as the Austria-Hungary Empire.

1916-1919 Charles I Near the end of his reign, the whole Austria-Hungary empire collapsed after the defeat in WWI.

Keys to the Rise of the Habsburgs:

The rise in power can be attributed to the vast lands that they had received through strategic marriage and the policies initiated by Frederick III. Frederick III gave rights and privileges to the Habsburg. He allowed for all land that the Habsburg had, to be inherited by any heir of the family.

Keys to the Fall of the Habsburgs:

The fall in power can be attributed to the defeat in Austro-Prussian War which left Austria without Italy and a shift of power in Germany towards Prussia. This made Austria pursue a dual monarchy with Hungary and created many hostile problems within the country with the deluxe amounts of national groups. Also a factor to the fall was the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand. It led to World War I and a greater political instability in the country that dissolved the Austria-Hungary Empire.

7

AP European HistoryReview Exercise #8:The Science Guys

1. Pioneered the wireless telegraphy that will turn into radioGuglielmo Marconi

2. Discovered and studied radium and polonium.Marie and Pierre Curie

3. Postulated three parts of the human psyche: the Id, the Ego, and the Super-ego.Sigmund Freud

4. Explained species adaptation and survival as “natural selection”.Charles Darwin

5. Invented the calculus simultaneously with Newton.Leibniz

6. Confirmed the circulation of the blood through arteries and veins.William Harvey

7. Discovered and proved that the orbits of planets are ellipses.Kepler

8. Developed first efficient steam engine. James Watt

9. Discovered the rings of Saturn and launched the wave theory of light.Christian Huygens

10. Explained the heredity through dominant and recessive genes.Gregor Mendel

11. Discovered that energy is emitted or absorbed in specific units that he called ‘Quantum.’Max Planck

12. Found mathematical laws describing movements of bodies on earth.Isaac Newton

8


Fun With Dates, Part One

Match the event on the left with one of the dates on the right

1. Invention of Moveable Type by Johann Gutenberg 1450

2. Luther nails up his 95 Theses 1517

3. Spanish Armada defeated by England 1588

4. Adam Smith writes The Wealth of Nations 1776

5. Turks take Constantinople. final end of Roman Empire 1453

6. Darwin’s Origin of Species 1859

7. Establishment of the Second Roman Empire 1852

8. July Revolution brings Louis Philippe to throne of France 1830

9. Formation of the Dual Monarchy (Austria- Hungary) 1867

10. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 1572

11. Restoration of the Stuarts in England 1660

12. Peace of Westphalia ends Thirty Years War 1648

13. The Diet of Worms 1521

14. Henry of Navarre becomes King of France 1589

15. Rome sacked by troops of Charles V 1527

16. Expulsion of the Jews from Spain 1492

17. The Peace of Augsburg 1555

18. Napoleon Bonaparte becomes Emperor 1804

19. Glorious Revolution 1688

20. First Partition of Poland 1772

9


Fun With Dates, First Half of the 20th Century EditionEvent Year

1. Joseph Stalin dies 1953

2. Terroists Attack at the Munich Olympics 1972

3. Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia 19684. Suez Canal Crisis 1956

5. John Paul II becomes Pope 19786. Falkland Islands war 1982

7. Assassination attempt on Pope John Paul II 19818. Berlin Wall Built 1961

9. Collapse of the Soviet Union 199110. Mikhail Gorbachev calls for Glasnost and

Perestrokia1985

11. Princess Elizabeth becomes Queen at age 25 195212. The Euro becomes the new European currency 1999

13. Lech Walesa becomes first President of Poland

1990

14. Chernobyl Nuclear Accident in Ukraine 198615. Berlin Wall Falls 198916. Soviet satellite Sputnik launches Space Age 1957

17. Margaret Thatcher elected prime minister of Great Britain

1979

18. Francisco Franco dies 197419. Warsaw Pact signed 195520. Channel Tunnel opens, connecting Britain and

France1994

10


Fun With Dates, First Half of the 20th Century EditionEvent Year

1. Russian Czar Nicholas II and His Family are Killed.

1918

2. Hitler publishes Mein Kampf. 1925

3. Easter Uprising in Ireland 1916

4. Boer War Ends. 1902

5. League of Nations Established 1920

6. Chamberlain Announces “Peace in Our Time”.

1938

7. Battle of the Marne 1914

8. Battle of Stalingrad 1942

9. German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact Signed 1939

10. Irish Free State Proclaimed 1921

11. D-Day 1944

12. Nuremberg Trials 1946

13. Spanish Civil War Begins 1936

14. Berlin Airlift 1948

15. Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 1943

16. First Transatlantic radio signal transmitted by Marconi

1901

17. Mussolini seizes power in Italy. 1922

18. Treaty of Versailles Ends World War I. 1919

19. Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany. 1933

20. Russian Revolution 1917

11


Authors, Authors, Authors Part OneAuthor Name Title Main IdeasMarsigilio de Padua Defensor Pacis Laid the foundations of modern doctrines of

sovereignty. He argued against the power of the church and favored a secular state.

Thomas à Kempis The Imitation of Christ

A Christian manual of devotion that helps with the pursuit of holiness and communion with God.

Erasmus of Rotterdam

The Praise of Folly A satirical work where Erasmus examines the pious abuses of Catholic doctrine and corrupt practices/

Niccolo Machiavelli The Prince A treatise on political power as a way to maintain order and how a ruler should behave when he is ruling.

Martin Luther Appeal to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation

A call to German princes to overthrow the papacy in Germany and establish a reformed German church.

Baldassare Castiglione

The Book of the Courtier

Describes the three basic attributes of the perfect courtier in the 16th century. It became a fundamental handbook for European aristocrats.

John Calvin Institute of the Christian Religion

A synthesis of Protestant thought. It attacks teachings that Calvin thought was unorthodox and describes the teachings of Protestant faith.

Ignatius of Loyola Spiritual Exercises Sets of Christian meditations divided into four weeks throughout thirty days to encourage people to follow Jesus.

Michel de Montaigne Essays Investigates topics of happiness, names, solitude, and others. De Montaigne explores the rule of appearances and the loss of connection with the truth of being.

Francis Bacon Novum Organum Describes Bacon’s new system of logic- the Baconian method with the use of inductive reasoning.

René Descartes Discourse on Method

Describes Descartes new system, the deductive method. He explains how to use this method to answer the question of how something works.

Thomas Hobbes Leviathan A political treatise where Hobbes argues that social unity can be achieved forming a commonwealth that is placed in the power of an absolute ruler.

Isaac Newton Principia Mathematica

Spells out the mathematical proof of his universal law of gravitation. It defines the basic concept of the three laws of motion.

John Locke Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Argues against René Descartes’s belief in innate ideas and proposes the idea that every person was born with tabula rasa, or a blank mind. States that people are molded by their environment.

12


Authors, Authors, Authors Part Two

Author Name Title Main Idea (s)John Locke Second Treatise on

GovernmentLocke stated that humans had inalienable rights that the government is obligated to protect in case the people revolt.

Montesquieu The Spirit of the Laws A treatise describing the three basic forms of government: republic, monarchy, and despotism and praising the system of checks and balances.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

1. Discourse on the Origins of the Inequalities

of Mankind

2. The Social Contract

1. Rousseau describes man’s primitive state as ideal when people were happy and government as evil, but necessary.

2. Rousseau describes an agreement of a society to be governed by its general will because what was best for the community was seen as best for the individual.

Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations Smith declared his three principles of economics: promotion of free trade, labor as the true source of wealth, and that laissez-faire policy should be followed.

Edward Gibbon Decline and fall of the Roman Empire

Gibbon describes the reasons for the fall of Rome with the growth of Christianity as a major reason.

Immanuel Kant Critique of Pure Reason Kant describes his views on the limits of reason and believes that there are a priori, reason without reference to experience, and a posteriori, truth that must rely on experience.

Edmund Burke Reflections on the Revolution in France

Burke claimed that no single generation had the right to end the important partnership between the people and their government.

Mary Wollstonecraft Vindication of the Rights of Women

Wollstonecraft declared women should have equal rights with men in political and economic life and education.

Thomas Malthus Essay on the Principles of Population

Malthus argues that population, if unchecked, will rise at a geometric rate while food supply rises at an arithmetic rate.

David Ricardo Principles of Political Economy

Ricardo developed his “iron law of wages” where wage would cause populations to grow and decline in a cycle.

Auguste Comte System of Positive Philosophy

Comte applied the scientific approach to human activity and created a system of sciences based on a hierarchy with sociology on top.

Friedrick Engels and Karl Marx

The Communist Manifesto It describes the eventual proletariat revolution which will end the class struggle between the bourgeoisies and proletariat, creating a classless society.

Charles Darwin The Origin of Species It explains Darwin’s theory of evolution and natural selection.

Hitler Mein Kampf Mein Kampf is Hitler describing his childhood, influence from Vienna, and future plans for Germany as the Führer.

Jean-Paul Sartre Being and Nothingness Sartre argues the ideas of existentialism where a man’s free will decides their morals and purpose.


Britain from 1945 to Sometime Around Now

Dates in Office

Name of PM & Party A Must-Know Fact About Them/ Their Administration

1945-1951 Clement Attlee/Labour

Attlee was an advocate of social reform who nationalized the Bank of England, railways, and major industries. He also enacted the National Health Service and granted independence to several British colonies

1951-1955 Winston Churchill/Conservative

Churchill advocated laissez-faire economics and caused unemployment rates to increase when he tried to return Britain to prewar gold standards. He had a hard line policy against Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. His stubbornness helped rally the people during World War II.

1955-1957 Anthony Eden/Conservative

Eden was an advocate of international peace when supported the League of Nations and United Nations. He was chairman of the Geneva Convention, but his decision for armed intervention in the Suez Crisis created great controversy.

1957-1963 Harold MacMillan/Conservative

Advocate of economic and social reform who criticized policy of appeasement. He pushed the Great Britain membership into Common Market and improved Anglo-American relations after Suez Crisis.

1963-1964 Alec Douglas-Home/ Conservative

He supported Chamberlain’s policy of appeasement and pursued period of détente with the USSR and worked to establish British nuclear deterrent.

1964-1970 Harold Wilson/Labour

He ended many wartime controls on industry. He tried to nationalize the economy and make peace with a white supremacy group in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) unsuccessfully. He accomplished getting Great Britain’s membership in the ECC (Common Market).

1970-1974 Edward Heath/ Conservative

The Northern Ireland Association was suspended under him and led the economy downhill as relations with trade unions worsened.

1974-1976 Harold Wilson/Labour

He ended many wartime controls on industry. He tried to nationalize the economy and make peace with a white supremacy group in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) unsuccessfully. He accomplished getting Great Britain’s membership in the ECC (Common Market).

1976-1979 James Callaghan/Labour

He enacted controversial taxation policies and ordered troops into Northern Ireland. He decreased the value of the pound and faced many economic hardships.

1979-1990 Margaret Thatcher/Conservative

She followed a hard line policy against the Soviet Union similar to President Ronald Reagan, decreased standard of British education, and resigned due to a revolt in her party.

1990-1997 John Major/Conservative

He presided over the Gulf War and claimed to have negotiated over the Maastricht Treaty.

1997-2007 Tony Blair/Labour

He made the Labour Party more electable by ridding their pro-union, socialist roots and concerns for welfare and nuclear disarmament. He offered solutions to inflation.


Germany from 1945 to Sometime Around Now

Dates in Office

Name of Chancellor

A Must-Know Fact About Them/ Their Administration

1949-1963 Konrad Adenauer Was the leader of CDU who served as chancellor from 1949 to 1963. He became the “Founding Hero” of the Federal Republic. Largely associated with the resurrection of the West German economy known as “Economic Miracle”

1963-1966 Ludwig Erhard His government was troubled by his predecessor’s persistent criticisms, an uncertain foreign policy, and a budget deficit. His decision to raise taxes in response to a slight recession in the summer of 1966 caused cabinet members to defect, and by the end of the year he had been forced to resign.

1966-1969 Kurt Georg Kiesinger

He was a former member of the Nazi Party who was able to deflect hostile publicity. His government, a grand coalition between the CDU and the SPD, remained in power for nearly three years, during the time when West German economy improved after it had begun to falter under Erhard. He continued a pro-Western foreign policy but to some degree eased tensions with the Soviet bloc.

1969-1974 Willy Brandt Focused on foreign affairs and tried to improve relations with East Germany, other communist countries in Eastern Europe, and the Soviet Union, forming Ostpolitik. He also concluded a nonviolence agreement with the Soviet Union and an agreement with Poland which entailed that West Germany accepted the new national boundaries in Eastern Europe. It laid the foundations for the Four Power Agreement on Berlin

1974-1982 Helmut Schmidt Schmidt’s astute handling of West Germany economy in the aftermath of the oil crises earned him prestige abroad and at home. He tried to steer NATO toward a two trade strategic policy.

1982-1998 Helmut Kohl Kohl worked hard for German reunification campaigning in East Germany for the CDU party and getting NATO and the Soviet Union’s approval.

1998-2005 Gerhard Schröder As chancellor, Schröder was concerned with promoting European integration, reducing Germany’s high rate of unemployment, limiting the use of nuclear power in energy production.

2006- Angela Merkel She was sworn as the first female chancellor in Germany. She is the first former citizen of the German Democratic Republic to lead the reunited Germany and first woman to lead it since 1871.


France from 1945 to Sometime Around NowDates In Office Name of President A Must-Know Fact About Them/Their

Administration

1947-1954 Vincent Auriol He was a socialist and a French politician who served as the first president of the French Republic.

1954-1959 Rene Jules Gustave Coty He was the second and last president of the Fourth French Republic. He was a member of the Constituent National Assembly and was soon elected as a Deputy for Seine-Inferieure.

1959-1969 Charles De Gaulle He was the president of the Fifth Republic of France. He was able to restore political and economic stability to France. He was a French general during World War II and a statesman.

1969-1974 Georges Pompidou He served as president of the French Republic, however he was noted for being the Prime Minister of France from 1962-1968. He had a good reputation after resolving worker and student uprisings in France throughout May, 1968.

1974-1981 Valery Giscard d’Estaing During his term as president of the French Republic, he was mainly involved in social issues (in relation to politics) such as abortion, contraception, and lower age limits. Prior to his presidency, he was the Fifth Republic’s secretary of France for Finance and Minister of Finance and economic affairs.

1981-1995 Francois itterrand He was associated with the socialist party and was noted for his attempt at unifying the French Left. He focused on social reform programs and reduced unemployment for the French economy.

1995-2007 Jacques Chirac He promised to take care of unemployment, however, due to the Maastricht Treaty, expenses had to be cut which led to many strikes. He served as prime minister of France for two terms (1974-1976) and (1986-1988)

AP European History Review Exercise #17:

Name Year Who? What? Terms

Peace ofAugsburg

1555

1) Charles V2) Schmalkadic League3) Lutheran Princes

A treaty that created the distinction between Catholicism and Protestant Churches.

It divided Germany between Lutheran and Catholic areas, and allowed the individual rulers to choose the religion.

Peace ofWestphalia

1648

1) Holy Roman Emperor (Ferdinand III)2) Spain3) France4) Sweden

A collection of treaties that ended the Thirty Years’ War.

France, Sweden, Brandenburg, and Bavaria gained new territories, while Saxony kept Lusatia.

Peace ofUtrecht

1713

1) Britain2) Philip V3) United provinces4) Holy Roman Emperor5) Prussia6) France7) Spain

A treaty that ended the war of Spanish Succession.

It placed an end to French expansion and aided the rise of the British Empire.

Treaty ofAix-La-Chapelle

1784

1) Great Britain2) France3) Dutch Republic

A treaty that ended the war of the Austrian Succession.

Austria recognized Frederick II of Prussia’s conquest of Silesia, and gave territories to Spain. Maria Theresa succeeded the Duchy of Parma. France withdrew from the Netherlands.

Peace ofParis

1783

1) King George IIIOf Great Britain2) The United States3) King Louis XIV of France4) King Charles III of Spain

A treaty that ended the American revolutionary wars.

Britain lost 13 colonies in America, and recognized American independence. U.S boundaries were also established and fishing rights were specified.

AP European History

Review Exercise #18: Two BIG Treaties to Know Inside and Out

Name Participants (Countries & Reps

Present)

Terms Of The Settlement

Congress of Vienna (1815) Austria- Metternich France- Talleyrand Great Britain- Castlereagh Prussia- Prince Von

Hardenberg Russia- Alexander I

It established the European balance of power.

Territorial adjustments. Countries that lost land in one place gained land in other places.

Rightful monarchs were restored to the nations that experienced revolutions.

They met periodically after the first meeting.

It formed that Quadruple alliance.

Austria, Prussia, and Russia created the Holy Alliance.

Treaty of Versailles (1919) Germany-Bismarck, Wilhelm II

Austria- Archduke, Franz Ferdinand

Italy America (U.S)- Woodrow

Wilson Great Britain France- George Clemenceau Russia

Ended World War I Creation of new states out

of Hungarian Empire Treaty represents harsh

peace especially for Germany.

Results for Germany:

Germany lost part of its land and oversea colonies.

Army numbers were reduced, naval fleet reduced, air force banned.

Germany must accept full responsibility for World War I.

Germany must pay off war debt


A Couple of Things in British History to Know About

The Corn Laws

● Began in 1815● English law that prohibits the importation of foreign grain● Domestic grain became more expensive for lower classes● Result = Anti-Corn Law League emerged to help the workers by lowering prices● 1848- Corn Laws were repealed

The Glorious Revolution

● 1688-1689● William of Orange and Mary (James II’s daughter) became England’s new

monarchs with almost no blood shed● Set England on path towards a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary

democracy

Act of Union● Parliament united England and Scotland into one● Became Great Britain● England wanted to strengthen itself

BalfourDeclaration

● 1917● British document written by Arthur Balfour● Approved of Palestine being the home of Jews● Many Jews agreed but Arab Palestinians did not● Led Jewish community in Britain and America to believe that Britain would

support creation of Jewish state in Middle East

Enclosure Acts

● 1750-1860● Series of parliamentary acts● Required that private lands be fenced off from common lands● Through parliament, mercantile and industrial interests enacted these laws to

promote commercial agriculture and laissez-faire policies to protect private property.

Act of Supremacy (1534)

● 1534● Completed the break of the Church of England with Rome● Parliament declared Henry VIII as head of Catholic Church in England● English monarchy now controlled the Church in all matters of doctrine, clerical

appointments, and discipline

AP European HistoryReview Exercise #20

A Few Modern Philosophers of Note

Philosopher Main Idea(s)

Ludwig Wittgenstein● 1889-1951● Major 20th century analytic philosopher● Work important especially for the philosophies of language

Friedrich Nietzsche

● 1844-1900● Believed that Western bourgeois society was decadent and incapable of any real

cultural activity, primarily because of its excessive emphasis on the rational faculty at the expense of emotions, passions, and instincts

● Philosophy of “superman”, the superior man, who justifies the existence of the human race

Soren Kierkegaard

● 1813-1855● Prolific writer during the Danish “golden age” of intellectual and artistic

activities● Considered to be the “Father of Existentialism” for his mixture of discourses to

bear a social critique and for the social purpose of renewing Christian faith within Christendom

Jean Paul Sartre

● 1724-1804● Started the beginning point of existentialism with Albert Camus with the thought

of the absence of God in the universe● Death of God, though tragic, meant that humans have no preordained destiny

and were utterly alone in the universe with no future and no hope

Immanuel Kant

● 1724-1804● German philosopher who defined the Enlightenment as “man’s leaving his self-

caused immaturity”● Motto of the Enlightenment = “Dare to know!”

Arthur Schopenhauer

● 1788-1860● 19th century philosopher● Claimed that at its core, the universe is not a rational place● Said that in the face of a world filled with endless strife, we ought minimize our

natural desires for the sake of achieving a more tranquil frame of mind

AP European History

Review Exercise #21:A Few More Philosophers of Note

Philosopher Main Idea(s)

Rene Descartes● 1596-1650● Father of analytical geometry● During Scientific Revolution● Laid foundation of rationalism 17th century● “I think therefore I am”

John Locke● 1632-1704● Father of classical Liberalism● Believed in human’s natural rights to life, liberty, and property● Explained the principle of checks and balances to limit government power and

favored representative government and a rule of law while denouncing tyranny

David Hume● 1711-1776● Scottish 18th century philosopher known especially for empiricism and

skepticism● Author of A Treatise of Human Nature (1739) in which he strove to create a

total naturalistic “science of man” that examined the psychological basis of human nature

Baruch Spinoza● 1632-1677● Dutch 18th century philosopher● Known for Cartesian metaphysical and epistemological principles with elements

from ancient Stoicism and medieval Jewish rationalism into an original system● Naturalistic view on God, the world, the human being, and knowledge = ground

a moral philosophy centered on the control of the passions leading to virtue and happiness

Jeremy Bentham● 1748-1832● British philosopher and social reformer● Known as the founder of modern utilitarianism- evaluates actions based on their

consequences [overall happiness created for everyone affected by the action]● Developed ethical theory grounded in a largely empiricist account of human

nature

Thomas Hobbes● 1588-1679● English philosopher best known for political thought● Author of Leviathan which argues for a social contract and rule by an absolute

sovereign; “the war of all against all” could only be avoided by strong undivided government

AP European History Review Exercise #22

Some Real Enlightened Guys Philosophe Main Idea(s)/Must-Know FactsVoltaire -Defended religious freedom, free trade, civil liberties & social

reform -Fought censorship limitations, religious dogma & the institutions at the time -Treatise on Toleration (religious tolerations created no problems for England & Holland) -Championed “deism” – suggests existence of a God who created the universe -Satire in Candide

J.J. Rousseau -Discourse On the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind (about humans in their natural state/primitive condition) -Known as the “Father of Romanticism” -The Social Contract (agreement of an entire society to be governed by the general will) -Was a member of Academy of Sciences -Contributed to the Encylopedie-Believed that humans had progressed through nine stages of history, and were about to enter the tenth

Condorcet -Advocated educational reform-Was a member of Academy of Sciences -Contributed to the Encycopedie-The Progress of the Human Kind-Believed that humans had progressed through nine stages of history, and were about to enter the tenth-Portrayed human civilization advancing through science

Thomas Paine -Common Sense-Challenged the British government and monarchy’s authority-Was a strong defense of America’s independence from England-Was anti-slavery-The American Crisis-Had inspired the army

Diderot -28 volume Encyclopedia/Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades-Goal: “to change the general ways of thinking”-Supplement to the Voyage of Bougainville where he had questioned Christian sexual standards

D’Holbach -The System of Nature-Made a bold claim that all existence consisted merely of particles in motion-Stated that human behavior was subject to material forces

AP European History

Review Exercise #23A Few Wars to Know Along to Way

Name of War (& Years) Belligerents Must-Know FactsThirty Year’s War (1618-1648)

France SwedenAustriaDenmarkRussia EnglandBrandenburg-PrussiaHoly Roman Empire

-The Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II, sparked rebellion among Protestants-Religious conflict between the Catholic Habsburg and Protestant princes-The Edict of Restitution was issued, forbidding Calvinist worship and restored lost lands to Catholics-Primarily fought on German soil (Germany did not exist yet)-Resulted in the Peace of Westphalia and allowed more religious toleration-Increased separation of state and church

War of the Spanish Succession (1701-713)

Spain FranceEnglandAustriaGerman States

-Charles II, King of Spain, left his throne to Louis XIV’s grandson-Allowed France to gain more power-Other countries (ex. England, Austria, German States) opposed this-Resulted in the Peace of Utrecht: Phillip V became King and Spain and France remained separate

War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748)

AustriaPrussiaFrance SpainGreat Britain

-Was caused after the Pragmatic Sanction was ignored after Charles VI’s death-Maria Theresa on the throne caused France to enter war with Austria-Fighting spread across the world-Russia, Austria, and France allied against Prussa and England-Ended with Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, all territories returned except for Silesia

Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)

FranceAustriaRussiaPrussiaEngland

-France, Austria, Prussia allied against Prussia And England-Came to involve Europe, India, and North America-Treaty of Paris ended all conflict-France became alot less powerful-Great Britain became the greatest colonial power-Led to American Revolution

AP European History

Review Exercise #24:Ruling Mother Russia, 1533-1917

Dates of Reign Name of Ruler A Must-Know Fact About Them/Their Reign

1533-1584 Ivan IV/ Ivan the Terrible -First tsar of Russia-Nicknamed because of his hatred of the nobility-Continued Russian expansion eastward

1584-1598 Feodor I/ Feodor the Bell Ringer

-Nicknamed because strong faith and inclination to travel the land and ring the bells at church -Left the task of governing the country to his brother-in-law Boris Godunov -Refused to compromise with Elizabeth I after his dismissal -his death brought the end of the Rurik dynasty

1598-1605 Boris Godunov -The first non-Rurik tsar -Continued Ivan’s policy of strengthening the power of state officials and townspeople at the expense of the nobles -Reign marked by the period of instability known as the “Time of Troubles”

1613-1645 Michael Romanov -His reign ended the “Time of Troubles” -Peasantry was reduced to serfdom during his reign -Peace was temporarily obtained with Poland and Sweden-Western industrial and military techniques introduced by foreign manufacturers and other experts

1645-1676 Alexis I -Promoted a new code of laws that favored the middle classes and landowners but tied peasants to the soil –His reforms resulted in a schism in the Russian church

1682-1725 Peter I The Great -Had a firm determination to westernize or Europeanize his realm-Reorganized the government and the army-Introduced Western customs, practices and manners-Sought to transform Russia into a great state and a military power.

1741-1762 Elizabeth -Gained power after overthrowing Ivan VI and his mother from power-Sought to rid of German influence in Russia-Sided againist Frederick II of Prussia during the Seven Years’ War-Allowed nobles to acquire a dominant position in government

1762 Peter III -Last of six successors of Peter the Great-Married to Catherine the Great, who won the favor of the guard over him-Withdrew Russian troops from the Seven Years’ War, leading to a stalemate and a desire for peace-He was murdered by a faction of nobles; Led by his wife

1762-1796 Catherine II the Great -Originally German-Emerged as the Russian autocrat after the assassination of her husband-Longest ruling female leader of Russia-One of the most enlightened European monarchs

-Reign was known as the Golden Age-Sought many reforms;-Her favor of the landed nobility resulted in a peasant revolt.

1801-1825 Alexander I -Inspired by Enlightenment ideas-Originally relaxed censorship and repression-Eventually resorted back to reactionary policies-Became opposed by various secret societies.

1825-1855 Nicholas I -Transformed from a conservative into a reactionary-Sought to prevent another rebellion after the chaos of the Decembrist Revolt

1855-1881 Alexander II -Came to power in the midst of the Crimean War -Issued the emancipation of the serfs in Russia-He attempted many reforms, including the establishment of the zemstvos.

1881-1894 Alexander III -Re-established reactionary policies after the assassination of his father, Alexander II-Increased repression and censorship among the Russian people to prevent violent outbreaks.

1894-1917 Nicholas II -The last tsar of Russia-He was kept isolated from Russian affairs by his own wife and was unaware of the chaos brewing from the Russian Revolution -Overthrown by Bolsheviks

Documents

AP Euro Boot Camp 1 - 24 P6 (3)