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AP English LanguageGrammar Intensive
Phrases Review
Prepositional Phrases
A group of words beginning with a preposition and ending with a noun or pronoun
[at the post office] [to school]The noun or pronoun that ends a
prepositional phrase is called the object of the preposition
Don’t be misled by a modifier coming after the noun/pronoun
Adjective Phrase
Prepositional phrases used as adjectivesUsually follows the word it modifiesMore than one adjective phrase can
modify the same noun/pronounSometimes an adjective phrase can
modify the object of a previous prep phrase
Some frogs produce a poison [from glands] [in their skin]
Adverb Phrase
Prepositional phrases used as an adverb to tell when, where, in what way (how), or to what extent.
Modifies a verb, adjective or adverbMay appear anywhere in sentencesMore than one adverb phrase can modify
the same word
Adverb Phrase - continued
VERB: The book was written [in the 1800’s].
ADJ: [In a short time], the book became popular.
ADV: Twain became famous early [in his career].
[During his youth], Twain worked [as a newspaper writer].
Appositive Phrase
Appositive: a noun or pronoun placed beside another noun or pronoun to identify or explain it
Appositive phrase: an appositive and its modifiers
Your friend [Ramla] called after you left.Jesse Sheng, [the vice president of the
bank], sent me a card.
Participles
A verb form that can be used as an adjective – present and past
Present: ends in –ingPast: usually end in –ed or –dThe pacing lion made me nervous.The hunted animal camouflaged itself.
Participial Phrases
A phrase containing a participle and any complements or modifiers it may have
[Removing his coat], Jack rushed to the river.
[Hesitating for a moment], he quickly grasped the situation.
High school graduates [replying to a college questionnaire about their courses] often mention freshman English as the course [giving them the most trouble].
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases
A verb form that is used as a nounEnds in –ingGerund phrase consists of a gerund and
all of the related wordsTest: try replacing the gerund/phrase with
“it” or “this”… if it works, it’s a gerund!Studying always makes Trevor hungry.My favorite pastime is sailing.Ada made reading a top priority.[Waiting on tables] is a good way to earn
money in the summer.