AP Chemistry: Chapter 3 - Stoichiometry

7/22/2019 AP Chemistry: Chapter 3 - Stoichiometry

1/7

@R JmdlkstryXi? 620:-6208 @R Jmdlkstry stuhdntsGril? Fke Dvdrerddn KKK, ` p`st stuhdnt ig Lrs. Lisds

ZTFODJX? Mknts / str`tdekds / rdvkdw ti survkvd @R Jmdlkstry.

Xmkna j`tdeirkj`ccy? aniw `jkh gril f`sd, strine gril wdà, ldt`c gril ninldt`c,kinkj gril jiv`cdnt, dtj.

Aniw yiur nildnjc`turd, yiu wkcc nddh kt gir dvdrytmkne. Umdn yiu `rd tùemt sildtmkne, cd`rn kt? l`ny jinjdpts `rd rdusdh wktmkn itmdr

jinjdpts si kg yiu hkhnt cd`rn sildtmkne kn tmd gkrst pc`jd kt wkccmurt yiu c`tdr.

Aniw yiur sicufkckty rucds? tmks wkcc mdcp si lujm in tmd rd`jtkins p`rt ig tmd dx`l! Cd`rn tmd hdt`kcs `nh tmd rdc`tkinsmkps?Miw hids tdlpdr`turd, prdssurd, dtj. `ggdjt `

jdrt`kn systdl9 Um`t hids kt ld`n kg sildtmkne ks sickh, ckqukh ir e`s9Um`t `rd jdrt`knnulfdrs hdpdnhdnt upin9

X`fcd ig Jintdnts0. @tils, Licdjucds, `nh Kins...........................................................................................................

6. Ztikjmkildtry.................................................................................................................................

:. Vd`jtkins ........................................................................................................................................

8. E`sds ..............................................................................................................................................

4. Xmdrlijmdlkstry ...........................................................................................................................

7. @tilkj Ztrujturd & Rdrkihkjkty .....................................................................................................

5. Gunh`ldnt`cs ig Jmdlkj`c Finhkne ..............................................................................................

=. Xmdirkds ig Jmdlkj`c Finhkne ......................................................................................................

;. Ckqukhs & Zickhs ............................................................................................................................

02. Rripdrtkds ig Zicutkins .................................................................................................................

00. Akndtkjs ........................................................................................................................................

06. Jmdlkj`c Dqukckfrkul ..................................................................................................................

0:. @jkhs `nh F`sds ...........................................................................................................................

08. @qudius Dqukckfrk` ......................................................................................................................04. Zpint`ndkty ig Jmdlkj`c Rrijdssds .............................................................................................07. Dcdjtrijmdlkstry ..........................................................................................................................

05. Nujcd`r Jmdlkstry & V`hkijmdlkstry .........................................................................................

0=. I-Jmdl à` Ire`nkj Jmdlkstry ..................................................................................................
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2/7

ZtikjmkildtryUm`t ks Ztikjmkildtry9

Kt ks tmd stuhy ig tmd qu`ntkt`tkvd rdc`tkinsmkps `line rd`jt`nts `nh prihujtskn ` jmdlkj`c rd`jtkin

i Xmd rdc`tkinsmkps `line rd`jt`nts `nh prihujts kn ` jmdlkj`c rxn `rdekvdn fy tmd jidggkjkdnts kn ` f`c`njdh jmdlkj`c dqu`tkin

6J=M=+ 64I607 JI6+ 0=M6IXmd jidggkjkdnts < # ig licds ig d`jm sufst`njd

wd m`vd 64licds ig Ixyedn

Cdts frd`a hiwn tmks f`c`njdh dqu`tkin?

6 licds ig Ijt`nd (J=M=) nddh ti rd`jt wktm 64 licds ig Ixyedn ti

prihujd 07 licds ig J`rfin Hkixkhd `nh 0= licds ig w`tdr

F`c`njkne Dqu`tkins

C`w ig Jinsdrv`tkin ig L`sstdccs us tm`t tmd nulfdr ig `tils ig d`jm dcdldntlust fd dqu`c in fitm skhds ig tmd dqu`tkin.

Vd`jt`nts Rrihujts6M6+ I6 6M6I

Xmks ks ` f`c`njdh dqu`tkins`ld nulfdr ig M `nh I `tils in fitm skhds

Xi f`c`njdh `n dqu`tkin, wd `houst tmd jidggkjkdnts (tmd nulfdrs kn grint ig tmd

rd`jt`nt nh prihujt licdjucds)

F`c`njkne Zueedstkins/Xkps?

0) Jm`ned tmd jidggkjkdnts NIX tmd sufsjrkpts6) F`c`njd dcdldnts kn tmd list jilpcdx girluc` gkrst

:) Z`vd gir c`st dcdldnts prdsdnt kn lird tm`n 6 girluc`s

8) F`c`njd picy`tilkj kins `s ` unkt kg prdsdnt in fitm skhds ig tmd dqu`tkin4) L`ad surd yiu m`vd tmd sl`ccdstsdt ig wmicd nulfdr jidggkjkdnts pisskfcd

@. Le:N6 + M6I Le(IM)6 + NM:

Le:N6 + 7M6I :Le(IM)6 + 6NM:

F. Gd(IM): + M6ZI8 Gd6(ZI8): + M6I

6Gd(IM): + :M6ZI8 Gd6(ZI8): + 7M6I


3/7

@tilkj nh Licdjuc`r Udkemts

L`ssds ig `tils `rd si sl`cc tm`t wd hdgknd tmd `tilkj l`ss unkt (`lu) ti sj`cd uptmd nulfdrs

Xmd j`rfin-06 ksiptipd w`s `sskendh ` l`ss ig dx`jtcy 06 `lu, l`ssds ig

itmdr dcdldnts `rd sj`cdh rdc`tkvd ti J-06

0 `lu < 0.77248x02-68e < 7.266 x 026:`lu

@tilkj Udkemtig `n dcdldnt ks tmd `vdr`ed `tilkj l`ss ig `cc ksitipds ig `ndcdldnt. @tilkj wdkemt (l`ss) j`n fd j`cjuc`tdh kg tmd % `funh`njd & l`ssds ig

tmd jintrkfutkne ksitipds rd aniwnDx`lpcd? J`cjuc`td tmd tilkj l`ss ig Jc

Ksitipd % `funh`njd l`ss ig kstipd (`lu)

Jc-:4 54.4: :8.;7==4

Jc-:5 68.85 :7.;74;2(% `funh`njd)(`lu) < l`ss ig ksitipd

2.544: x :8.;7==4 < 67.802.6885 x :7.;74;2 < ;.287

:4.847l`ss ig Jc < :4.87 `lu

Girluc` Udkemt/Licdjuc`r Udkemtsul ig tmd l`ssds ig `cc tmd `til kn `girluc` ir licdjuc`r jilpiunh (unkts < `lu < e/lic)

Kn prifcdls knvicvkne l`ssds, riunh `tilkj l`ssds ti tmd 0sthdjkl`c pc`jdi D.e. l`ss ig Jc < :4.4 `lu ir :4.4 e

Dx`lpcd? J`cjuc`td tmd girluc` wdkemt ig @llinkul Zucg`td? (NM8)6ZI8?N? 6 x 08

M? = x 0

Z? 0 x :6.0I? 8 x 07 Xit`c < 0=2 `lu ir 0=2 e/lic

Lic`r L`ssl`ss kn er`ls ig 0 licd ig sufst`njd (unkts < e/lic)F`skj`ccy tmd s`ld `s `tilkj ir girluc` l`ss, fut unkts `rd hkggdrdnt

0 J`rfin `til wdkems 06 `lu 0 M6I licdjucd wdkems 0=.2 `lu0 licd ig J`rfin `tils wdkems 06.2 e 0 licd ig M6I licdjucds wdkems 0=.2 e

LL ig J < 06.2 e/lic LL ig M6I < 0=.2 e/lic

Lic`r L`ss ks ` usdguc jinvdrskin g`jtir fdtwddn er`ls ti licds


4/7

J`n `csi jinvdrt gril er`ls ti p`rtkjcds ir p`rtkjcds ti er`ls

Tsd LL & @vie`hris #? e licds p`rtkjcdsIV

p`rtkjcds licds er`ls

Licd V`tki?

@ licd r`tki ks ` gr`jtkin tm`t `cciws us ti jilp`rd licdsig ind sufst`njdti licdsig `nitmdr sufst`njd (f`sdh in tmd jidggkjkdnts)

Licd r`tki < jinvdrskin g`jtiri Ud usd tmdl kn hkldnskin`c `n`cysks prifcdls ti mdcp us prdhkjt...

Miw lujm prihujtj`n fd l`hd

Miw lujm rd`jt`nt ks nddhdh

hurkne jmdlkj`c rd`jtkin

Rr`jtkjd? L icd-ti-Licd prifcdl?0. Miw l`ny licdsig w`tdr `rd prihujdh gril furnkne :5 licds ig ijt`nd9

Ztdp 0? Urktd iut tmd f`c`njdhdqu`tkin6J=M=+ 64I607 JI6+ 0=M6I

Ztdp 6? Jinvdrt licds ig sufst`njd @ knti licds ig sufst`njd FZi, ciia `t tmd prifcdl. Xmdy w`nt ti aniw miw l`ny licds ig

U@XDV `rd prihujdh gril :5 licds ig ijt`nd. Ud nddh ti usd `

licd r`tki ti ei gril Ijt`nd ti U`tdr.

-stdp up yiur tr`kn-`nh-j`fiisd

-wrktd yiur ekvdn gkrst (:5 licds ig ijt`nd)

:5.2lic J=M=x YYYYY < YYYlic M6IYYYYYY

-hdtdrlknd tmd licd r`tki (mknt? ciia `t tmd unkts!!):5.2lic J=M=x 0=lic M6I < YYYlic M6I

6 lic J=M=*wd usdh tmd 0=lic/6lic `s iur licd r`tki fdj`usd wd nddhdh ti eigril ijt`nd ti w`tdr. Zi, tmdy s`kh tm`t wd m`h :5 lic ig ijt`nd,

tmdrd wdrd 6 lic nddhdh gir tmd rd`jtkin, `nh 6 licds ig ijt`ndprihujdh 0= licds ig w`tdr

-sicvd. @nswdr? :::lic M6I


5/7

6. Miw l`ny er`lsig w`tdr `rd prihujdh gril furnkne :06 er`ls ig

ijt`nd9

Xmd incy hkg gdrdnjd wktm tmks prifcdl ks tm`t?0. [iu m`vd ti jinvdrt er`ls ti licds fdgird yiu j`n luctkpcy fy tmd

licd ti licd r`tki6. [iu m`vd ti jinvdrt licds ti er`ls `gtdr yiu luctkpcy fy tmd licd ti

licd r`tki

Miw `rd wd eikne ti hi tmks9

0. Urktd ` f`c`njdh jmdlkj`c dqu`tkin6J=M=+ 64I607 JI6+ 0=M6I

6. Jinvdrt sufst`njd @ knti licds

- Zdt up yiur tr`kn-`nh-j`fiisd

- Urktd yiur ekvdn gkrst (:06 e ig ijt`nd)

:06 er`ls J=M= x YYYYY < YYlic J=M=

YYYYYYY

-Tsd lic`r l`ss ti jinvdrt gril er`ls ti licds & sicvd

J? = x 06.20 < 008.67 e < lic`r l`ss ig ijt`nd (e/lic)

M? = x 0.20

:06 er`ls J=M= x 0 lic < 6.5: lic J=M=008.67 er`ls J=M=

:. Jinvdrt licds ig @ knti licds ig F (usd tmd licd/licd r`tki)6.5: lic J=M= x 0= lic M6I < 68.7 lic M6I

6 lic J=M=

8.

Jinvdrt licds ig sufst`njd F ti er`ls68.7 lic M6I x 0=.26e M6I < 88: e M6I

0 lic M6I

4. Jinjcuskin? Furnkne :06 er`ls ig ijt`nd wkcc rdsuct kn tmd prihujtkin ig88: er`ls ig w`tdr

Umy cd`rn Ztikjmkildtry9?

* [iu UKCC HDGKNKXDC[ nddh kt gir tmd @R Jmdlkstry dx`l (`nh tmd Z@X

KK Jmdlkstry Dx`l)

* Kt `cciws yiu ti hdtdrlknd? tmd `liunt ig rd`jt`nt(s) yiu nddh `nh tmd

`liunt ig prihujt(s) yiu wkcc l`ad


6/7

Dlpkrk j`c & Licdjuc`r Girluc`s

Dlpkrkj`c girluc`j`n fd hdtdrlkndh gril % jilpisktkin ig dcdldnts knjilpiunh

Ztdps

0. @ssuld 022e (jm`ned % skens ti er`ls sylfics)6. Jinvdrt e ti licd (usd LL)

:.

Hkvkhd fy tmd sl`ccdst # ig licds8. Jinvdrt ti wmicd #s

Viunh kg jcisd ti wmicd #? =.; ;

Ir kg nit jcisd ti wmicd nulfdr, riunh ti jcisdst gr`jtkin & luctkpcy

d`jm licd r`tki fy sl`ccdst kntdedr tm`t wkcc ykdch ` wmicd nulfdr

k. 6.4 < 4/6 x 6 < 4

Licdjuc`r girluc`s ekvd tmd `jtu`c nulfdrs ig `tils kn ` licdjucd. Xmdlicdjuc`r girluc` ks ` luctkpcd ig tmd dlpkrkj`c girluc`. (JM8, M6I6, J6M8)

Ztdps

0. Gknh dlpkrkj`c girluc`

6. J`cjuc`td LL ig dlpkrkj`c girluc`

:. Hdtdrlknd n, wmdrd n < nulfdr ig dlpkrkj`c girluc` unkts

LL (licdjuc`r girluc`)

LL (dlpkrkj`c girluc`)8. Luctkpcy d`jm sufsjrkpt kn girluc` fy n

< n


7/7

Udrd hind, si g`r, wktm nitds! K stkcc m`vd ti t`ca `fiut cklktkne rd`jt`nts,

tmdirdtkj`c ykdch, `jtu`c ykdch, pdrjdnt ykdch, `nh tktr`tkins, fut Kcc w`kt untkc Lisds

prdsdnts tmdsd jinjdpts kn jc ss.

Injd yiuvd gknksmdh tmks ckttcd rdvkdw, yiu smiuchgicciw tmks ckst ti l`ad yiu

aniw dvdrytmkne gir tmks sdjtkin

0. ZmirtcdjturdwktmRiwdrRikntin stikjmkildtry6. Jilpcdtd tmdstuhy eukhd(kt gicciws yiur tdxtfiia) wmkcd w`tjmkne tmd

vkhdi(yiu j`n w`tjmtmks indtii):. Lird Kn-hdptm rdvkdw kg yiurd m`vkne triufcd

8. Cdvdc 0Rr`jtkjd Pudstkins

4.

Cdvdc 6 Rr`jtkjd Pudstkins (incy hi #0, 6, 8, 7, ;, 0:`)7. Cdvdc : Rr`jtkjd Pudstkins5. R`st @R LJ Pudstkins

=. @R Vdvkdw Fiiard`h tmd jm`ptdr. tmks wkcc `jt `s ` gkn`c rdvkdw `nh l`adyiu lird jjustildh ti `p-stycdh qudstkins (Jm`ptdr 06st`rts in pe 675)

Rcd`sd try `nh `ttdlpt tmd pr`jtkjd qudstkins. Kg yiu nddh mdcp, pcd`sd jint`jt ld

ir jild ti tutirkne si tm`t wd j`n wira tmdl iut!
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