AP Biology Unit 1 Cell / Biochemistry Powerpoint This powerpoint presentation is a collection of pictures that connect to our unit of study and are organized

AP Biology Unit 1 Cell / Biochemistry PowerpointThis powerpoint presentation is a collection of

pictures that connect to our unit of study and are organized by each day’s topic as seen at the top

of your outlines/notes. I suggest viewing these as you study your notes, but do not feel as though

you have need to print this collection.

AP Biology

Unit 11.1 Life’s Beginnings on Earth

according to science

Nucleic Acid Formation

Amino Acid Formation

Protein’s Natural Form

Monosaccharides Combining

Phospholipid Formation

Construction of mRNA from DNA

Constructing Chromosomes

DNA Replicating

-

Hydrophilichead

Hydrophobictail

WATER

WATER

Membrane Formation

Representation of a Protobionts

Stanley Miller

LE 26-2

Water vaporCH4

NH3 H 2

Electrode

Condenser

Coldwater

Cooled watercontainingorganicmolecules

Sample forchemical analysis

H2O

Early Earth

Energy Source

AP Biology

Unit 11.2 Basic Cell Structure

Prokaryotic Cell (Bacteria)

Stromatalites in Shark Bay, Australia

Eukaryotic Cell (animal)

Eukaryotic Cell (plant)

Lynn Margulis

Endosymbiotic Hypothesis

Modern Day Eukaryotic Cells

Animal Plants

Prokaryotic cell size as compared to Eukaryotic Cell size

Surface Area vs. Volume

Cocci Bacteria

Bacilli Bacteria

Helical Bacteria

Cell Wall and Gram Stain

Sticky Bacterial Capsule


AP Biology

Unit 11.3 Biochemistry: Chemistry Basics

Most Common Elements in all life forms

LE 2-4

Nucleus

ElectronsCloud of negativecharge (2 electrons)

Molecule: Same element

Molecule: Different elements

Energy and Atoms

Third energy level (shell)

Second energy level (shell)

First energy level (shell)

Atomicnucleus

Energyabsorbed

Energylost

Valence Electrons

Covalent Bonds

POLAR MOLECULE

H

O

H

H2O+ +

–

Ionic Bonds

SALT

Na+

Cl–

HYDROGEN BONDS –

Water(H2O)

Ammonia(NH3)

Hydrogen bond

+

+

–

+

+

+

Van der Waals Interactions

e-

e- e- e-

e- e-

e- e-

NUCLEUS

AP Biology

Unit 11.4 Biochemistry: Water Part 1

Earth

States of Water

Water Cycle

Transportover land

Precipitationover landEvaporation

from oceanPrecipitationover ocean

Net movement ofwater vapor by wind

Solar energy

Evapotranspirationfrom land

Runoff andgroundwater

Percolationthroughsoil

Water and Polarity

Hydrogenbonds

Water and Cohesion

Water-conducting cells

100 µm

Adhesion

Earth and Temperature

Water and Temperature

Hydrogenbonds

What happens to the ice?

Evaporative Cooling

Evaporative Cooling in plants

Hydrogen Bond angles

Life below the water

AP Biology

Unit 11.5 Biochemistry: Water Part 2

Universal Solvent

Solution

Suspension

ColloidThis is why you should shake milk first

Moles of Substances

pH and pOH scales

Buffering by Bicarbonate in blood

Acid Rain Source

Acid rain effects on plants

Acid Rain and Concrete

AP Biology

Unit 11.6 Biochemistry: Carbon

CarbonWhat is the valence number ?

.

Carbon(valence = 4)

Stanley Miller

LE 26-2

Water vaporCH4

NH3 H 2

Electrode

Condenser

Coldwater

Cooled watercontainingorganicmolecules

Sample forchemical analysis

H2O

Early Earth

Carbon Bonding

MolecularFormula

StructuralFormula

Ball-and-StickModel

Space-FillingModel

Methane

Ethane

Ethene (ethylene)

Hydrocarbon tails

Hydrocarbon Tails of a Phospholipid

Structural formula Space-filling model Phospholipid symbol

Hydrophilichead

Hydrophobictails

Fatty acids

Choline

Phosphate

Glycerol

Hyd

roph

obic

t ails

Hyd

roph

ilic

head

Cell Membranes

Functional groups serve important purposes in molecules

Estradiol

Testosterone

Male lion

Female lion

LE 4-10aa

STRUCTURE

(may be written HO—)

NAME OF COMPOUNDS

Alcohols (their specific namesusually end in -ol)

Ethanol, the alcohol present inalcoholic beverages

FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES

Is polar as a result of theelectronegative oxygen atomdrawing electrons toward itself.

Attracts water molecules, helpingdissolve organic compounds suchas sugars (see Figure 5.3).

LE 4-10ab

STRUCTURE

NAME OF COMPOUNDS

Ketones if the carbonyl group iswithin a carbon skeleton

EXAMPLE

Acetone, the simplest ketone

A ketone and an aldehyde maybe structural isomers withdifferent properties, as is the casefor acetone and propanal.

Aldehydes if the carbonyl group isat the end of the carbon skeleton

Acetone, the simplest ketone

Propanal, an aldehyde


LE 4-10ac

STRUCTURE

NAME OF COMPOUNDS

Carboxylic acids, or organic acids

EXAMPLE

Has acidic properties because it isa source of hydrogen ions.

Acetic acid, which gives vinegarits sour taste


The covalent bond betweenoxygen and hydrogen is so polarthat hydrogen ions (H+) tend todissociate reversibly; for example,

Acetic acid Acetate ion

In cells, found in the ionic form,which is called a carboxylate group.

LE 4-10ba

STRUCTURE

NAME OF COMPOUNDS

Amine

EXAMPLE

Because it also has a carboxylgroup, glycine is both an amine anda carboxylic acid; compounds withboth groups are called amino acids.


Acts as a base; can pick up aproton from the surroundingsolution:

(nonionized)

Ionized, with a charge of 1+,under cellular conditions

Glycine

(ionized)

LE 4-10bb

STRUCTURE

(may be written HS—)

NAME OF COMPOUNDS

Thiols

EXAMPLE

Ethanethiol


Two sulfhydryl groups caninteract to help stabilize proteinstructure (see Figure 5.20).

LE 4-10bc

STRUCTURE

NAME OF COMPOUNDS

Organic phosphates

EXAMPLE

Glycerol phosphate


Makes the molecule of which itis a part an anion (negativelycharged ion).

Can transfer energy between organic molecules.

AP Biology

Unit 11.7 Biochemistry: Macromolecules

Part 1

Dehydration and HydrolysisReactions

Short polymer Unlinked monomer

Dehydration removes a watermolecule, forming a new bond

Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer

Longer polymer

Hydrolysis adds a watermolecule, breaking a bond

Hydrolysis of a polymer

CarbohydratesSee the Carbonyls and Hydroxides?

Dehydration reactions in Carbohydrates

Glucose

Maltose

Fructose Sucrose

Glucose Glucose

Dehydrationreaction in thesynthesis of maltose

Dehydrationreaction in thesynthesis of sucrose

1–4glycosidic

linkage

1–2glycosidic

linkage

Carbohydrate Energy Storage

Cellulose in Plant Cell Walls

Cellulosemolecules

Cellulose microfibrilsin a plant cell wall

Cell walls Microfibril

Plant cells

0.5 µm

Glucosemonomer

Chitin

Lipids

Ester Linkage and Lipids

Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a fat

Glycerol

Fatty acid(palmitic acid)

Triglycerol molecule

Ester linkage

Saturated vs. Unsaturated

Phospholipid of cell membranes

Cell Membranes

Waxes

Steroid Structure

LE 4-9

Estradiol

Testosterone

Male lion

Female lion

Cell Membranes

Lipid storage

AP Biology


Part 2

Proteins

LE 5-UN78

Aminogroup

Carboxylgroup

carbon

Fig: 5.17a

Fig: 5.17b

Dehydration and Hydrolysis

Reactions again Short polymer Unlinked monomer



Longer polymer



Peptide Bonding

Primary (1’) sequence

Primary Structure is IMPORTANT

Sickle Cell and Oxygen transport

Primarystructure

Secondaryand tertiarystructures

1 2 3

Normal hemoglobin

Val His Leu

4Thr

5Pro

6Glu Glu

7Primarystructure

Secondaryand tertiarystructures

1 2 3

Sickle-cell hemoglobin

Val His Leu

4Thr

5Pro

6Val Glu

7

Quaternarystructure

Normalhemoglobin(top view)

Function Molecules donot associatewith oneanother; eachcarries oxygen.

Quaternarystructure

Sickle-cellhemoglobin

Function Molecules interact withone another tocrystallize intoa fiber; capacityto carry oxygenis greatly reduced.

Exposedhydrophobicregion subunit subunit

2’ structure

3’ Structure

4’ Structure

Protein’s Natural Form

Denaturation of a protein

Chaperonin

Nitrogen Cycle and Proteins

Assimilation

N2 in atmosphere

DecomposersNitrifyingbacteria

Nitrifyingbacteria

Nitrogen-fixingsoil bacteria

Denitrifyingbacteria

NitrificationAmmonification

Nitrogen-fixingbacteria in rootnodules of legumes

NO3–

NO2–NH4

+NH3

AP Biology


Part 3

DNA vs. RNA nucleotidesRemember, DNA is long term; RNA is temporary

Nucleic Acids (DNA)

Nucleic Acids (RNA)

Nucleotides

Complimentary Base Pairing

See the HYDROGEN bonds?Remember, these are very important bonds.

Nucleotide sequence is important!

Remember, DNA will make proteins.

Dehydration and Hydrolysis Reactions Short polymer Unlinked monomer



Longer polymer



5th Carbon of the Sugar holds the phosphate.3rd Carbon is the open bond.

Phosphate of the next nucleotide bonds at the 3rd carbon.

Phosphodiester Bonds of Nucleic Acids

New strand

5 end

Phosphate Base

Sugar

3 end

Nucleosidetriphosphate

DNA Double Helix Structure

Watson and Crick

Blueprint vs. Protective Cap

• DNA Double Strand:• ____________________________________• ____________________________________

• ______ Important “Blueprint” sequence• ______ Protective “cap” sequence

Genes and Evolution

The Phosphorus Cycle and Nucleic Acids and

ATP

Sedimentation

Plants

Rain

Runoff

Weatheringof rocks

Geologicuplift

SoilLeaching

Decomposition

Plant uptakeof PO4

3–

Consumption

AP Biology

Unit 11.10 Cell Membrane Structure

& Molecule TransportPart 1

Cell Membrane

AmphipathicPhospholipids

Hydrophilichead

Hydrophobictail

WATER

WATER

AmphipathicProteins

Hydrophilic regionof protein

Hydrophobic region of protein

Phospholipidbilayer

Cell Membrane

Membrane Protein Functions

EnzymesSignal

ReceptorATP

Transport Enzymatic activity Signal transduction

Membrane Protein

Functions

Glyco-protein

Cell-cell recognition Intercellular joining Attachment to thecytoskeleton and extra-cellular matrix (ECM)

Cholesterol of the Membrane

Fluid Mosaic Model and Phospholipids

Lateral movement(~107 times per second)

Flip-flop(~ once per month)

Movement of phospholipids

Surface Area vs. Volume

Surface Area of the lungs (alveoli)

Digestive Tract Small Intestine averages 23 feet.

Villi and Microvilli on the interior of the small

intestine Key

Nutrientabsorption

Microvilli(brush border)

Epithelial cells

Lacteal

Lymphvessel

Villi

Largecircularfolds

Epithelialcells

Bloodcapillaries

Vein carrying bloodto hepatic portalvessel

Muscle layers

Villi

Intestinal wall

Excretory Structures

Nitrogenous Waste filtering

AP Biology

Unit 11.11 Membrane Structure

& Molecule TransportPart 2

Cell Membrane

Tunnel Transport proteins

EXTRACELLULARFLUID

Channel protein Solute

CYTOPLASM

“Grabber” Transport proteins

Carrier protein Solute

Diffusion

Osmosis

.

Animalcell

Lysed

H2O H2O H2O

Normal

Hypotonic solution Isotonic solution Hypertonic solution

H2O

Shriveled

H2OH2OH2OH2OPlantcell

Turgid (normal) Flaccid Plasmolyzed

Positive Pressure Potential

Negative Pressure Potential

Solute Potential

ΨS = -iCRT

-i (ionization constant) C (molar concentration) R (pressure constant) T (temperature in Kelvin)

Total Water Potential problems

Facilitated Diffusion

EXTRACELLULARFLUID

Channel protein Solute

CYTOPLASM

Active Transport

Cytoplasmic Na+ bonds tothe sodium-potassium pump

CYTOPLASMNa+

[Na+] low[K+] high

Na+

Na+

EXTRACELLULARFLUID

[Na+] high[K+] low

Na+

Na+

Na+

ATP

ADP

P

Na+ binding stimulatesphosphorylation by ATP.

Na+

Na+

Na+

K+

Phosphorylation causesthe protein to change itsconformation, expelling Na+

to the outside.

P

Extracellular K+ bindsto the protein, triggeringrelease of the phosphategroup.

PP

Loss of the phosphaterestores the protein’soriginal conformation.

K+ is released and Na+

sites are receptive again;the cycle repeats.

K+

K+

K+

K+

K+

Cell Voltage Gradient

Proton pumps

Proton pumps and co-transport

Phagocytosis & Pinocytosis

.

Receptor

RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS

Ligand

Coatedpit

Coatedvesicle

Coat protein

Coat protein

Plasmamembrane

0.25 µm

A coated pitand a coatedvesicle formedduringreceptor-mediatedendocytosis(TEMs).

AP Biology

Unit 11.12 Eukaryotic Cell Components

Part 1

Eukaryotic Cell (plant)

Eukaryotic Cell (animal)

.

Close-up of nuclearenvelope

Nucleus

Nucleolus

Chromatin

Nuclear envelope:Inner membraneOuter membrane

Nuclear pore

Porecomplex

Ribosome

Pore complexes (TEM) Nuclear lamina (TEM)

1 µm

Rough ER

Nucleus

1 µm

0.25 µm

Surface of nuclear envelope

Chromatin vs. Chromosomes appearance within the cell.

Ribosomes

Endomembrane System

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi Apparatus

.

Phagocytosis: lysosome digesting food

1 µm

Plasmamembrane

Food vacuole

Lysosome

Nucleus

Digestiveenzymes

Digestion

Lysosome

Lysosome containsactive hydrolyticenzymes

Food vacuolefuses withlysosome

Hydrolyticenzymes digestfood particles

Central Vacuole of a plant

Phagocytosis & Pinocytosis

Contractile Vacuole

Removes excess water in aquatic single celled organisms

AP Biology

Unit 11.13 Eukaryotic Cell Components

Part 2

.

Mitochondrion

Intermembrane space

Outer membrane

Inner membrane

Cristae

Matrix

100 nmMitochondrialDNA

Freeribosomes in themitochondrialmatrix


Chloroplasts


Lynn Margulis

Endosymbiotic Hypothesis

Modern Day Eukaryotic Cells

Animal Plants

Cytoskeleton

Centrioles

Cellular Movement

Microfilaments in muscle tissue

Muscle Tissue under the Microscope

Protective Cell Wall in Plants

Cell walls composed of Chitin sugar.

Extra Cellular Matrix(ECM)

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID ProteoglycancomplexCollagen

fiber

Fibronectin

Integrin Micro-filaments

CYTOPLASM

Plasmamembrane

A cell is the sum of it’s parts.

This is the conclusion of AP Bio Unit 1 Powerpoint Collection.

• Take time before our unit exam to scan this file for reoccurring themes within the content of our unit.

• Print pics as needed that would help you to study. For example slide 170 is a great illustration as to how plant and animal cells may respond to various solutions.

Documents

AP Biology Unit 1 Cell / Biochemistry Powerpoint This powerpoint presentation is a collection of pictures that connect to our unit of study and are organized