AP Biology Syllabus. Dearing

8/12/2019 AP Biology Syllabus. Dearing

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9The 2oman numeral follo!ing each topic represents the general area indicated above.:

!""# $ S"M"ST"R $

Course #ntroduction....Chapter -

• Biological organiation

• Diversity and unity

• cience process

#ntroduction to Animal Behavior 9###:.....Chapter '-

AP Biology =ab -- Animal Behavior

• ?enetic and environmental factors % o6olo!s6i Drosophila /;periments

• =earning % maturation imprinting habituation % graylag geese e;periment

6inner

• Cognition % 6inesis ta;is landmar6 migration

Chemistry 2evie! 9#:..Chapter &

• /lements of life• /lectrons and bonding

• Polarity vs. nonpolarity

• Chemical reactions

!""# %

Water 9#:....Chapter 0

=ab" $odel Building

=ab" Properties of Water

=ab" olutions• $olecular structure leads to polarity

• )ydrogen bonding

• Cohesion and adhesion

• olvent properties

• Dissociation

Carbon Compounds 9#:..Chapter 1

=ab" $odel Building

• *rganic chemistry

•

tanley $iller % abiotic synthesis of organic compounds• Tetravalence of carbon atom

• Eersatility of carbon compounds due to atomic structure

• Functional groups

$acromolecules 9#:Chapter '

=ab" $odel Building

=ab" #dentification of *rganic Compounds



• Polymer structure and function

• Cellular synthesis and brea6do!n

• Carbohydrates as fuel and carbon source

• =ipids for energy storage and membrane component

• Protein conformations determine function

• 8ray crystallography and protein model8building

• Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information

!""# &

$etabolism 9#:.Chapter 3

AP Biology =ab & /nyme Catalysis=ab" Toothpic6ase

• $etabolic path!ays % catabolic and anabolic

• =a!s of Thermodynamics and energy transformations

• ATP 8 po!ers cellular !or6 phosphorylation coupling of anabolic and catabolic

path!ays

• /nymes lo!er energy barriers environmental factors cofactors inhibitors

• ubstrate specificity and induced fit

• $etabolic control and allosteric regulation

!""# '

Cells 9#:......Chapter 4

=abs" $icroscope @sage

=ab" Centrifuge @sage=ab" $icroscopic Eie! of Cells

• $icroscope and centrifuge % historical perspective modern technology

• Pro6aryotic and eu6aryotic cells

• Nucleus and ribosomes

• /ndomembrane system compartmentaliation biosynthetic functions

• $embranous organelles % mitochondria chloroplasts pero;isomes

• Cytos6eleton % structure and function

• /;tracellular matri; and cell !all

• #ntercellular unctions

• Cooperation of organelles % cell function

!""# (

$embrane tructure and Function 9#:.......Chapters 5, --AP Biology =ab - Diffusion and *smosis

• Current fluid mosaic model evolved from artificial membrane e;periments



• Cell8to8cell recognition

• $olecular structure and selective permeability

• Passive transport % diffusion and osmosis

• Active transport % ion pumps co8transport e;ocytosis endocytosis

• Cell signaling and reception

• ignal transduction and protein phosphorylation

!""# )

Cell Cycle 9#:.......Chapter -&

AP Biology =ab 0A $itosis=ab" Garyotypes

• ?enetic continuity and distribution of genetic information in chromosomes

• #nterphase % continuity of DNA

• $itotic phases and mitotic spindle

• Cyto6inesis in plants and animals

• $itosis as evolved from binary fission

• $olecular controls % chec6points cyclins cyclin8dependent 6inases

• #nternal signals % 6inetochores e;periments

• /;ternal signals % gro!th factors density8dependent inhibition anchorage

• Cancer cells escape cell cycle controls

!""# *

$eiosis 9##:.......Chapter -0

AP Biology =ab 0B $eiosis

• #mportance in heredity

• e;ual life cycles 8 alternation of fertiliation and meiosis gametogenesis

• 2eduction in chromosome number

• ?enetic variations due to chromosomal arrangement and independent assortment

• Crossing over produces recombinant chromosomes

!""#S +,

$endelian ?enetics 9##:....Chapters -1, -'

AP Biology =ab 4 ?enetics of *rganisms=ab" ?enetic Distribution of Corn Gernels

• =a! of egregation and alleles

• =a! of #ndependent Assortment and gametes

• $endelian genetics and rules of probability

• Particulate behavior of genes

• Complete dominance incomplete dominance co8dominance



• $ultiple alleles, pleiotropy epistasis polygenic inheritance

• Phenotypes % impact of nature vs. nurture

• $endelian inheritance in humans % recessive dominant multifactorial disorders

• ?enetic testing % amniocentesis CE ne!born screening 6aryotype

• Chromosomal theory of inheritance

• $organ % e;periments lead to gene lin6age

• )eritable variations through genetic recombinants through independence

assortment and crossing over

• Chromosome mapping

• e;8lin6age

• ?enetic disorders and chromosome numbers % aneuploidy and polyploidy

• Alteration of chromosome structure 8 deletion, duplication, inversion, and

translocation

• /;tra8nuclear genes

!""# $-

$olecular Biology 9##:..Chapters -3, -4

=abs" DNA $odel Building

=ab" 2eplication $odels @sing /nymes

• DNA as the genetic material % Avery, $cCarty, and $acleod, and )ershey8Chase

• 2osalind Fran6lin and 8ray diffraction

• Watson and Cric6 models and the double heli;

• Nucleic acid structure and importance of complementary base pairing

• $odels for replication % conservative semi8conservative dispersive

• /nymes control replication % primase polymerases ligase

• Telomeres and telomerase

• /arly evolution of genetic code

• Transcription % DNA8directed enymes modification of transcript introns

codons

• Translation % 2NA8directed t82NA enymes ribosome structure and function

• Point mutations % substitution insertion deletion

• /nergy re7uirements of transcription and translation

!""# $$

Eiral $odels 9##:......Chapter -5

=ab" Plasmid $odels

• )istory of viral discovery % $ayer Beierinc6

• Eiral structures % genome, capsid, envelope, bacteriophages

• )ost ranges % transfer of genetic information

• 2eproductive cycles % lytic and lysogenic



• 2etroviruses and reverse transcriptase )#E

• Eiral diseases and prevention vaccines

• /merging viruses and cancer

• Eiroids and prions tanley Prusiner

• Bacterial transformation, transduction, and conugation

• Transposons and insertion se7uences

• *perons % repressor, regulatory gene, inducer

!""# $%

DNA Technology 9##:...Chapter &+

AP Biology =ab 3A Bacterial TransformationAP Biology =ab 3B ?el /lectrophoresis

=ab" PC2 $odels

• Bacterial plasmids and DNA cloning

• 2estriction enymes, recombinant DNA

• Polymerase chain reaction and electrophoresis

• ?enomics and DNA se7uencing

• DNA technology in medicine, pharmaceuticals, forensics, and agriculture

• /thical 7uestions % genetically modified organisms, availability of genetic

information

?enetic development 9##:......Chapters -H, &-

=ab" Turning ?enes *n and *ff

• DNA pac6aging in chromatin

• Control of gene e;pression• *ncogenes proto8oncogenes tumor8suppressor genes

• /mbryonic development8differentiation

• Transcriptional regulation through cytoplasmic and cellular signals

• )omeotic genes

• Cell signaling and induction

!""# $&

/volution 9##:....Chapters &&, &0

AP Biology =ab 5 Population ?enetics and /volution• )istorical influences % ta;onomy gradualism evolution

• Dar!inIs research % Beagle, Origin of Species

• Descent !ith modification % common ancestor

• Natural selection % struggle for e;istence adaptation to environment

reproduction<inheritance of favorable characteristics over generations

• /vidence of evolution % homologies biogeography fossil record



• Population genetics couples evolution and allele fre7uencies 9)ardy8Weinberg:

• $icroevolution % genetic drift and natural selection

!""# $'

peciation<Phylogeny 9##:.Chapters &1, &'=ab" Constructing a Cladogram

• pecies concepts % biological ecological morphological

• ?ene pool isolation due to ygotic barriers

• Allopatric speciation % geographic barriers

• ympatric speciation % polyploidy autopolyploidy allopolyploidy

• Punctuated e7uilibrium model

• $acroevolution % cumulative change over time

• /volution8development % allometric gro!th heterochrony paedomorphosis

• Fossil record % dating methods continental drift mass e;tinctions

• Ta;onomy % hierarchical classification cladistics

!""# $(

*rigins of =ife<Diversity 9##:....Chapter &3

• /arly earth % emergence of pro6aryotes eu6aryotes multicellular organisms

plants animals

• $iller8@rey % synthesis of organic polymers in early8/arth simulation

• Protobionts

• Three8domain system % universal ancestor

!""# $)

Pro6aryotes 9###:...Chapter &4

=ab" Bacterial $etabolism and Cultures

=ab" $icroscopic #nvestigation of Bacteria=ab" ?ram taining

• tructure % diversity of shapes cell !all construction nucleoid region plasmid

• $etabolic diversity % photoautotrophs chemoautotrophs photoheterotrophs

chemoheterotrophs aerobes anaerobes

• Function % decomposers parasites technology

Protists 9###:..Chapter &5=ab" Protists % $icroscopic #nvestigation

• /volution from pro6aryote % endomembrane system endosymbiosis

• Diversity of structure and function% unicellular to multicellular autotrophic and

heterotrophic



!""# $*

#ntroduction to Plants 9###:....Chapters &H, 0+

=ab" Physical Comparison of Plant Phyla

• Adaptations to land % reproductive vascular tissue seed, flo!er

• Bryophytes % gametophore rhioid sporangium

• eedless vascular plants

• ?ymnosperms % seed pollination

• Angiosperms % monocot dicot

Fungi 9###:.Chapter 0-

=ab" Comparison of Fungal Phyla

=ab" Anatomy of Fungi

• /volutionary adaptations % protista ancestor

• tructure % hyphae mycelium chitin hetero6aryon• Diversity % unicellular multicellular ygosporangium ascus basidium

• Function % decomposers pathogens mycorrhiae commercial uses

!""# $+

#ntroduction to Animals 9###:.........Chapter 0&, 1+

• /volution from flagellated protest

• #ntroduction to animals % body symmetry body plans germ layers tissues

• )omeostasis and feedbac6 mechanisms

!""#S $, %-, %$ S"M"ST"R %

Cellular 2espiration 9#:...Chapter HAP Biology =ab ' Cellular 2espiration

• 2edo; reactions and o;idiing agents

• 2ole of o;ygen 8 aerobes

• 2ecycling of ATP % o;idative and substrate8level phosphorylation

• ?lycolysis % energy input and output

• Grebs cycle % acetyl CoA C*& product

• /lectron transport % cytochromes chemiosmosis proton gradient and o;idative phosphorylation

• /nergy flo! bet!een photosynthesis and respiration

• Fermentation % alcohol, lactic acid, anaerobes

Photosynthesis 9#:....Chapter -+

AP Biology =ab 1 Photosynthesis



• Chloroplast structure % chlorophyll, mesophyll, stomata

• /nergy of light transformation

• =ight reactions % photons chlorophyll a and b structure and function

photosystems proton gradient and phosphorylation ATP NADP)

• Cyclic vs. noncyclic flo! % supply and demand

• Calvin cycle % ?0P rubisco energy re7uirements

• Alternative mechanisms % adaptations in C1 plants and CA$ plants

!""#S %%, %&, %', %(

Plants tructure and Function 9###:....Chapters &H, 0+, 0', 03, 04, 05, 0HAP Biology =ab H Transpiration

=ab" /ffects of )ormones on Plants

=ab" Nutritional 2e7uirements and Plant ?ro!th

• 2oot structure % taproot fibrous root root hairs

• tem structure % node apical bud terminal bud apical dominance• =eaf structure % blade petiole

• Plant tissue % dermal vascular ground

• Plant gro!th % meristems primary secondary vascular bundles stomata

vascular cambium cor6 cambium bar6

• Transport in plants % osmosis !ater potential turgidity transpiration guttation

• Plant nutrition % macronutrients micronutrients hydroponics soil composition

and conservation nitrogen8fi;ation

• Plant reproduction 8 alternation of generations pollination evolutionary

adaptations ase;ual reproduction

• Plant responses % signal transduction hormones phototropism e;perimentscircadian rhythms environmental stimuli

• Debate over plant biotechnology

!""#S %), %*

#nvertebrate tructure and Function 9###:.Chapter 00=ab" Comparison of #nvertebrate /;ternal tructures

=ab" Dissection Comparison of #nternal tructures

• Diversity of structure % spongocoel osculum gastrovascular cavity

•

Diversity of systems 8 incomplete<complete digestive tract open<closedcirculatory system e;os6eleton

• 2eproduction % hermaphrodite regeneration, parthenogenesis

• 2esponses % cnidocysts ganglia nerve cord

Eertebrate tructure and Function 9###:....Chapters 01, 1+

=ab" Comparison of Eertebrate /;ternal tructures

=ab" Dissection Comparison of Eertebrate #nternal tructures



• Diversity of structure % chordate notochord vertebral column tetrapod amniote

• ystem interactions % cloaca gills lungs alimentary canal digestive tract

• 2eproduction % amniotic egg placenta monotreme marsupial

• 2esponse % cephaliation neural crest lateral line ectotherm endotherm

!""#S %+, %, &-, &$, &%, &&

tructure<Function<ystem #nteractions 9###:..Chapters 1-, 1&, 10, 11, 1', 13, 14, 15, 1H

AP Biology =ab -+ Physiology of Circulatory ystem

=ab" 2efle;es

• Nutrition % herbivore carnivore digestion variations in digestive tracts

• Circulation and gas e;change % cardiovascular system circulation gas transport

and e;change

• Defenses % e;ternal leu6ocytes immune response

• )omeostasis % thermoregulation, osmoregulation, e;cretion

• Chemical signals % hormones regulate gro!th and development

• 2eproduction % internal and e;ternal fertiliation embryonic development

• 2esponses % membrane potential and nerve impulses neural integration

neurotransmitters sensory receptors movement

• /volution of the cerebrum

!""#S &', &(, &)

/cology 9###:.......Chapters '+, '-, '1

AP Biology =ab -& Dissolved *;ygen and A7uatic Primary Productivity

=ab" /nergy Flo! through Trophic =evels• ocial behavior % agonistic territory courtship evolutionary conte;t

• $ating behavior and natural selection

• ignaling and communication

• /nergy flo! and cycles

• Distribution of organisms % species dispersal, behavior selection, habitat

selection, biotic and abiotic factors

• Biomes % A7uatic and terrestrial

• /cosystems % trophic levels, energy flo!, cycling of chemical elements

• ?reenhouse effect and global !arming

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AP Biology Syllabus. Dearing