AP Biology

AP Biology

How to prepare for the new AP Biology exam;

Tips, tools, strategies to get you ready.

AP Biology

Part 1 - Planning to Review

Time to get ready: Gather all your notes, old quizzes, tests,

essays, study guides, and labs Organize your materials by content/unit Pace yourself; make a study plan and stick

to it (i.e. study for 1 hour/day for x weeks) Go over the new Curriculum Frameworks

for AP Biology

AP Biology

Study StrategiesFind a study strategy that works for you: Flash cards, rewriting notes, outline book

chapters, flowcharts, diagrams, videos Study in a comfortable place away from

distractions, but not in isolation Study groups – need to have focus

AP Biology

Exam Structure

3 hours long: 90 minutes for 63 multiple choice questions

with 6 grid-in numerical responses• 50% of grade• Calculators allowed for both sections• Formula sheet provided

90 minutes for free response questions• 10 minute reading period• 2 long response questions• 6 short response questions

AP Biology

Big Idea 1 – EvolutionNatural Selection

Darwin, Galapagos Finches, tortoises, iguanas Adaptations, fitness Organisms are subject to their

environment Mechanisms of selection

Sexual, physiological, predation

AP Biology

Big Idea 1 – EvolutionEvidence for Evolution

Fossil record Anatomical record

Analogous, homologous, vestigial structures, embryology

Parallel, co-evolution Molecular record

DNA, proteins Artificial selection

AP Biology

Big Idea 1 – EvolutionPopulation Genetics Populations evolve, not individuals Selection acts on variation Agents of evolution

Genetic drift: migration Gene flow: bottlenecks, founder effect Selection: directional, disruptive, stabilizing Mutation: usually random, sometimes inherited Non-random mating: sexual reproduction increases

diversity

AP Biology

Big Idea 1 – Evolution Hardy-Weinburg p2 + 2 pq + q2 = 1 p + q = 1 p is dominant allele q is recessive allele Gives “snapshot” of non-evolving

population Used to compare to actual populations

AP Biology

Big Idea 1 – EvolutionSpeciation What is a species?

Mechanisms of speciation (allopatric vs. sympatric)

Geographic isolation Ecological isolation Temporal isolation Behavioral isolation Mechanical isolation Gametic isolation Reduced hybrid viability, fertility, and hybrid

breakdown

AP Biology

AP Biology

Lab Review

AP Biology

Investigation 1: Artificial Selection

Objectives: Evaluate changes in a population over time Use qualitative and quantitative date to determine

changes in a population over time Using mathematical methods to make predictions

about a population Use evidence to connect change in the environment to

changes in a population

AP Biology

Lab 2: Population Genetics Description

simulations were used to study effects of different parameters on frequency of alleles in a population selection heterozygous advantage genetic drift

AP Biology

Lab 2: Population Genetics Concepts

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium p + q = 1 p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 required conditions

large population random mating no mutations no natural selection no migration

gene pool heterozygous advantage genetic drift

founder effect bottleneck

AP Biology

Lab 2: Population Genetics Conclusions

recessive alleles remain hidden in the pool of heterozygotes even lethal recessive alleles are not

completely removed from population know how to solve H-W problems!

to calculate allele frequencies, use p + q = 1 to calculate genotype frequencies or how

many individuals, use, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

AP Biology 2004-2005

Lab 2: Population GeneticsESSAY 1989Do the following with reference to the Hardy-Weinberg model for

practice.

a. Indicate the conditions under which allele frequencies (p and q) remain constant from one generation to the next.

b. Calculate, showing all work, the frequencies of the alleles and frequencies of the genotypes in a population of 100,000 rabbits of which 25,000 are white and 75,000 are agouti. (In rabbits the white color is due to a recessive allele, w, and agouti is due to a dominant allele, W.)

c. If the homozygous dominant condition were to become lethal, what would happen to the allelic and genotypic frequencies in the rabbit population after two generations?

AP Biology

Investigation 3: Comparing DNA with BLAST

Objectives: To create cladograms that depict evolutionary

relationships To analyze biological data with a sophisticated

bioinformatics online tool To use cladograms and bioinformatics tools to

ask other questions of your own and to test your ability to apply concepts you know relating to genetics and evolution