AP Biology Discussion Notes

Thursday 9/11/2014

Goals for Today1. Be able to define functional groups

and understand the difference they can make in a molecule.

2. Be able to describe the way that polymers and built and taken apart

3. Be able to describe the characteristics of Lipids & Carbohydrates.

Question of the Day 9/11/2014

What are proteins made of?

What are __________ made of? (2 key parts)

Amino Acids - building blocks of proteins

Amine Group

Carboxyl Group

“AMINO”

End

“ACID” End

Organic Chemistry

- the chemistry of _________

All organic compounds contain: ____

Organic Chemistry

- the chemistry of Life

All organic compounds contain carbon, but not all carbon-containing compounds are organic!

Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers

• A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

• These small building-block molecules are called monomers

• Three of the four classes of life’s organic molecules are polymers

– Carbohydrates– Proteins– Nucleic acids

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

• A dehydration synthesis occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule

• Polymers are disassembled to monomers by hydrolysis, a reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction

The Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Animation: PolymersRight-click slide / select “Play”

Figure 5.2a

(a) Dehydration reaction: synthesizing a polymer

Short polymer Unlinked monomer

Dehydration removesa water molecule,forming a new bond.

Longer polymer

1 2 3 4

1 2 3

Figure 5.2b

(b) Hydrolysis: breaking down a polymer

Hydrolysis addsa water molecule,breaking a bond.

1 2 3 4

1 2 3

The Diversity of Polymers

• Each cell has thousands of different macromolecules (ex. Proteins)

• How are so many proteins built with so few (~___) monomers?

HO

Carbohydrate building

Functional Groups

Functional Groups are “appendages”, or “add-ons” that are found on lots of organic molecules.

Each one has specific properties.

Species of the Day 9/8:Milkweed Tussock Moth Caterpillar : Euchaetes egle. Through what process are the proteins in this caterpillar broken down?

Through what process are the proteins reformed into the proteins of the moth?

Species of the Day 9/11:-

.

Species of the Day 9/11:Monarch: Danaus plexippus. Monarch caterpillars feed on Milkweed plants which contain high levels of cardenolides, a steroid toxin. This chemical acts as an non-competitive inhibitor of sodium/potassium enzyme pumps in animal cell membranes.

What kind of enzyme is the sodium potassium pump?