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AP Biology 2005-2006
Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together
to form larger molecules macromolecules
4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids
AP Biology 2005-2006
Polymers Long molecules built by linking chain
of repeating smaller units polymers monomers = repeated small units covalent bonds
AP Biology 2005-2006
How to build a polymer Condensation reaction
dehydration synthesis joins monomers by “taking” H2O out requires energy
& enzymes
AP Biology 2005-2006
How to break down a polymer
Hydrolysis use H2O to break apart monomers
reverse of condensation reaction
H2O is split into H and OH
AP Biology 2005-2006
Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O
Function: energy energy storage raw materials structural materials
Monomer: sugars
ex: sugars & starches
AP Biology 2005-2006
Simple & complex sugars Monosaccharides
simple 1 monomer sugars glucose
Disaccharides 2 monomers sucrose
Polysaccharides large polymers
AP Biology 2005-2006
Polysaccharides Function:
energy storage starch (plants) glycogen (animals)
building materials = structure cellulose (plants) chitin (arthropods & fungi)
AP Biology 2005-2006
Lipids Lipids are composed of C, H, O
long hydrocarbon chain Diverse group
fats phospholipids steroids
AP Biology 2005-2006
Fats Long HC chain
non-polar hydrophobic
Function: energy storage cushion organs insulates body
AP Biology 2005-2006
Saturated fats All C bonded to H No C=C double bonds
long, straight chain most animal fats solid at room temp.
AP Biology 2005-2006
Unsaturated fats C=C double bonds in the fatty acids
plant & fish fats vegetable oils liquid at room
temperature
AP Biology 2005-2006
Phospholipids & cells Phospholipids of cell membrane
double layer = bilayer hydrophilic heads on outside hydrophobic tails on inside forms barrier between cell &
external environment
AP Biology 2005-2006
Proteins Most structurally & functionally diverse
group of biomolecules Function:
involved in almost everything enzymes structure (keratin, collagen) carriers & transport (membrane channels) receptors & binding (defense) contraction (actin & myosin) signaling (hormones) storage (bean seed proteins)
AP Biology 2005-2006
Proteins Structure:
monomer = amino acids 20 different amino acids
polymer = polypeptide complex 3-D shape
AP Biology 2005-2006
Amino acids Structure:
central carbon amino group carboxyl group (acid) R group (side chain)
variable group confers unique
chemical properties of the amino acid —N—
H
H
H|
—C—|
C—OH
||O
R
AP Biology 2005-2006
Protein structure & function
hemoglobin
function depends on structure 3-D structure
twisted, folded, coiled into unique shape
collagen
pepsin
AP Biology 2005-2006
Secondary (2°) structure “Local folding”
Hydrogen bonds between R groups
-helix (spiral) -pleated sheet
(pleats)
AP Biology 2005-2006
Quaternary (4°) structure Joins together more than 1 polypeptide chain
only then is it a functional protein
hemoglobin
collagen = skin & tendons
AP Biology 2005-2006
Denature a protein Disrupt 3° structure
pH salt temperature
unravel or denature protein “change the shape, change the function”
Some proteins can return to their functional shape after denaturation, many cannot
AP Biology 2005-2006
Nucleic Acids Function:
store & transmit hereditary information
Examples: RNA (ribonucleic acid) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Structure: monomers = nucleotides
AP Biology 2005-2006
Nucleotides 3 parts
nitrogen base (C-N ring) pentose sugar (5C)
ribose in RNA deoxyribose in DNA
PO4 group
AP Biology 2005-2006
Types of nucleotides 2 types of nucleotides
different Nitrogen bases purines
double ring N base adenine (A) guanine (G)
pyrimidines single ring N base cytosine (C) thymine (T) uracil (U)
AP Biology 2005-2006
RNA & DNA RNA
single nucleotide chain Ribose sugar A, U, C, G
DNA double nucleotide chain Deoxyribose sugar A, T, C, G
AP Biology
Macromolecule Summary Carbohydrates
Monomers=monosaccharides Polymers=polysaccharides Used for energy, ex. Sugar
Lipids=fats=triglycerides Monomers=glycerol + 3 fatty acids Polymers=triglycerides Used for energy, ex. Steroids, cell
membranes
2005-2006