AP BIO Review

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Name the essential element that becomespart of the chlorophyll molecule

?

Mg-Magnesium

What role do nitrogen fixingbacteria play in the nitrogencycle?

Convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia (NH3)

Name the 4 groups of plants you learned about

Bryophytes (mosses, hornworts, liverworts) Seedless Vascular plants (ferns)Gynmosperms (naked seed)Angiosperms (flowering plants)

The idea that no two species can share the sameniche is called the ________________________Competitive Exclusion Principle

Nephridia, flame cells, and Malphighian tubulesfunction in which body system?

excretory

Name the plant hormone that results in the Triple Response when growing plants encounter an obstacle

ethylene

The involuntary muscles that cause wave likecontractions to push food through the digestivesystem are _________ muscles.

cardiac striated smooth

smooth

American Bald eagles became endangered whenthe pesticide DDT concentrated in their bodies causing them to lay eggs with low calcium levels.

This concentration of a toxin in greater amountsat upper levels as it moves through a food chainis called ___________________Biological magnification

In vascular plants, the ___________ conveyswater and dissolved minerals upward from roots to shoots.

phloem xylem

XYLEM

Write the 2 equations need to solveHardy-Weinberg equilibrium problems

p2 + 2pq +q2 = 1p + q = 1

If 9% of an African population is born with a severe form of sickle-cell anemia (ss), what percentage of the population will be more resistant to malaria because they are heterozygous?

9% =.09 = ss = q2 q = Square root of .09 = .3 p = 1 - .3 = .7 2pq = 2 (.7 x .3) = .42

42% of the population are heterozyotes (carriers)

___________ cells help load sugarsinto sieve-tube members.

Companion

Name the animal phylum that includes theONLY INVERTEBRATE DEUTEROTOMES.

Echinodermata (Echnioderms)

Which of the following bonding combinations is always found in a DNA molecule?

Purine-purine Pyrimidine-pyrimidine Purine-pyrimidine

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Protein synthesis is also called ___________translation

_________ is when a gene at one locusalters the phenotypic expression of a geneat another locus.

Epistasis

Name a genetic disorder you learned aboutcaused by nondisjunction

Turner syndromeDown syndromeKlinefelter syndromeTriple X syndrome

Name the conditions that must be met fora population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Name the macromolecule formed by dehydrationsynthesis of amino acid monomers

No mutationNo natural selectionNo movement in or outRandom matingLarge population

protein

Tell the number of chromosomes in a human egg cell. 23

Fish have a ___ chambered heart and a___ loop circulatory system.

(Add a number to each blank)

2 1

Which type of muscle tissue is multinucleated? Striated smooth cardiac

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Describe several characteristics of mitochondia and chloroplasts that support the Endosymbiotic theory

• Contain DNA that is different from that of the cell nucleus and that is similar to that of bacteria (in being circular and in its size). • Surrounded by two or more membranes, and the innermost membrane shows composition like that of a prokaryotic cell membrane.

• Form only through a process similar to binary fission.

• Much of the internal structure and biochemistry of plastids, for instance the presence of thylakoids and particular chlorophylls, is very similar to that of cyanobacteria.

• Organelle ribosomes are like those found in bacteria (70s).

• Organelle proteins, like those of bacteria, use N-formylmethionine as the initiating amino acid

_________________ are found in the FIRSTTROPHIC level of all food chains

Producers (autotrophs)

Name the plant polysaccharide made with α-glucose monomers joined with 1-4 linkages

Starch(amylose &amylopectin)

http://www.sciencecollege.co.uk/SC/biochemicals/starch.jpg

Name some types of passive transport you learned about

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, ion channels,osmosis, aquaporins,

Name the polysaccharide made with β-glucosemonomers joined with 1-4 linkages

Cellulose

http://www.fibersource.com/f-tutor/Images/Cell.GIF

Name the following functional groups

Carbonyl(aldehyde)

amino

Carbonyl(ketone)

carboxyl

Hydroxyl sulfhydryl

phosphate

Name this subunit

Amino acid

Joining these together will make which macromolecule?

protein

Name the organelle which modifies and packagesmolecules for transport.

Golgi apparatus

ACOELOMPlaytehelminthes(flatworms)

Match the coelom with the correct worm Phylum

PseudocoelomNematoda(round worms)

EucoelomAnnelida(segmented worms)

http://web.nkc.kku.ac.th/images/lean/1-1.jpg

Lichens are the result of a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and algae. The fungal partner benefits by getting sugars, produced by the algae during photosythesis.The algal partner gets protection against the weather as the fungi normally forms the outer surface. This is an example of ____________

mutualism

Birds and mammals have a ___ chambered heart and a ___ loop circulatory system.

(Add a number to each blank)

4 2

Why does spermatogenesis produce 4 haploidcells, but oogenesis produces only one?

Concentrates all nutrients and cell components into “one good egg” for the greatest chance ofsuccess for the new zygote

Amphibians and most reptiles have a ___ chambered heart and a ___ loop circulatory system.

(Add a number to each blank)

3 2

Give an example of an amniote

Reptiles, birds, mammals

Amniote embryos, whether laid as eggs or carried by the female, are protected and aided by several extensive membranes. In humans, these membranes include the amniotic sac that surrounds the fetus.

Organisms that thrive in very hot environmentsare called ____________ and would be placedin the Domain ______________

thermophilesARCHAEA

Autosomal recessive genetic disorder causedby a single substitution in the genetic code for hemoglobin which causes a change in the shape of red blood cells in low oxygen conditions

Sickle cell anemia

Persons who are heterozygous for the above disorder have increased resistance to thisdisease caused by a parasitic protozoan.

malaria

Organisms are placed into DOMAINS basedon which characteristic?

Ribosomal RNA

α-helix and β-pleated sheet are examples of___________ structures of proteins.

primary secondary tertiary quaternary

secondary

Add your ? hereAdd your ? here

Name the protein molecule that assists inthe folding of other proteins

chaparonin

Tell the place where H+ ions build up as electrons pass down the electron transport chain in mitochondria during cellular respiration

Intermembrane space

Image from: AP BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reece

Hemoglobin molecule is composed of twoα and two β protein chains. This is an example of ____________ protein structure.

primary secondary tertiary quaternary

quaternary

Tell where this moleculemight be found and give its function

Found in red blood cellsCarries oxygen

http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/hemoglobin.jpg

Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis

Where does energy come from?

Where do H+ ions build up?

Final ETC electronacceptor ?

Location of ETC ?

In plants ?In animals ?

COMPARE THE FOLLOWING:

Glucose SUNLIGHT

Intermembranespace

Thylakoid space

NADPHOxygen

In plants andanimals Only in plants

Cristae Thylakoid membrane

Name the three kinds of nitrogen wasteexcreted by animals

Ammonia, urea, uric acid

Which of these is excreted by most aquaticorganisms?

ammonia

Which of these is excreted by reptiles & birds?

Uric acid

Name the protein hormone that causes liver and muscle cells to store glucose as glycogen

insulin

This hormone is produced by the _____ cells found in the islets of _____________in the ______________pancreas

Name the disorder caused by a deficiency ofthis hormone or a decreased response in targettissues.

Diabetes mellitus

Langerhans

beta

Tell whether the following carry highly oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

right atrium left atrium right ventricle left ventricle pulmonary artery pulmonary vein

deoxygenated

Highly oxygenated

deoxygenated

Highly oxygenated

deoxygenated

highly oxygenated

During replication which strand is synthesizedin pieces?

Lagging strand

Name these pieces

Okazai fragments

Which enzyme joins the fragments together ?

DNA ligase

What will happen to this animal cell?

It will shrink It will swell and burst It will same the same size

This cell is in a(n) ______ tonic solution

This process is called________________

hypo

It will swell and burst

cytolysis

Which of the following would probably bea response(s) to a drop in body temperature?

Vasodilation of capillaries in skinConstriction of capillaries in skinErection of hairs/fur on skinIncreased sweatingNonshivering thermogenesisShivering

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COMPARE THE FOLLOWING:

Mouth Anus

Determinatespiral

Indeterminateradial

Vertebrates plus echinoderms

All triploblasticinvertebratesexcept echinoderms

PROTOSTOMES DEUTEROSTOMES

Blastopore becomes ?

Type of cleavage

Animal groups seen in?

Tell the body part responsible for the following:

Thermoregulation Chyme is mixed with pancreatic enzymes Produces bile Stores bile Monitors CO2 concentration in blood

hypothalmus

Duodenum (small intestine)

liver

Gall bladder

Medulla oblongata

Tell the body part responsible for the following:

Contains alveoli Processes toxins Activates pepsinogen oogenesis pulmonary artery pulmonary vein

lungs

liver

stomach

ovary

deoxygenated

highly oxygenated

What will happen to this cell?

It will shrink It will swell and burst It will same the same size

This cell is in a(n) ______ tonic solutioniso

Stay the same size

Activation of pepsinogen is an example of______________ feedback because once some pepsinogen molecules are activated by acid in the stomach to pepsin, activation occurs at an increasingly rapid rate because pepsin canactivate additional molecules of pepsinogen.

POSITIVE

_________ connect arteries and capillariesArterioles

This part is a muscle cell releases Ca++ when thecell receives the stimulus to contract.

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Name the neurotransmitter released into thesynaptic cleft when a nerve signal is transmittedacetylcholine

The rise in levels of which ion through voltage gated channels causes the fusion of vesicles and the release of the neurotransmitter above.

Ca++

Removal of introns/joining of exonsPoly A tail added5’ guanine cap added

____________ is a molecular tag added toproteins that marks them for degradationby proteosomes

UBIQUITIN

Describe some of the post transcriptional modificationson eukaryotic DNA prior to leaving the nucleus

spliceosomes

RNA molecules that function as enzymesare called ___________ribozymes

During replication, which strand is synthesizedcontinuously?

Leading strand

Name the complex that recognizes slice sites, removesintrons, and combines exons during mRNA processing ?

Name the enzyme whose function is to: Attaches the correct amino acid to a tRNA Starts a DNA strand by putting in a short stretch of RNA Adds protective ends onto DNA to prevent loss of the message when its copied

Amino acyl t-RNA synthase

primase

telomerase

DNA replication can be described as____________________

Dispersive conservative semi-conservative

Semi-conservative

Name 3 ways bacterial DNA can be changedin nature.

Transformationconjugation (bacterial sex)transduction

Bacterial “sex” is also called ___________________conjugation

Small circular self replicating DNA separatefrom the bacterial chromosome that often carry genes for antibiotic resistance are called ____________plasmids

Name the molecule in the cell walls of most Prokaryotes but missing in archaeans.

peptidoglycan

Tell some differences between the following:

MONOCOTS EUDICOTSOne cotyledon Two cotyledonsVeins parallel Veins netlikeVascular tissue scattered Vascular tissue in ringFibrous roots Taproot (main root)Pollen grain w/1 opening Pollen grain w/3 openingsFlower parts in Flower parts in multiples multiples of 3 multiples of 4 or 5

Which of the following is found in all triploblasticanimals other than worms?

Eucoelom OR true coelom

http://web.nkc.kku.ac.th/images/lean/1-1.jpg

What will happen to this cell?

It will shrink It will swell and burst It will same the same size

In an animal cell, this process is called________________

hyperThis cell is in a(n) ______ tonic solution

It will shrink

crenation

Enzyme used to join “sticky ends” of DNA fragments cut with restriction endonucleases

ligase

virus

Unwinds DNA during replication

helicase

Infectious agent consisting of a nucleic acid (DNA/RNA Double/single stranded) surrounded by a protein coat

The fusion of gametes to form a zygote

fertilization

If a plant has both male and female parts on the same flower it is called ____________.heterospory

In guinea pigs, black fur (B) is dominant to brown fur (b) . No tail (T) is dominant to having a tail (t). What fraction of the progeny of the cross BbTt X BbTt will have black fur and tails?

9/16

Which of the coelom patterns shown is characteristic of humans?

A

Name the +/O type of symbiosis in which one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.

commensalism

Which of the following is the site of pollen production?

c

Placing an egg in distilled water would cause it toA. undergo plasmolysisB. swell and possibly burstC. stay the same sizeD. shrink smaller

b

Small pieces of complementary DNA used to start the strand when copying the DNA segmentto be amplified using PCR

primer

DIPLOID cell formed when two haploid gametes join

zygote

Name a body organ that develops from mesoderm.

Bone, muscle

During DNA replication the ____________ strand is synthesized continuously in the 5’ → 3’ direction. lagging leading

leading

In Linnaeus’s hierarchy, families are grouped into larger taxons called _______________orders

What is the function of the Casparian strip?

To block passive flow of water