AP Bio Midterm Review

7/23/2019 AP Bio Midterm Review

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AP Biology

Midterm Review: Chapter-By-Chapter Name:

Topic 1: Evolution in Populations/Descent with Modiication

1. What were the two major points of Darwin’s publication !he "rigin of #pecies$%

&. Define the following terms:a. Natural selection

b. '(olutionary a)aptation

c. '(olution

). !a*onomy

+. Detail the impact,position,contribution to e(olutionary theory an) inclu)e aperspecti(e of time in the following:a. Aristotle

b. -innaeus

c. u(ier

). -amarc/

e. 0althus

f. utton

2. ow )oes catastrophism relate to the i)eas of gra)ualism%

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4. ow )i) the 5oyage of the Beagle impact Darwin’s research%

6. ow )i) Alfre) Wallace impact Darwin in his wor/%

7. What part )i) a)aptation play in Darwin’s thin/ing%

3. What )i) Darwin mean by )escent with mo)ification%

8. ow )i) the concept of artificial selection impact Darwin’s i)eas%

19. What three wor) phrase summaries Darwin’s mechanism of e(olution%

11. '*plain the e(olution of Drug ;esistance in bacteria in terms of natural selection.

1&. Define the following terms:a. omologous structures

b. 5estigial structures

c. Analogous structures

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1+. What is biogeography an) why is it important to the stu)y of e(olution%

12. ow )o the fossil recor) an) se)imentary roc/ pro(i)e e(i)ence to e(olution%

What is the smallest using of e(olution an) why is this important to un)erstan)%

14.Define the following terms:a. 0icroe(olution

b. Population

c. Population genetics

). <ene pool

1 What is the ar)y=Weinberg !heorem an) why )oes it appear to be an apparentcontra)iction to e(olution%

16.What is ar)y=Weinberg e>uilibrium%

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17.?se the blan/ )iagram below to relate the =W e>uation to a Punnett s>uare.

13.What are the fi(e con)itions for =W e>uilibrium to maintaine)%

18.ow can the =W e>uation be use) to to)ay in terms of human health%

&9.What are the two broa) processes that ma/e e(olution possible%

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&1.What is the impact of the following:a.Point mutation

b.<ene )uplication

c.#e*ual recombination

1 What is the relationship between mutation rates an) generation span%

&&.Define the following:a.<enetic )rift

b.Bottlenec/ effect

c.@oun)er effect

).<ene flow

1 Why woul) we )iscuss a)apti(e e(olution an) what role )oes natural selectionplay%

&+. <i(e e*amples of phenotypical (ariation that is not inheritable.

&2. '*plain the terms phenotypic polymorphism an) genetic polymorphism incommon terms gi(ing an e*ample from your own e*perience. will be loo/ing for areasonable answer for this >uestion points will be )e)ucte) if not answere).

&4. ow )o we measure genetic (ariation%

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&6. ow can (ery small )ifferences in nucleoti)e se>uences lea) to such )i(ersity inthe human population%

&7. What is geographic (ariation an) how )oes the term cline relate%

&3. What is )ifferent about the terms fitness an) relati(e fitness%

&8. Why is it sai) that e(olution acts on phenotypes an) not genotypes%

+9. ?se the )iagram below to )ifferentiate between the mo)es of selection.

+1. Why )oes )iploi)y preser(e genetic (ariation%

+&. ow )oes balancing natural selection relate to the term balance) polymorphism%

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++. Define an) gi(e an e*ample of the following:a.eteroygote a)(antage

b.@re>uency )epen)ent selection

c.Neutral (ariation

).#e*ual )imorphism

e.ntrase*ual selection

f.nterse*ual selection

1 What are the limitations to Natural #election%

Topic !: "omeostasis and #ystems

1. ompare an) contrast )iffusion in a single=celle) protist to an animal with two celllayers.

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&. -abel the )iagram of the internal e*change surfaces.

+. ow are the tissues arrange) into organs an) then into organ systems% '*plainthis using the )igesti(e system as an e*ample.

2. What is metabolic rate an) how is it )etermine)%

4. '*plain the three influences on metabolic rate.

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6. Define an) e*plain the following:;egulators=

onformers=

Negati(e fee)bac/=

Positi(e fee)bac/=

!hermoregulation=

7. ompare an) contrast ectotherms an) en)otherms.

3. !here are 4 categories of a)aptations that help animals thermoregulate. Describeeach one an) how they wor/ in your own wor)s.

nsulation=

irculatory A)aptations=

ooling by '(aporati(e eat -oss=

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Beha(ioral responses=

A)justing 0etabolic eat Pro)uction=

8. Name three of the organ systems that help with thermoregulation by comple*negati(e fee)bac/ mechanisms.

19. Define the following:a. Acclimatiation=

b. ibernation=

c. 'sti(ation=

). Daily torpor=

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11. -abel the )iagram below:

1&.ontrast the four types of leu/ocytes Cwhite bloo) cells.

1+.Describe the process of phagocytosis by macrophages.

12.Describe the role of histamine in the inflammatory response.

14.Define the following terms:a. Natural Eiller CNE cells

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b. Antigen

c. 'pitope

). B lymphocyte

e. ! lymphocyte

1 -abel the )iagram below concerning antigen receptors on lymphocytes.

16. ontrast the way ! cell receptors recognie an) bin) with antigens with the waythat B cell receptors )o%

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17. -abel the )iagram below concerning clonal selection of B cells:

13.ontrast the primary immune response with the secon)ary immune response.

18.Define the following terms:

a. umoral immune response

b. ell=me)iate) immune response

c. elper ! cell

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1 -abel the following o(er(iew of the ac>uire) immune response:

&9. ontrast acti(e an) passi(e immunity:

&1. Describe the (arious compatibilities an) incompatibilities of the (arious bloo)typesF inclu)ing ;h factors.

&&.What is a hormone%

&+.What constitutes the en)ocrine system an) what are its functions%

&2.What are en)ocrine glan)s%

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&4.;e(iew the basics of negati(e fee)bac/ e*plain negati(e fee)bac/ using thefollowing terms: receptorF control centerF effectorF an) efferent signal.

&6. What are the three major classes of molecules that function as hormones in

(ertebrates%

&7.ow can one chemical signal cause )ifferent effects%

&3.ow )oes the hypothalamus integrate information%

&8.What two hormones are release) by the posterior pituitary an) what are theiractions%

+9.-ist one e*ample of a physiological response to o(erpro)uction an)un)erpro)uction of growth hormone.

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+1.-abel the fee)bac/ loop for regulation of the thryroi)

+&.omplete the )iagram below of the fee)bac/ loops concerning calcium regulation.

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1. omplete the )iagram below you ha(e seen this before concerning glucosehomeostasis.

++.ompare an) contrast the central an) peripheral ner(ous systems.

+2.What are the functions of the following:a. #ensory neurons

b. nterneurons

c. 0otor neurons

). 'ffector cells

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1 ?se the )iagram below to )emonstrate the acti(ity surroun)ing a refle* response.

+4.-abel the neuron below be prepare) to label this on a >ui the )ay that this is)ue.

+6.Why are glial cells important%

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AP Biology

+7. -abel the )iagram below an) e*plain why myelin is important in ner(e con)uction

+3. Define the following terms:a. 0embrane potential

b. ;esting potential

1 Discuss the two types of gate) ion channels below:a. -igan)

b. 5oltage

1 Define the following terms:a. yperpolariation

b. Depolariation

c. <ra)e) potentials

). !hreshol)

e. Action potential

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1 -abel the )iagram below concerning the generation of an action potential.

+8. ow )o the (arious factors affect the spee) of an action potential%a. -arger a*on

b. 0yelination an) salutatory con)uction

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AP Biology

1 -abel the )iagram below )emonstrating the con)uction of the action potential.

29. What happens at the synaptic cleft%

21. ontrast e*citatory an) inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.

2&. Discuss the neurotransmitters liste) below:a. Acetylcholine

b. Biogenic aminesi. 'pinephrine an) norepinephrine

ii. Dopamine

iii. #erotonin

a <ABA

c. 'n)orphins

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). Nitrous o*i)e

1 Define the following terms:a. entral ner(ous system

b. Peripheral ner(ous system

c. #omatic ner(ous system

). Autonomic ner(ous system

1 What is the limbic system an) what is its function%

Topic $: Cells and Cellular Transport

1. -abel the pro/aryotic cell below list structure an) function.

&. Why is surface area to (olume such an important concept as it applies to the sieof a cell%

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+. @or each of the structures below note the specific structure an) the function ofthe organelle or part of the organelle. !he important concept is to note how thespecific structure allows for the specific function to be accomplishe).

a. Nucleus

i. Nuclear en(elope

ii. Nuclear lamina

iii. hromosomes

i(. hromatin

(. Nucleolus

b. ;ibosomes

c. 'n)oplasmic reticulum

i. #mooth ';

ii. ;ough ';

). <olgi Apparatus

e. -ysosomes

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f. 5acuoles

i. @oo)

ii. ontractile

iii. entral w,tonoplast

g. 'n)omembrane system o(erall

h. 0itochon)ria

i. 0itochon)rial matri*

ii. ristae

i. Plasti)s

i. Amyloplast

ii. hromoplast

iii. hloroplast

1. thyla/oi)s

&. stroma

j. pero*isomes

/. cytos/eleton pay careful attention to the )etails in this section

i. microtubules

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1. centrosomes an) centrioles

&. cilia an) flagella

+. )ynein wal/ing

ii. microfilaments

1. actin

&. myosin

+. pseu)opo)ia

2. cytoplasmic streaming

iii. interme)iate filaments

l. ell walls

i. Primary cell wall

ii. 0i))le lamella

iii. #econ)ary cell wall

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m. '*tracellular matri*

i. ollagen

ii. Proteoglycans

iii. @ibronectin

i(. ntegrins

n. What are intercellular junctions an) why are they important%

2. What )oes selecti(e permeability mean an) why is that important to cells%

4. What is an amphipathic molecule%

6. ow is the flui)ity of cell membrane’s maintaine)%

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7. -abel the )iagram below for each structure briefly list it’s function:

3. -ist the si* broa) functions of membrane proteins.

8. ow )o glycolipi)s an) glycoproteins help in cell to cell recognition%

19.Why is membrane si)e)ness an important concept in cell biology%

11. ow has our un)erstan)ing of membrane permeability change) since the)isco(ery of a>uaporins%

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AP Biology

1&. What is )iffusion an) how )oes a concentration gra)ient relate to passi(etransport%

1+. Why is free water concentration the )ri(ing$ force in osmosis%

12. Why is water balance )ifferent for cells that ha(e walls as compare) to cellswithout walls%

14. -abel the )iagram below:

1. What is the relationship between ion channelsF gate) channels an) facilitate))iffusion write 1 =& sentences using those terms correctly.

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AP Biology

16. ow is A!P specifically use) in acti(e transport%

17. Define an) contrast the following terms: membrane potentialF electrochemicalgra)ientF electrogenic pump an) proton pump.

13. What is cotransport an) why is an a)(antage in li(ing systems%

18. What is a ligan)%

&9. ontrast the following terms: phagocytosisF pinocytosis an) receptor=me)iate)en)ocytosis.

Topic %: &ntroduction to En'ymes and Cellular Respiration

1. ontrast the catabolic an) anabolic pathways.

&. Define the following terms: these terms an) concepts are critical they woul) begreat$ mi)term >uestion wor)s.a. 'nergy

b. Einetic energy

c. eat,thermal energy

). hemical energy

e. !hermo)ynamics

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f. @irst -aw of !hermo)ynamics

g. #econ) -aw of !hermo)ynamics

h. @ree 'nergy

+. ontrast e*ergonic an) en)ergonic reactions in terms of: free energyF stabilityFcapacity to )o wor/.

2. ow )o you /now if a reaction is spontaneous%

4. an a close) system at e>uilibrium )o wor/% Why or why not%

6. -ist an) gi(e an e*ample of the thee main /in)s of cellular wor/ )one by A!P.

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7. -abel the )iagram below an) in)icate how cellular wor/ is )one by A!P.

3. Define phosphorylate).

8. n your own wor/sF e*plaine) the concept of couple) reactions an) A!P )oingwor/.

19.What is the relationship between e*ergonic reactionsF en)ergonic reactions an)the use an) regeneration of A!P%

11. What is acti(ation energy%

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AP Biology

1&. -abel the )iagrams below inclu)ing the change in free energy.

1+. Define the following terms:a. #ubstrate

b. 'nyme substrate comple*

c. Acti(e site

). n)uce) fit

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AP Biology

12. -abel the following )iagram:

14. ow )o temperate an) p Cspecifically affect enyme acti(ity%

16. ompare an) contrast competiti(e an) noncompetiti(e inhibitors.

17.What is allosteric regulation an) how )oes assist in the regulation of metabolism%

13. What is cooperati(ity%

18. ow )oes fee)bac/ inhibition wor/%

&9.Define the two catabolic pathways:a. @ermentation

b. ellular respiration

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1 ?se the following terms correctly in a sentence: re)o* reactionsF o*i)ationFre)uctionF re)ucing agent an) o*i)iing agent.

&1.Why is being re)uce)$ e>ui(alent to ha(ing a greater potential energy%

&&.n cellular respirationF what is being o*i)ie) an) what is being re)uce)%

&+.-abel the )iagram below of the electron mo(ement with regar) to the coenymeNADG.

&2.Why are electron transport chains an a)(antage to li(ing systems%

&4.What are the three stages of aerobic cellular respiration%

&6.What is substrate=le(el phosphorylation%

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&7.omplete the chart below regar)ing glycolysis

&3.What is o*i)ati(e phosphorylation%

&8.What are cytochromes%

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+9. Define chemiosmosis an) label the )iagram below.

+1. -abel the )iagram below of the acti(ities occurring on the '!.

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+&. omplete the summary )iagram of cellular respiration. Hou are responsible forthese I’s an) locationsJ

++. -abel the )iagram of fermentation below:

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+2. Does aerobic cellular respiration happen in pro/aryotic organisms if yes where%

+4. What is the o(erall purpose of fermentation% Why )oes it ha(e to occur%

+6. What is a facultati(e anaerobe%

+7. What is the e(olutionary significance of glycolysis%

+3. Why )o fats pro(i)e a little more than twice as many calories per gram ascompare) to carbohy)rates or proteins% int: !hin/ of the output of the itric Aci)ycle.

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AP Bio Midterm Review