20
AP Bio Directed Study Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26 1. AP Bio Summer Assignment MANDATORY FOR ALL AP BIOLOGY STUDENTS Students should purchase a copy of the McGraw Hill 5 Steps to a 5 AP Biology (2011-2012 version preferred) available at any book store or online. 9 th graders only - stop by MVHS after May 14 th to check out a copy of our AP Biology Test Prep Series booklet. Information and Powerpoint ® Presentations for the AP Biology summer assignment can be found at http://carnesapbiology.wordpress.com/ (click on Summer AP Bio Study) in the upper right-hand corner of the web screen. The Powerpoint ® Presentations can be accessed by clicking on the appropriate page at the right side of the screen. Textbooks WILL NOT be provided to students please use the web page and internet sources to complete the summer assignment. 2. Summer Evolution Institute at Mountain View MANDATORY FOR 9 TH GRADERS; ADVISED FOR ALL AP BIOLOGY STUDENTS Two Weeks scheduled for June 18 th June 21 st (Mon-Thurs) and June 25 th June 28 th (Mon-Thurs) from 8:00am until 11:30am daily. Students will participate in a comprehensive study of our AP Evolution unit textbook chapters 22-26. Students will complete ONE of the required THIRTEEN AP Biology labs during the summer evolution institute (AP Lab #8 Population Genetics). Students must provide their own transportation to and from MVHS. A selected response and written assessment will be given at the end of the institute to evaluate student performance. Students will be recommended for continuation into the AP Biology Program or will be recommended for another alternative such as Gifted/Honors Biology. 3. Mountain View’s Tuesday/Thursday 9 th Grade AP Bio Prep Classes: Beginning in early August 2011 (continuing for four to six weeks), candidates should plan to attend BOTH Tuesday and Thursday evening prep classes from 2:20 until 3:30. MANDATORY FOR 9 TH GRADERS; ADVISED FOR ALL AP BIOLOGY STUDENTS Students will learn about and practice the process for timed reading and writing free response essays as required on the AP Bio examination. Students will conduct several pre-AP Biology inquiry-based labs, with a focus on lab design, data collection, and synthesis and analysis of data. Students will be exposed to organizational and study skills, as well as time-management skills.

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Page 1: AP Bio Directed Study Summer Assignment Evolution ... · PDF fileAP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26 ... with a focus on lab design, data ... Summer

AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26

1. AP Bio Summer Assignment

MANDATORY FOR ALL AP BIOLOGY STUDENTS

Students should purchase a copy of the McGraw Hill 5 Steps to a 5 AP Biology (2011-2012 version

preferred) – available at any book store or online.

9th

graders only - stop by MVHS after May 14th

to check out a copy of our AP Biology Test Prep Series

booklet.

Information and Powerpoint® Presentations for the AP Biology summer assignment can be found at

http://carnesapbiology.wordpress.com/ (click on Summer AP Bio Study) in the upper right-hand corner

of the web screen. The Powerpoint® Presentations can be accessed by clicking on the appropriate page

at the right side of the screen. Textbooks WILL NOT be provided to students – please use the web

page and internet sources to complete the summer assignment.

2. Summer Evolution Institute at Mountain View

MANDATORY FOR 9TH

GRADERS; ADVISED FOR ALL AP BIOLOGY STUDENTS

Two Weeks – scheduled for June 18th

–June 21st (Mon-Thurs) and June 25

th–June 28

th (Mon-Thurs)

from 8:00am until 11:30am daily.

Students will participate in a comprehensive study of our AP Evolution unit – textbook chapters 22-26.

Students will complete ONE of the required THIRTEEN AP Biology labs during the summer evolution

institute (AP Lab #8 – Population Genetics).

Students must provide their own transportation to and from MVHS.

A selected response and written assessment will be given at the end of the institute to evaluate

student performance. Students will be recommended for continuation into the AP Biology

Program or will be recommended for another alternative such as Gifted/Honors Biology.

3. Mountain View’s Tuesday/Thursday 9th

Grade AP Bio Prep Classes: Beginning in early August 2011

(continuing for four to six weeks), candidates should plan to attend BOTH Tuesday and Thursday

evening prep classes from 2:20 until 3:30.

MANDATORY FOR 9TH

GRADERS; ADVISED FOR ALL AP BIOLOGY STUDENTS

Students will learn about and practice the process for timed reading and writing free response essays –

as required on the AP Bio examination.

Students will conduct several pre-AP Biology inquiry-based labs, with a focus on lab design, data

collection, and synthesis and analysis of data.

Students will be exposed to organizational and study skills, as well as time-management skills.

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AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26

1. VISIT OUR CLASS WEBSITE – BECOME FAMILIAR WITH THE DESIGN OF THE CLASS

SITE:

www.carnesapbiology.wordpress.com

2. SUMMER AP BIO STUDY:

Powerpoints® needed to complete this independent study on Evolution can be found on my class website

(www.carnesapbiology.wordpress.com) – THESE CAN BE FOUND UNDER THE “Summer AP Bio

Study” tab on the class page. IF YOU CANNOT FIND ALL OF THE INFORMATION YOU NEED IN

THE POWERPOINT PRESENTATIONS – USE THE INTERNET TO FIND ACCURATE MATERIAL

TO COMPLETE YOUR SUMMER ASSIGNMENT. Our summer assignment is designed to provide

students with an opportunity to participate in an independent study on one of our most essential units:

Evolution. This study incorporates material from our Campbell/Reece textbook (chapters 22-26) as well

as an online comprehensive evolution lab review. Past AP Bio essay questions covering this unit are also

available on my class website.

3. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETION OF SUMMER STUDY:

I advise that students concentrate on one chapter a week. Move slowly through the required material

using either your textbook or my Powerpoints® to guide your responses to the questions asked (see the

schedule provided below). Responses to all questions should be written in COMPLETE THOUGHTS

using COMPLETE SENTENCES. Complete the lab simulation ONLY AFTER you have completed the

required material for Ch. 23. If you are asked to draw a diagram – the appropriate response is to DRAW

IT, LABEL IT, AND DESCRIBE IT USING COLOR! THE PURPOSE OF THIS INDEPENDENT

STUDY IS TO LEARN THE MATERIAL…NOT JUST ANSWER THE QUESTIONS.

Week #1 (May 28th

– June 1st)…focus on Chapter 22 – Descent with Modification: A Darwinian

View of Life

Week #2 (June 4th

– June 8th

)…focus on Chapter 23 – The Evolution of Populations AND complete

the online version of AP Lab #8 – Population Genetics at

http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/

Week #3 (June 11th

– June 15th

)…focus on Chapter 24 – The Origin of Species

Week #4 & 5 (June 18th

– June 28th

)...participate in AP Biology Summer Institute at MVHS

Week #6 (July 2nd

– July 6th

)…focus on Chapter 25 – The History of Life on Earth

Week #7 (July 9th

– July 13th

)…focus on Chapter 26 – Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Week #8 (July 16th

– July 20th

)…review Ch. 22 & 23 (including AP Lab #8)

Week #9 (July 23rd

– July 27th

)...review Ch. 24

Week #10 (July 20th

– August 3rd

)...review Ch. 25 & 26

4. DUE DATES FOR SUMMER STUDY:

Students will be tested over this material during week two following the beginning of our school year.

Your evolution independent study packet responses (including the lab simulation) will be due during the

FIRST WEEK OF SCHOOL. If you have any questions regarding this assignment during your summer

break, please do not hesitate to email or call me for help!

Email: [email protected]

Phone: please email me if my phone number is needed STUDENTS MAY ALSO BLOG ON MY WEB PAGE….ASK ME OR THEIR PEERS QUESTIONS IF NEEDED!

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AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26

Concept 22.1 – The Darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young Earth inhabited by

unchanging species. While Darwin is accredited with being the father of evolutionary thought, many scientists’

discoveries and ideas helped shape Darwin’s thinking.

1. What was the contribution of Carolus Linnaeus to the evolutionary theories?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

2. How did Charles Lyell’s principle of uniformitarianism help guide Darwin’s thinking?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

3. Identify the principles of Lamarck’s theory of evolution.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Concept 22.2 – Descent with modification by natural selection explains the adaptations of organisms and the

unity and diversity of life.

4. Define descent with modification:

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

5. How did Darwin’s experience with artificial selection influence his theories of evolution?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

6. Carefully define the following terms:

a. allele: ___________________________________________________________________________

b. genotype: ________________________________________________________________________

c. phenotype: _______________________________________________________________________

d. fitness:

_________________________________________________________________________________

e. adaptation:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

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AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26

7. How do genetic variation and mutation play roles in natural selection?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

8. How does an ever-changing environment play a role in natural selection?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

9. Summarize the observations and inferences recognized as the backbone of evolution by natural selection as

presented by Darwin. You should use the following terms in your description: natural variation,

overproduction of offspring, limited resources & competition, favorable phenotypes, heritable traits, fitness,

adaptation, evolution by natural selection.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Concept 22.3 – Evolution is supported by an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence.

10. For each of the following, indicate how it is used as evidence of evolution by natural selection:

a. direct observation (antibiotic-resistant bacteria)

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

b. the fossil record/paleontology:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

c. biogeography:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

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AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26

d. continental drift: -

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

e. endemic species:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

f. homology:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

g. homologous structures:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

h. vestigial organs:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

i. embryonic homologies:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

j. molecular homologies:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

k. convergent evolution/analogous structures:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

Ch. 22 Essential Knowledge – bringing it all together.

11. Define evolution:

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

12. Homologous structures show evidence of relatedness while analogous structures show solutions to similar

problems but DO NOT indicate close relatedness. Give relevant biological examples that support this

statement.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

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AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

13. Individuals do not evolve, populations evolve. Explain what is meant by this statement and give relevant

biological examples that support it.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

14. Environments change and act as selective mechanisms on populations. Describe how the phenomenon of

the peppered moth can be used as an illustrative example to support this statement.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

15. Some phenotypic variations significantly increase or decrease fitness of the organism and the population.

Describe how sickle-cell anemia can be used as an illustrative example to support this statement.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

16. Humans impact variation in other species. Describe how overuse of antibiotics can be used as an

illustrative example to support this statement.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

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AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26

Concept 23.1 – Mutation and sexual reproduction produce the genetic variation that makes evolution possible.

1. Define microevolution and explain how it is different from macroevolution.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

2. Mutations are the only source of new genes and new alleles, and only mutations in the cell lines that produce

gametes can be passed to offspring. Describe the following types of mutations and give an example of each:

a. point mutations:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

b. chromosomal mutations:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

3. Most of the genetic variation within a population is the result of sexual recombination. Describe the

following three mechanisms for shuffling of alleles:

a. crossing over:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

b. independent assortment:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

c. fertilization:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

Concept 23.2 – The Hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to test whether a population is evolving.

4. What is meant by the statement “the population is at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?”

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

5. What are the five conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

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AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26

6. How does each of the following break H-W assumptions?

a. small population size:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

b. natural selection:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

c. gene flow:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

d. mutation:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

e. selective mating:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

7. Describe the following variables as they relate to the Hardy-Weinberg equation:

a. p = _____________________________________________________________________________

b. q = _____________________________________________________________________________

c. p2 = _____________________________________________________________________________

d. 2pq = ___________________________________________________________________________

e. q2 = _____________________________________________________________________________

f. p2 + 2pq + q

2 = 1 __________________________________________________________________

g. p + q = 1 _________________________________________________________________________

8. Using the variables described above, evaluate the following: Suppose in a plant population that red flowers

(R) are dominant to white flowers (r). In a population of 750 individuals, 40% show the recessive

phenotype. How many individuals would you expect to be homozygous dominant and heterozygous for this

trait? Hint: solve for p2 and 2pq! Show your work below:

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AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26

Concept 23.3 – Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can alter allele frequencies in a population.

9. Mutations can alter gene frequency but are rare. The three major factors that alter allelic frequencies and

bring about most evolutionary change are natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow. Describe how each

of the following alter allele frequencies AND whether the ultimate outcome is an increase or decrease in

genetic variation within a population:

a. Natural Selection:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

b. Genetic Drift:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

c. Gene Flow:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

10. How does genetic drift apply to each of the following? Give an example of each.

a. Founder Effect:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

b. Bottleneck Effect:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

Concept 23.4 – Natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution.

11. What is meant by the term relative fitness? How is it measured?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

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AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26

12. Natural selection acts more directly on the phenotype and indirectly on the genotype and can alter allele

frequency in three major ways. Describe AND give an example of each of the following modes of natural

selection:

a. Directional Selection:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

b. Disruptive Selection:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

c. Stabilizing Selection:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

13. Label the following graphs of variation in color with the type of selection. Provide a description of each

type of selection under the graph.

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AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26

14. Genetic variation may be preserved in a population. Define the following and describe how each preserves

genetic variation.

a. Diploidy:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

b. Heterozygous Advantage:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

15. Using the example of sickle-cell anemia and malaria, discuss how nature can preserve a deleterious

(harmful) trait in a population.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

16. Natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms. For each of the following, give an example or describe

what is meant by the statement:

a. Evolution is limited by historical constraints.

_________________________________________________________________________________

b. Adaptations are often compromises.

_________________________________________________________________________________

c. Not all evolution is adaptive.

_________________________________________________________________________________

d. Selection can only edit existing variations.

_________________________________________________________________________________

Ch. 23 Essential Knowledge – bringing it all together.

17. Now that you have completed Ch. 23, use your virtual lab packet to complete the online simulation of AP

Lab #8 – Population Genetics.

a. Log onto http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/index.html and select AP Lab 8

- Population Genetics.

b. All lab responses should be written into your virtual lab packet and submitted with your summer

assignment.

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AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26

Concept 24.1 – The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation.

1. Define “species” in terms of the biological species concept:

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

2. What is reproductive isolation? Why is it thought to be essential for the formation of distinct species rather

than a continuum from one form of life to another?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the difference between a prezygotic and postzygotic barrier to mating?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

4. Define AND give an example for each of the following barriers that cause isolation:

a. prezygotic barriers:

i. habitat isolation:

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

ii. behavioral isolation:

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

iii. temporal isolation:

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

iv. mechanical isolation:

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

v. gamete isolation:

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

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AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26

b. postzygotic barriers:

i. reduced hybrid viability:

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

ii. reduced hybrid fertility:

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

iii. hybrid breakdown:

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

Concept 24.2 – Speciation can take place with or without geographic isolation.

5. Define the following modes of speciation:

a. Allopatric Speciation:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

b. Sympatric Speciation:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

6. One mechanism that can lead to sympatric speciation in plants is the formation of autopolyploid plants.

What is an autopolyploid plant? How does this occur? How might it lead to speciation?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

7. What is adaptive radiation? What events normally lead to adaptive radiation? How are Darwin’s finches an

example of a species undergoing adaptive radiation?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

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AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26

Concept 24.3 – Speciation can occur rapidly or slowly, and it can result from changes in few or many genes.

8. Compare gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

9. Define each of the following evolutionary trends:

a. convergent evolution:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

b. analogous traits:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

c. parallel evolution:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

d. co-evolution:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

Ch. 24 Essential Knowledge – bringing it all together.

10. Life continues to evolve within a changing environment, and new species arise when two populations

diverge from a common ancestor and become reproductively isolated. Describe how studies on the plant

and animal inhabitants of island chains can be used as an illustrative example to support this statement.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

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AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26

Concept 25.1 – Conditions on early Earth made the origin of life possible.

1. Current theory about how life arose consists of four main stages. Describe these stages in the appropriate

order below:

a. #1: _____________________________________________________________________________

b. #2: _____________________________________________________________________________

c. #3: _____________________________________________________________________________

d. #4: _____________________________________________________________________________

2. What is the age of the Earth? _______________________________________________________________

3. How long ago did life emerge on Earth? ______________________________________________________

4. Describe the hypothesized conditions on Earth when life arose.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

5. As a result of photosynthesis by the earliest life forms, oxygen began to accumulate in the atmosphere about

2.7 billion years ago. How did this accumulation of oxygen allow for more complex life forms to evolve?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

6. Hypothetical early conditions of Earth have been simulated in laboratories, and organic molecules have

been produced. Describe the hypothesis tested by and the results of the following simulations:

a. Oparin & Haldane:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

b. Miller & Urey:

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

7. What molecule is hypothesized to be the first genetic material? ____________________________________

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AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26

Concept 25.2 – The fossil record documents the history of life on Earth.

8. What are some methods by which fossils can be dated to provide evidence for evolution?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Concept 25.3 – Key events in life’s history include the origins of single-celled and multicelled organisms and

the colonization of land.

9. Eukaryotes appeared on Earth about 2.1 billion years ago. Describe the theory of endosymbiosis…include

evidence for this hypothesis:

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

10. Scientific Hypothesis for the origin of life (study tool only):

a. The first cells may have originated by chemical evolution on a young Earth

b. Abiotic synthesis of organic monomers is a testable hypothesis

c. Laboratory simulations of early-Earth conditions have produced organic polymers

d. RNA may have been the first genetic material

e. Protobionts can form by self-assembly

f. Natural selection could refine protobionts containing hereditary information

g. Debate about the origin of life abounds

11. Place the following metabolic processes in an order that fits the hypothesis for the origin of life:

photosynthesis, aerobic respiration, fermentation, nucleic acid replication (RNA or DNA), membrane

transport:

i. ______________________________________________

ii. ______________________________________________

iii. ______________________________________________

iv. ______________________________________________

v. ______________________________________________

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AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26

Concept 25.4 – The rise and fall of dominant groups reflect continental drift, mass extinctions, and adaptive

radiations.

12. What is continental drift? What are the evolutionary consequences of continental drift?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

13. What are mass extinctions? What are the evolutionary consequences of mass extinctions?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

14. What is adaptive radiation? What are the evolutionary consequences of adaptive radiations?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Concept 25.5 – Major changes in body forms can result from changes in the sequence and regulation of

developmental genes.

15. What is heterochrony? What are the evolutionary consequences of heterochrony?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

16. What are homeotic genes? What are the evolutionary consequences of changes in Hox genes?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

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AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26

Concept 26.1 – Phylogenies show evolutionary relationships.

1. What is phylogeny?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

2. What is systematics?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

3. What is taxonomy?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

4. Describe the TWO main characteristics of the Linnaean system of classification (binomial nomenclature):

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

5. What are the levels included in the hierarchical classification of organisms, from most general to most

inclusive?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

6. What does a phylogenetic tree show?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Concept 26.2 – Phylogenies are inferred from morphological and molecular data.

7. What are homologous structures? What does a phylogenetic tree show?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

8. What is convergent evolution? Why must scientists be careful when using analogous structures to build

phylogenetic trees?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

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AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26

9. What is molecular systematics?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Concept 26.3 – Shared derived characters are used to construct phylogentic trees.

10. What modern techniques are used as the basis for grouping creatures using phylogenetic systematics?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

11. What is a cladogram?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

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12. What is a clade?

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13. When classifying organisms in a cladistic diagram, identify THREE pitfalls scientists might encounter while

classifying creatures.

a. _________________________________________________________________________________

b. _________________________________________________________________________________

c. _________________________________________________________________________________

14. What is the difference between a monophyletic, polyphyletic, and paraphyletic tree? Which one is the best

to use in cladistics?

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15. What is the concept of parsimony and how is it used in cladistics?

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16. What are shared derived and shared primitive characteristics? How are outgroup comparisons used to

differentiate between these?

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Page 20: AP Bio Directed Study Summer Assignment Evolution ... · PDF fileAP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26 ... with a focus on lab design, data ... Summer

AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26

Concept 26.5 – Molecular clocks help track evolutionary time.

17. What are molecular clocks and how are they used by systematists?

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18. Using the space below, draw, label, and describe the anatomy of a cladogram.

Concept 26.6 – New information continues to revise our understanding of the tree of life.

19. What are two problems with the old five kingdom system of classification?

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20. How has the Domain System altered our view of taxonomy?

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21. Which prokaryote is closer to the eukaryotes? List several reasons for your answer:

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