Upload
vanthien
View
218
Download
5
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26
1. AP Bio Summer Assignment
MANDATORY FOR ALL AP BIOLOGY STUDENTS
Students should purchase a copy of the McGraw Hill 5 Steps to a 5 AP Biology (2011-2012 version
preferred) – available at any book store or online.
9th
graders only - stop by MVHS after May 14th
to check out a copy of our AP Biology Test Prep Series
booklet.
Information and Powerpoint® Presentations for the AP Biology summer assignment can be found at
http://carnesapbiology.wordpress.com/ (click on Summer AP Bio Study) in the upper right-hand corner
of the web screen. The Powerpoint® Presentations can be accessed by clicking on the appropriate page
at the right side of the screen. Textbooks WILL NOT be provided to students – please use the web
page and internet sources to complete the summer assignment.
2. Summer Evolution Institute at Mountain View
MANDATORY FOR 9TH
GRADERS; ADVISED FOR ALL AP BIOLOGY STUDENTS
Two Weeks – scheduled for June 18th
–June 21st (Mon-Thurs) and June 25
th–June 28
th (Mon-Thurs)
from 8:00am until 11:30am daily.
Students will participate in a comprehensive study of our AP Evolution unit – textbook chapters 22-26.
Students will complete ONE of the required THIRTEEN AP Biology labs during the summer evolution
institute (AP Lab #8 – Population Genetics).
Students must provide their own transportation to and from MVHS.
A selected response and written assessment will be given at the end of the institute to evaluate
student performance. Students will be recommended for continuation into the AP Biology
Program or will be recommended for another alternative such as Gifted/Honors Biology.
3. Mountain View’s Tuesday/Thursday 9th
Grade AP Bio Prep Classes: Beginning in early August 2011
(continuing for four to six weeks), candidates should plan to attend BOTH Tuesday and Thursday
evening prep classes from 2:20 until 3:30.
MANDATORY FOR 9TH
GRADERS; ADVISED FOR ALL AP BIOLOGY STUDENTS
Students will learn about and practice the process for timed reading and writing free response essays –
as required on the AP Bio examination.
Students will conduct several pre-AP Biology inquiry-based labs, with a focus on lab design, data
collection, and synthesis and analysis of data.
Students will be exposed to organizational and study skills, as well as time-management skills.
AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26
1. VISIT OUR CLASS WEBSITE – BECOME FAMILIAR WITH THE DESIGN OF THE CLASS
SITE:
www.carnesapbiology.wordpress.com
2. SUMMER AP BIO STUDY:
Powerpoints® needed to complete this independent study on Evolution can be found on my class website
(www.carnesapbiology.wordpress.com) – THESE CAN BE FOUND UNDER THE “Summer AP Bio
Study” tab on the class page. IF YOU CANNOT FIND ALL OF THE INFORMATION YOU NEED IN
THE POWERPOINT PRESENTATIONS – USE THE INTERNET TO FIND ACCURATE MATERIAL
TO COMPLETE YOUR SUMMER ASSIGNMENT. Our summer assignment is designed to provide
students with an opportunity to participate in an independent study on one of our most essential units:
Evolution. This study incorporates material from our Campbell/Reece textbook (chapters 22-26) as well
as an online comprehensive evolution lab review. Past AP Bio essay questions covering this unit are also
available on my class website.
3. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETION OF SUMMER STUDY:
I advise that students concentrate on one chapter a week. Move slowly through the required material
using either your textbook or my Powerpoints® to guide your responses to the questions asked (see the
schedule provided below). Responses to all questions should be written in COMPLETE THOUGHTS
using COMPLETE SENTENCES. Complete the lab simulation ONLY AFTER you have completed the
required material for Ch. 23. If you are asked to draw a diagram – the appropriate response is to DRAW
IT, LABEL IT, AND DESCRIBE IT USING COLOR! THE PURPOSE OF THIS INDEPENDENT
STUDY IS TO LEARN THE MATERIAL…NOT JUST ANSWER THE QUESTIONS.
Week #1 (May 28th
– June 1st)…focus on Chapter 22 – Descent with Modification: A Darwinian
View of Life
Week #2 (June 4th
– June 8th
)…focus on Chapter 23 – The Evolution of Populations AND complete
the online version of AP Lab #8 – Population Genetics at
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/
Week #3 (June 11th
– June 15th
)…focus on Chapter 24 – The Origin of Species
Week #4 & 5 (June 18th
– June 28th
)...participate in AP Biology Summer Institute at MVHS
Week #6 (July 2nd
– July 6th
)…focus on Chapter 25 – The History of Life on Earth
Week #7 (July 9th
– July 13th
)…focus on Chapter 26 – Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
Week #8 (July 16th
– July 20th
)…review Ch. 22 & 23 (including AP Lab #8)
Week #9 (July 23rd
– July 27th
)...review Ch. 24
Week #10 (July 20th
– August 3rd
)...review Ch. 25 & 26
4. DUE DATES FOR SUMMER STUDY:
Students will be tested over this material during week two following the beginning of our school year.
Your evolution independent study packet responses (including the lab simulation) will be due during the
FIRST WEEK OF SCHOOL. If you have any questions regarding this assignment during your summer
break, please do not hesitate to email or call me for help!
Email: [email protected]
Phone: please email me if my phone number is needed STUDENTS MAY ALSO BLOG ON MY WEB PAGE….ASK ME OR THEIR PEERS QUESTIONS IF NEEDED!
AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26
Concept 22.1 – The Darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young Earth inhabited by
unchanging species. While Darwin is accredited with being the father of evolutionary thought, many scientists’
discoveries and ideas helped shape Darwin’s thinking.
1. What was the contribution of Carolus Linnaeus to the evolutionary theories?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. How did Charles Lyell’s principle of uniformitarianism help guide Darwin’s thinking?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. Identify the principles of Lamarck’s theory of evolution.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Concept 22.2 – Descent with modification by natural selection explains the adaptations of organisms and the
unity and diversity of life.
4. Define descent with modification:
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5. How did Darwin’s experience with artificial selection influence his theories of evolution?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
6. Carefully define the following terms:
a. allele: ___________________________________________________________________________
b. genotype: ________________________________________________________________________
c. phenotype: _______________________________________________________________________
d. fitness:
_________________________________________________________________________________
e. adaptation:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26
7. How do genetic variation and mutation play roles in natural selection?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
8. How does an ever-changing environment play a role in natural selection?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
9. Summarize the observations and inferences recognized as the backbone of evolution by natural selection as
presented by Darwin. You should use the following terms in your description: natural variation,
overproduction of offspring, limited resources & competition, favorable phenotypes, heritable traits, fitness,
adaptation, evolution by natural selection.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Concept 22.3 – Evolution is supported by an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence.
10. For each of the following, indicate how it is used as evidence of evolution by natural selection:
a. direct observation (antibiotic-resistant bacteria)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
b. the fossil record/paleontology:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
c. biogeography:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26
d. continental drift: -
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
e. endemic species:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
f. homology:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
g. homologous structures:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
h. vestigial organs:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
i. embryonic homologies:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
j. molecular homologies:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
k. convergent evolution/analogous structures:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Ch. 22 Essential Knowledge – bringing it all together.
11. Define evolution:
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
12. Homologous structures show evidence of relatedness while analogous structures show solutions to similar
problems but DO NOT indicate close relatedness. Give relevant biological examples that support this
statement.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
13. Individuals do not evolve, populations evolve. Explain what is meant by this statement and give relevant
biological examples that support it.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
14. Environments change and act as selective mechanisms on populations. Describe how the phenomenon of
the peppered moth can be used as an illustrative example to support this statement.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
15. Some phenotypic variations significantly increase or decrease fitness of the organism and the population.
Describe how sickle-cell anemia can be used as an illustrative example to support this statement.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
16. Humans impact variation in other species. Describe how overuse of antibiotics can be used as an
illustrative example to support this statement.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26
Concept 23.1 – Mutation and sexual reproduction produce the genetic variation that makes evolution possible.
1. Define microevolution and explain how it is different from macroevolution.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. Mutations are the only source of new genes and new alleles, and only mutations in the cell lines that produce
gametes can be passed to offspring. Describe the following types of mutations and give an example of each:
a. point mutations:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
b. chromosomal mutations:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. Most of the genetic variation within a population is the result of sexual recombination. Describe the
following three mechanisms for shuffling of alleles:
a. crossing over:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
b. independent assortment:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
c. fertilization:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Concept 23.2 – The Hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to test whether a population is evolving.
4. What is meant by the statement “the population is at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?”
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5. What are the five conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26
6. How does each of the following break H-W assumptions?
a. small population size:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
b. natural selection:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
c. gene flow:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
d. mutation:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
e. selective mating:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
7. Describe the following variables as they relate to the Hardy-Weinberg equation:
a. p = _____________________________________________________________________________
b. q = _____________________________________________________________________________
c. p2 = _____________________________________________________________________________
d. 2pq = ___________________________________________________________________________
e. q2 = _____________________________________________________________________________
f. p2 + 2pq + q
2 = 1 __________________________________________________________________
g. p + q = 1 _________________________________________________________________________
8. Using the variables described above, evaluate the following: Suppose in a plant population that red flowers
(R) are dominant to white flowers (r). In a population of 750 individuals, 40% show the recessive
phenotype. How many individuals would you expect to be homozygous dominant and heterozygous for this
trait? Hint: solve for p2 and 2pq! Show your work below:
AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26
Concept 23.3 – Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can alter allele frequencies in a population.
9. Mutations can alter gene frequency but are rare. The three major factors that alter allelic frequencies and
bring about most evolutionary change are natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow. Describe how each
of the following alter allele frequencies AND whether the ultimate outcome is an increase or decrease in
genetic variation within a population:
a. Natural Selection:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
b. Genetic Drift:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
c. Gene Flow:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
10. How does genetic drift apply to each of the following? Give an example of each.
a. Founder Effect:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
b. Bottleneck Effect:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Concept 23.4 – Natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution.
11. What is meant by the term relative fitness? How is it measured?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26
12. Natural selection acts more directly on the phenotype and indirectly on the genotype and can alter allele
frequency in three major ways. Describe AND give an example of each of the following modes of natural
selection:
a. Directional Selection:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
b. Disruptive Selection:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
c. Stabilizing Selection:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
13. Label the following graphs of variation in color with the type of selection. Provide a description of each
type of selection under the graph.
AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26
14. Genetic variation may be preserved in a population. Define the following and describe how each preserves
genetic variation.
a. Diploidy:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
b. Heterozygous Advantage:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
15. Using the example of sickle-cell anemia and malaria, discuss how nature can preserve a deleterious
(harmful) trait in a population.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
16. Natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms. For each of the following, give an example or describe
what is meant by the statement:
a. Evolution is limited by historical constraints.
_________________________________________________________________________________
b. Adaptations are often compromises.
_________________________________________________________________________________
c. Not all evolution is adaptive.
_________________________________________________________________________________
d. Selection can only edit existing variations.
_________________________________________________________________________________
Ch. 23 Essential Knowledge – bringing it all together.
17. Now that you have completed Ch. 23, use your virtual lab packet to complete the online simulation of AP
Lab #8 – Population Genetics.
a. Log onto http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/index.html and select AP Lab 8
- Population Genetics.
b. All lab responses should be written into your virtual lab packet and submitted with your summer
assignment.
AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26
Concept 24.1 – The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation.
1. Define “species” in terms of the biological species concept:
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is reproductive isolation? Why is it thought to be essential for the formation of distinct species rather
than a continuum from one form of life to another?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the difference between a prezygotic and postzygotic barrier to mating?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Define AND give an example for each of the following barriers that cause isolation:
a. prezygotic barriers:
i. habitat isolation:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
ii. behavioral isolation:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
iii. temporal isolation:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
iv. mechanical isolation:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
v. gamete isolation:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26
b. postzygotic barriers:
i. reduced hybrid viability:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
ii. reduced hybrid fertility:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
iii. hybrid breakdown:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Concept 24.2 – Speciation can take place with or without geographic isolation.
5. Define the following modes of speciation:
a. Allopatric Speciation:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
b. Sympatric Speciation:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
6. One mechanism that can lead to sympatric speciation in plants is the formation of autopolyploid plants.
What is an autopolyploid plant? How does this occur? How might it lead to speciation?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
7. What is adaptive radiation? What events normally lead to adaptive radiation? How are Darwin’s finches an
example of a species undergoing adaptive radiation?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26
Concept 24.3 – Speciation can occur rapidly or slowly, and it can result from changes in few or many genes.
8. Compare gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
9. Define each of the following evolutionary trends:
a. convergent evolution:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
b. analogous traits:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
c. parallel evolution:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
d. co-evolution:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Ch. 24 Essential Knowledge – bringing it all together.
10. Life continues to evolve within a changing environment, and new species arise when two populations
diverge from a common ancestor and become reproductively isolated. Describe how studies on the plant
and animal inhabitants of island chains can be used as an illustrative example to support this statement.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26
Concept 25.1 – Conditions on early Earth made the origin of life possible.
1. Current theory about how life arose consists of four main stages. Describe these stages in the appropriate
order below:
a. #1: _____________________________________________________________________________
b. #2: _____________________________________________________________________________
c. #3: _____________________________________________________________________________
d. #4: _____________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the age of the Earth? _______________________________________________________________
3. How long ago did life emerge on Earth? ______________________________________________________
4. Describe the hypothesized conditions on Earth when life arose.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5. As a result of photosynthesis by the earliest life forms, oxygen began to accumulate in the atmosphere about
2.7 billion years ago. How did this accumulation of oxygen allow for more complex life forms to evolve?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
6. Hypothetical early conditions of Earth have been simulated in laboratories, and organic molecules have
been produced. Describe the hypothesis tested by and the results of the following simulations:
a. Oparin & Haldane:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
b. Miller & Urey:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
7. What molecule is hypothesized to be the first genetic material? ____________________________________
AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26
Concept 25.2 – The fossil record documents the history of life on Earth.
8. What are some methods by which fossils can be dated to provide evidence for evolution?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Concept 25.3 – Key events in life’s history include the origins of single-celled and multicelled organisms and
the colonization of land.
9. Eukaryotes appeared on Earth about 2.1 billion years ago. Describe the theory of endosymbiosis…include
evidence for this hypothesis:
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
10. Scientific Hypothesis for the origin of life (study tool only):
a. The first cells may have originated by chemical evolution on a young Earth
b. Abiotic synthesis of organic monomers is a testable hypothesis
c. Laboratory simulations of early-Earth conditions have produced organic polymers
d. RNA may have been the first genetic material
e. Protobionts can form by self-assembly
f. Natural selection could refine protobionts containing hereditary information
g. Debate about the origin of life abounds
11. Place the following metabolic processes in an order that fits the hypothesis for the origin of life:
photosynthesis, aerobic respiration, fermentation, nucleic acid replication (RNA or DNA), membrane
transport:
i. ______________________________________________
ii. ______________________________________________
iii. ______________________________________________
iv. ______________________________________________
v. ______________________________________________
AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26
Concept 25.4 – The rise and fall of dominant groups reflect continental drift, mass extinctions, and adaptive
radiations.
12. What is continental drift? What are the evolutionary consequences of continental drift?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
13. What are mass extinctions? What are the evolutionary consequences of mass extinctions?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
14. What is adaptive radiation? What are the evolutionary consequences of adaptive radiations?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Concept 25.5 – Major changes in body forms can result from changes in the sequence and regulation of
developmental genes.
15. What is heterochrony? What are the evolutionary consequences of heterochrony?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
16. What are homeotic genes? What are the evolutionary consequences of changes in Hox genes?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26
Concept 26.1 – Phylogenies show evolutionary relationships.
1. What is phylogeny?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is systematics?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. What is taxonomy?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Describe the TWO main characteristics of the Linnaean system of classification (binomial nomenclature):
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5. What are the levels included in the hierarchical classification of organisms, from most general to most
inclusive?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
6. What does a phylogenetic tree show?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Concept 26.2 – Phylogenies are inferred from morphological and molecular data.
7. What are homologous structures? What does a phylogenetic tree show?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
8. What is convergent evolution? Why must scientists be careful when using analogous structures to build
phylogenetic trees?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26
9. What is molecular systematics?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Concept 26.3 – Shared derived characters are used to construct phylogentic trees.
10. What modern techniques are used as the basis for grouping creatures using phylogenetic systematics?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
11. What is a cladogram?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
12. What is a clade?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
13. When classifying organisms in a cladistic diagram, identify THREE pitfalls scientists might encounter while
classifying creatures.
a. _________________________________________________________________________________
b. _________________________________________________________________________________
c. _________________________________________________________________________________
14. What is the difference between a monophyletic, polyphyletic, and paraphyletic tree? Which one is the best
to use in cladistics?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
15. What is the concept of parsimony and how is it used in cladistics?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
16. What are shared derived and shared primitive characteristics? How are outgroup comparisons used to
differentiate between these?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
AP Bio Directed Study – Summer Assignment Evolution: Chapters 22-26
Concept 26.5 – Molecular clocks help track evolutionary time.
17. What are molecular clocks and how are they used by systematists?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
18. Using the space below, draw, label, and describe the anatomy of a cladogram.
Concept 26.6 – New information continues to revise our understanding of the tree of life.
19. What are two problems with the old five kingdom system of classification?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
20. How has the Domain System altered our view of taxonomy?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
21. Which prokaryote is closer to the eukaryotes? List several reasons for your answer:
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________