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AP BIOLOGY 12 LABSWhat is the main concept of each lab?
LAB 1: DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS
Semi-permeable membrane Must be small enough to fit through pores
Transport proteins Active transport Glucose/Starch/Iodine
6 varying M of solutions placed in distilled water
1 piece of potato placed in 6 varying solutions
% change = Final-initial/initial x 100
LAB 2: ENZYMES
Speeds up reactions 2H2O2 O2 + 2H2O
Catalase speeds up
This lab measured the rate (what else to measure?) Disappearance of substrates or appearance of
products Normally will have a maximum rate when all enzymes
working Stopped enzyme by using acid to denature
Could use salinity or temp Disrupts 4*, 3* or 2* bonds, esp the active site
KMNO4 was an indicator pink meant no more H2O2
LAB 3: MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS Onion root cells b/c dividing rapidly
(div/elong/maturation, meristem, etc) Counted # of cells to determine longest part of cell
cycle Interphase (G1, S, G2) vs. Mitosis (PMAT) and Cyotkinesis
Meiosis = reduce chromosome # and increase variation Sordaria = fungi with sexual spores that show c.o. Measure rates by comparing %
LAB 4: PIGMENTS AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS Pigments = proteins that use light
energy to excited e- Primary = chlorophyll a/b Secondary = accessory = carotenoids
= beta carotene and xanthophyll Separate using chromatography (paper
and solvent, gas) Physical properties such as size, mass,
polarity Rf value = distance pigment/ distance
solvent Light rxns = capturing of light energy
into electron carriers to be used to fix carbon Normally NADP, substitute DPIP (must
be more…) Measure effect if (no light, boiled,
combinations) Heat sink to remove light Spectrophotometer measures light
passing through DPIP becomes more clear as it gets reduced
LAB 5: RESPIRATION
In PEAS!! Dry, germinating, beads
C6H12O6 + 602 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Measure consumption or production
Respirometer KOH removes CO2
Gas laws PV=nRT Loss of gas means decreased pressure
water moved in
Don’t forget anaerobic
LAB 6: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Transformation
Taking up of foreign genes into host (bacteria) Requires restriction enzymes to cleave DNA, ligase to
reseal Source = bacterial protection from invading viruses
Use same restriction enzyme Need vector (plasmid)
Heat shock to get plasmid in, CaCl2 to attract Grow on restrictive media to test
Gel Electrophoresis Compare DNA samples (could require PCR if sample is small)
Enzymes cut at sites that are unique RFLPs Separate based on size using gel with pores Use electricity as force Buffer to prevent damage
LAB 7: GENETICS
Examine offspring to determine pattern of inheritance Dom/rec, Codom, Incompl, Sex-linked,
Multiple Alleles P1, F1, F2
Make predicitions Red x white (two options) Red x red
Are you statistically correct?
LAB 8: EVOLUTION
Is evolution occuring? Hardy-Weinberg p+q = 1, p2+2pq+q2=1 Are allele values staying constant? Also help determine % of genotypes
If occuring: Gene flow, gene drift, natural selection,
mutation, non-random mating H-W’s conditions
Heterozygote Advantage “a” never disappears
Black is recessive to pink. Can you count the # of recessive alleles?
Lab 9: Transpiration Structures and Adaptations
Lab 10: Circulatory Different heart rates and bp PQRS wave Ecto/Endo
Lab 11: Animal Behavior Innate vs. Learned Design Experiment
Lab 12: Dissolved Oxygen and Primary Production DO varies according to temp, other dissolved nutrients Represents biological processes (photo and resp)
Photo = produce O2 and produce food = primary productivity Gross (amount available + whatever was consumed) Net (amount available) Light, existing, dark
LAB 9: TRANSPIRATION
Description test the effects of environmental factors on rate
of transpiration temperature humidity air flow (wind) light intensity
LAB 9: TRANSPIRATION
Concepts transpiration stomates guard cells xylem
adhesion cohesion
H bonding
LAB 9: TRANSPIRATION Conclusions
transpiration wind light
transpiration humidity
LAB 10: CIRCULATORY PHYSIOLOGY
Description study factors that affect heart rate
body position level of activity
determine whether an organism is an endotherm or an ectotherm by measuring change in pulse rate as temperature changes Daphnia
LAB 10: CIRCULATORY PHYSIOLOGY Concepts
thermoregulation endotherm ectotherm Q10
measures increase in metabolic activity resulting from increase in body temperature
Daphnia can adjust their temperature to the environment, as temperature in environment increases, their body temperature also increases which increases their heart rate
LAB 10: CIRCULATORY PHYSIOLOGY
ConclusionsActivity increase heart rate
in a fit individual pulse & blood pressure are lower & will return more quickly to resting condition after exercise than in a less fit individual
Pulse rate changes in an ectotherm as external temperature changes
LAB 11: ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
Description set up an experiment to study behavior in an organism
Betta fish agonistic behavior Drosophila mating behavior pillbug kinesis
LAB 11: ANIMAL BEHAVIOR Concepts
innate vs. learned behavior experimental design
control vs. experimental hypothesis
choice chamber temperature humidity light intensity salinity other factors
LAB 11: ANIMAL BEHAVIOR Hypothesis development
Poor: I think pillbugs will move toward the wet side of a choice chamber.
Better: If pillbugs prefer a moist environment, then when they are randomly placed on both sides of a wet/dry choice chamber and allowed to move about freely for
10 minutes, most will be found on the wet side.
LAB 11: ANIMAL BEHAVIOR Experimental design sample size
LAB 12: DISSOLVED OXYGEN
Dissolved O2 availability
LAB 12: DISSOLVED OXYGEN
LAB 12: DISSOLVED OXYGEN Description
measure primary productivity by measuring O2 production
factors that affect amount of dissolved O2 temperature
as water temperature, its ability to hold O2 decreases photosynthetic activity
in bright light, aquatic plants produce more O2
decomposition activity as organic matter decays, microbial respiration consumes O2
mixing & turbulence wave action, waterfalls & rapids aerate H2O & O2
salinity as water becomes more salty, its ability to hold O2 decreases
LAB 12: DISSOLVED OXYGEN
Conceptsdissolved O2primary productivity
measured in 3 ways: amount of CO2 used rate of sugar (biomass) formation rate of O2 production
net productivity vs. gross productivityrespiration
LAB 12: DISSOLVED OXYGEN Conclusions
temperature = dissolved O2
light = photosynthesis = O2 production
O2 loss from respiration
respiration = dissolved O2
(consumption of O2)
Graphing!! Good titles, Good labels, Good units Extrapolation of data
Design Control, limited variable, designated IV, DV Prediction of data