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Learning from the Past:“Wired City” to Wireless Society
Mischa Schwartz
Charles Batchelor Professor Emeritus
of Electrical Engineering
Columbia University
New York, NY 10027
Moving toward a Wireless
Society?
People on the move- WiFi big success
Multimedia; social networking latest app
Cellphones/Smartphones worldwide
Future wireless plans- high bit rates,
enhanced mobility
Wideband Mobile Competitors
• LTE (Long-Term Evolution)
Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
high thruput, low latency
Ex: Downlink, 100 Mps; Uplink, 50 Mbps
adopted by Verizon, ATT Mobile
• WiMAX mobile, IEEE 802.16e
Theme: How did we get here?
Connecting Past with Present
Outline of Talk
Wireless Proposals: Applications and
Requirements- Wireless Society?
“Wired City”, early 1970s:
Applications and Requirements
Videotex, expts, mid-1970s to mid-1980s
Wireless Research, mid-1990s:
Applications and Requirements
Current: wideband wireless, LTE, WiMax
Competition or Complementary?
Wireless Proposals
Applications: Multimedia!
High quality video/pictures
Broadcast/Multicast capability
(Video, Download newspapers,…)
Social networking, Network games,
(plus, of course!, Voice, Data,…)
Amazing growth, wireless terminals
Wireless Society?
Requirements
Seamless communication, heterogeneous nets
High bit-rate transmission:
100-200 Mbps, high mobility (350 km/hr),
1 Gbps (!), low mobility
Desired QoS, end-to-end:
Reduced latency, packet dropping, jitter…
More services at lower cost
“Wired City” Concept-
Early- to Mid-1970s
Two-Way Cable TV
Telephone
Video Telephone
Cable TV
By 1970- Significant impact
Studies undertaken, problems and
possibilities
USA examples:
Sloan Commission on Cable Communic.
Report, 1971
Paul Baran, Inst. for the Future, 1970,
Delphi study, future of telephone industry
Sloan Report-
On the Cable
Mostly about cable TV:
“Choice [by citizens] is still possible”
Stress on public services
But, Appendix A, two-way services:
schools, conferences, e-mail, voting…
Baran paper, Jan.’75,
IEEE Trans.Comm.
Market Forecast, 30 home electronic services
↓ Education
From home: work, meetings, banking
Info. access: electronic newspaper, legal,
library, weather,…
Shopping facilitation: cashless, catalogs,
consumers’ advisory
Note: least potential: plays/movies, mass mail!
Experiments and Proposals,
“Wired City”
• Improved education delivery
• Simplified shopping and banking
• Telemedicine, health care delivery
• Work at home
• Citizen-government interaction
Possible Benefits
• Education and culture to more people
• More leisure time
• Improved medical care
• Reduced commuter time
• Better informed
Concerns Expressed
• Effect, life styles: more stay at home?
Less people-people interaction?
Population dispersal?
• Effect on job market/labor skills
• Questions of privacy
• Communications “overload”?
Increased stress, anxiety?
Videotex, mid-1970s
to mid-1980s
• UK: BPO, BBC first, concepts, late 1960s
Services, mid-1970s- CEPT, Prestel
Canada, Dept. Communication, late 1970s,
Telidon (TV and telephone)
France, Minitel, directory service, 1980
1984- free terminals, by mid-1990s:
many services available
Two-Way Cable TV Systems
USA, pilot systems, early 1970s
E.K.Smith, Pilot Two-Way CATV Systems.
IEEE Trans. Comm., Jan. 1975
Warner Cable, QUBE, Columbus, OH
Introduced 1977; ½ million homes, 1983
Cox Cable, INDAX, San Diego, 1981
Ex: El Segundo Theta-Com SRS
• Operated by Theta-Cable/Teleprompter
• Developed by Theta-Com/ Hughes Aircraft
• Started, Jan. ’72; 30 home terminals
• Simulated 10,000 terminals
Early-Mid ’90s: Beginning of
Wireless Age
Second-Generation Digital Systems
North America and elsewhere:
IS-136, 1991; IS-95, 1993
Europe and elsewhere: GSM, 1992
Japan: PDC, 1993
Next Generation?
Wireless Research, mid-1990s
(IEEE Personal Comm. 6/95)
All-Packet-Switched (But ATM cells)
Multi-media Traffic
Heterogeneous Networks:
Lower-BW Cellular, Higher-BW WLANs,
Multihop Wireless Nets
Cellular hierarchy: Macro-, Micro-, Pico-
Multimedia Applications
Teleconferencing
Design Team, Distributed Work
Environment
Electronic Newspaper
Mixed-Media Database Search
Nomadic Computing
Application Requirements/
Environment
Varying BW, QoS Requirements
Terminals, Different Capabilities
Multicast Often Required
Wireless Access + Wired Core Network
Heterogeneous Networks
Yet- “Seamless Communication End-to-End”
Electronic Newspaper Example
To the home, business, during commute
Transmit text, image, video
Current news, background inform.
(multiple databases consulted)
Electronic tablet/ Notebook computer
Pressure-sensitive buttons
Network Management/ Control
Issues Raised
Multi-media traffic, heterogeneous nets:
How to maintain desired QoS end-to-end?
Dynamic BW control- how, where?
Hierarchical/layered coding?
Specialized network node/switch?
Flow control, non-real-time traffic
Admission/handoff control
Now Return to Present
• Cellphones/Smartphones ubiquitous
• iPad, Tablet computer-use fast-growing
• Lightweight Laptops
• Wi-Fi systems predominate
• Data/Video transmission all Internet based
Cellular Carriers look to
Broadband Systems
4G(3.xG?) Cellular, 3GPP, IEEE 802.16e
LTE vs .IEEE 802.16e/WiMAX
Competition or Complementary?
4G Cellular Proposals
Both 3GPP, WiMAX stress layers 1, 2
improvements:
new high data-rate, low latency access
new transmission schemes, OFDM-based
dynamic bandwidth sharing
multi-antenna use: MIMO (MIMO-OFDM)
cognitive/software-defined radio
4G Cellular Proposals, cont
All-IP networking
Advanced mobility management:
handoff, location,…
Interworking with other nets:
4G, 802.11 WLANs, …
“Seamless communications, QoS end-to-end”
Concerns again expressed
• Overuse of texting?
• Psychological side effects?
• “ „Friends‟ Without a Personal Touch”
(NY Times book review, 2/22/11)
But- Political impacts dramatic!
Facebook, Twitter change tide
Middle East!
Technology in the Future
Multiple, heterogeneous wireless nets,
all handling multimedia traffic?
Will the Internet be mobile?
“seamless communications end-to-end” –
a reality?
Wireless Society?
Wait and See!
(Your guess is as good as mine!)