28 June 2000 EUROFER and EFR 1

EUROFER and EFR

Elements to Progress the Discussion on

“WHEN WASTE CEASES TO BE WASTE”

The Case of Ferrous Scrap

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Contents:A description of the three ‘scrap cycles’ that cover all arisings

• The ‘own arisings ferrous scrap’ cycle• The ‘new ferrous scrap’ cycle• The ‘old ferrous scrap’ cycle

A flow diagram of materials for recycling that do not require a recovery processA flow diagram of materials for recycling that do require a recovery processA description of ‘Ferrous scrap processing’ – R4 Recovery operation stepsA description of Commercial treatment operationsEnvironmental & health considerations within European Steel Scrap SpecificationsThree examples of European Steel Scrap SpecificationsEnvironmental safeguards provided by other legislationProduct characteristics

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The ‘own arisings ferrous scrap’ cycle

Material that never becomes a wasteMetallurgical production process, e.g. melting, casting, rollingScrap arising and intentionally retained separately and segregatedReprocessing by melting in a metallurgical production processSemi-production (slab, ingot, billet, etc.)Finished steel production (wire, rod, tube, sheet, etc.)Manufacture of new component

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The ‘new ferrous scrap’ cycleFabrication/manufacture of a new componentScrap arising and intentionally retained and/or collected separately and segregatedThe point where waste ceases to be waste – conditional on meeting certain agreed criteria(Note: Rejected components comprising different types of materials would require a recovery process to separate the materials)Sale of the retained and/or separately collected material through a chain of recognised economic operatorsTransport to steelworksReprocessing by melting in a metallurgical production processSemi-production (slab, ingot, billet, etc.) Finished steel production( wire, rod, tube, sheet, etc.)Manufacture of new component

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The ‘old ferrous scrap’ cycleUse in a productEnd-of-life waste arisingCollection of wasteWaste transport to a recovery processRecovery processing to a specification at which the material canbe used as furnace feedstock and reprocessed into a new product by melting in a metallurgical processThe point where waste ceases to be waste – conditional on meeting certain agreed criteriaSale of the processed material through a chain of recognised economic operatorsTransport to steelworksReprocessing by melting in a metallurgical production processSemi-production (slab, ingot, billet, etc.)Finished steel product (wire, rod, tube, sheet, etc.)Manufacture of new component

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Scrap for recycling that does not require a recovery process

FERROUS SCRAPSeparately retained and/or

collected, segregated(Directly re-useable in a

metallurgical production process)

e.g. ‘Own arisings ferrous scrap’ and/or ‘New ferrous scrap’ of one type of material

OUTPUTmay be further cut, sheared or

baled and is destined for ametallurgical production process.

This has positive economicvalue and/or use value, has a regularmarket between recognised economicoperators and is traceable via written

contract(s) between economic operators.

Segregated intentionallyto meet

agreed specifications

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FERROUS SCRAPUNUSABLE

IN ITS PRESENT FORM

Scrap for recycling that does require a recovery processe.g. all ‘Old scrap’; and/or ‘New scrap’ components comprising different types of materials

WASTEScrap metal notdirectly usable

without a recovery process

Non-ferrous metals unacceptable to ferrous production

Non-metals

RECOVERY OPERATIONProcessing intentionally to a specification, R4(defined in Directive 91/156as amended by Commission Decision 96/350)Hand sorting, Automated sorting, Shearing or cutting, orShredding and separating.

NON-WASTE recovered ferrousscrap; (may be further cut, sheared,or baled) destined for a metallurgical

production process. The recovered scrap has positive economic value and/or use value, a regular market between recognised economic operators and is traceable via written contract(s) between economic operators

Waste for final disposal

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‘Ferrous scrap processing’ -R4 Recovery operation steps

Inspection – valuation of arisingsHand-sorting/automated sorting; or Shredding and material separation; or Cutting in order to separate materials (shearing or cutting by flame, abrasive wheel, sawing, etc.)Inspection – valuation of recovered material with reference to specification criteria[Subsequent operations such as cutting to size by shearing or cutting (by flame, abrasive wheel, sawing, etc.) or baling/compacting/densification are used to increase the value of the material. They do not change the composition of the material and are commercial treatment operations]

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Commercial treatment operationsA treatment or process carried out on materials which are suitable for use as feedstock in a furnace without being subjected to any recovery within the meaning of Art. 1(a) of Directive 91/156 for the purpose solely of making it a more valuable feedstock material (cutting to size, densification, etc.) does not constitute a recovery operation within the meaning of Annex IIB of Directive 91/156 and the material in relation to which such treatment or process is carried out does not constitute a ‘‘waste’’.

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Environmental and health considerations within European Steel Scrap SpecificationsA) SAFETY

All grades shall exclude:1) pressurised closed or insufficiently open containers of all origins which could cause explosions. Containers shall be considered asinsufficiently open where the opening is not visible or is less than 10 cm in any one direction.2) dangerous material, inflammable or explosive, fire-arms (whole or in part), munitions, dirt or pollutants which may contain or emit substances dangerous to human health or to the environment or to the steel production process.3) hazardous radioactive materials:

material presenting radioactivity in excess of the ambient level of radioactivityradioactive material in sealed containers even if no significant exterior radioactivity is detectable due to shielding or due to the position of the sealed source in the scrap delivery.

continued...

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Environmental and health considerations within European Steel Scrap SpecificationsB) STERILES (cleanliness)

All grades shall be free of all but negligible amounts of other non-ferrous metals and non-metallic materials, earth, insulation, excessive iron oxide in any form, except for nominal amounts of surface rust arising from outside storage of prepared scrap under normal atmospheric conditions.

All grades shall be free of all but negligible amounts of combustible non-metallic materials, including, but not limited to rubber, plastic, fabric, wood, oil, lubricants and other chemical or organic substances.

All scrap shall be free of larger pieces (brick-size) which are non-conductors of electricity such as tyres, pipes filled with cement, wood or concrete.

All grades shall be free of waste or of by-products arising from steel melting, heating, surface conditioning (including scarfing) grinding, sawing, welding and torch cutting operations, such as slag, mill scale, baghouse dust, grinder dust, and sludge.

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European Steel Scrap Specification exampleOLD SCRAP – E3

Old thick steel scrap, predominantly more than 6 mm thick in sizes not exceeding 1.5x0.5x0.5 m, prepared in a manner to ensure direct charging. May include tubes and hollow sections.Excludes vehicle body scrap and wheels from light vehicles.Must be free of rebars and merchant bars, free of metallic copper, tin, lead (and alloys), mechanical pieces and steriles to meet the aimed analytical contents. Refer to points B) and C) of the general conditions.Dimensions: thickness 6 mm, <1.5x0.5x0.5 mDensity 0.6; steriles 1%

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European Steel Scrap Specification exampleNEW SCRAP – E2

Thick new production steel scrap, predominantly more than 3 mm thick prepared in a manner to ensure direct charging. The steel scrap must be uncoated unless permitted by joint agreement and be free of rebars and merchant bars even from new production.Must be free of metallic copper, tin, lead (and alloys), mechanical pieces and steriles to meet the aimed analytical contents. Refer to points B) and C) of the general conditions.Dimensions: thickness 3 mm, <1.5x0.5x0.5 mDensity 0.6; steriles <0.3%

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European Steel Scrap Specification exampleSHREDDED – E40

Shredded steel scrap. Old steel scrap fragmentised into pieces not exceeding 200 mm in any direction for 95% of the load. No piece, in the remaining 5%, shall exceed 1000 mm. Should be prepared in a manner to ensure direct charging. The scrap shall be free of excessive moisture, loose cast iron and incinerator material (especially tin cans).Must be free of metallic copper, tin, lead (and alloys), and steriles to meet the aimed analytical contents. Refer to points B) and C) of the general conditions.Density >0.9; steriles <0.4%

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Environmental safeguards provided by other legislationOLD FERROUS SCRAP RECYCLING STEPS ENVIRONMENTAL SAFEGUARDS

Use in product Product legislation* End-of-life waste arising Waste legislationCollection Licensing requirements* Transport to a recovery process Waste shipment/transport regulations*Recovery processing to a specification Site licensing/permitting (e.g. surfacing,

oil interceptors, etc.)*The point where waste ceases to be waste

Sale of the recovered material through a INCOTERMS & Specifications*chain of recognised economic operatorsTransport to steelworks Transport Regulations*Reprocessing by melting in a metallurgical IPPC or MS legislation*production processSemi-production (slab, ingot, billet, etc.) IPPC or MS legislation*Finished steel production (wire, rod, tube, IPPC or MS legislation*sheet, etc.)Manufacture of new component MS legislation*

(*) parallel legislation, e.g. Health & Safety

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In each case the output materials:have a positive economic value; andhave a use and a regular market (i.e. not destined for final disposal); andmove from collection/production through their ultimate recovery/reuse stage through chain of recognised economic operators; andhave commonly recognised characteristics and meet the user’s commercial requirements (specifications, classifications, norms, etc.; andare part of a contract at the different stages of the recovery cycle involving recognised economic operators (being licensed, permitted, etc.).

First slide based on image © by Keops