“If you show me, I will see. “But if you let me …...Handbook of the Birds of India & Pakistan (10 Vol) Friday, May 06, 2011 Vijayamohan CDS 10 Case Study Examples Adeline Levine’s

Friday, May 06, 2011

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Friday, May 06, 2011 Vijayamohan CDS 1


“If you tell me, I will listen.

“If you show me, I will see.

“But if you let me experience,

I will learn.”

The Chinese philosopher Lao-Tzi

(5th-century BC)


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And so began one of the first active learning philosophies.

Other Chinese philosophers, such as

Kung Fu-Tzi (Confucius)

and

Han Fei-Tzi,

followed Lao-Tzi by using a method that closely resembles what we now call the case method or case study.

Friday, May 06, 2011 Vijayamohan CDS 4Designed by Skip Tyler, Varina High School

Case Study Examples

Sigmund Freud’s study of patients, which formed the basis for his psychoanalytic theory

The case study of Anna O (Bertha Pappenheim)

of Dora (Ida Bauer)of Wolf Man (Sergei Pankejeff)of Rat Man (Ernst Lanzer)


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Case Study Examples

Swiss developmental PsychologistJean Piaget’s study of the development of children, which led to numerous theories of child development


Case Study Examples

Charles Darwin’s voyage on the HMS Beagle (the basis for his theory of

English Naturalist


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Case Study Examples

British primatologist and anthropologist

Jane Goodall’s study of chimpanzees


Case Study Examples

American Zoologist

Dian Fossey’s study of the mountain gorilla


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Case Study Examples

Eminent ornithologist of India

Handbook of the Birds of India &

Pakistan (10 Vol)


Case Study Examples

Adeline Levine’s study of the Love Canal


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Case Study Examples



Case Study Examples



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A case study is a research methodology common in social

science.

What is research?


A systematic investigation,

with an open mind,

to establish novel facts, using a scientific methodfor the advancement of human knowledge of our life, world and the universe.

The search for knowledge.


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A case study is a systematic investigation for

knowledge.

It is based on an in-depth investigation of a

single individual, group, or event.


Steps in Formal Research:

• Formation of the topic (study problem)

• Hypothesis

• Conceptual definitions

• Operational definition (Methodology)

• Data collection

• Analysis of data

• Testing of hypothesis

• Conclusion


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Steps in Formal Research:

• Formation of the topic (study problem)

• Hypothesis

• Conceptual definitions

• Operational definition (Methodology)

Case Study is one method of research

• Data collection

• Analysis of data

• Testing of hypothesis

• Conclusion


Research methodology:Data collection:

Census SurveySample SurveyCase Study


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Research methodology:Data collection:

Census Survey: Complete enumeration of population

Sample Survey:Covers only a part of population

Case Study:Covers only one case or a few cases


Case study is commonly used in psychology,

sociology, anthropology, business studies,

medical field….

The Harvard Business School heavily utilizes

business case studies as one of its main methods

of teaching.

In medical field, the case study is used by

physicians to collect and share information.


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The New England Journal of Medicine offers many

case studies in the weekly publication of the

American Medical Association (AMA).

Often these cases detail or chronicle individuals

with unique conditions or symptoms that need

more attention than regular conditions or

symptoms by physicians.


One important aspect of the case study:

its inherently personal, in-depth and unique

nature.

It is specifically on one individual

(one group, one family, one organization, etc.) and

localizes instead of generalizing

results and information,

unlike many other types of research


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A case study is a method used to study an

individual in a unique setting or situation in as

intense a manner as possible.

The word unique here is critical because the

researcher is interested in the existing conditions

surrounding the individual.


Case study methods involve an in-depth,

longitudinal (over a long period of time)

examination of a single instance or event: a case.

They provide a systematic way of looking at events,

collecting data, analyzing information, and reporting

the results.

As a result the researcher may gain a sharpened

understanding of why the instance happened as it

did, and what might become important to look at

more extensively in future research.


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Types of Case Studies

1. Explanatory

2. Descriptive

3. Exploratory



1. Explanatory

� Generally answers questions of ‘how’ or ‘why’

� Researcher has little control over actual events

� Focus is on phenomena in some real life context


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2. Descriptive

� Traces the sequence of interpersonal eventsover time

� Describes a culture or sub-culture

� Seeks to discover key phenomena



3. Exploratory

� Generally begins with questions of ‘what’ or ‘who’

� Often precedes a more in-depth study using other methods

(interviews, models, experiments, etc.)


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Preliminary stageFieldwork and analysis

stageConclusion

stage

Form

ulate theory

Select case

Design and plot research questions

Conduct case study 1

Data analysis

Writing cases

Draw conclusion

Modify theory



Case Study Stages


Developing a Case Study

1. All the data about the case are gathered.

For example, if the study is to highlight a program's failure with a client, data would be collected about the program, its processes and the client. Data could result from a combination of methods, including documentation (applications, histories, records, etc.), questionnaires, interviews and observation.


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Friday, May 06, 2011 Vijayamohan CDS 31Designed by Skip Tyler, Varina High School


2. Data are organized into an approach to highlight the focus of the study.

In our example, data in the case would be organized in a chronological order to portray how the client got into the program, went through the program and did not receive effective services.



3. A case study narrative is developed.

The narrative is a highly readable story that integrates and summarizes key information around the focus of the case study. The narrative should be complete to the extent that it is the eyes and ears for an outside reader to understand what happened regarding the case.


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3. A case study narrative is developed.

In our example, the narrative might include key demographic information about the client, phases in the program's process through which the client passed and any major differences noticed about that client during the process, early indicators of failures and key quotes from the client.



4. The narrative might be validated by review from program participants.

For example, the client for whom the program failed, would read the narrative to ensure it fully depicted his or her experience and results.


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5. Case studies might be cross-compared to isolate any themes or patterns.

For example, various case studies about program failures might be compared to notice commonalities in these clients' experiences and how they went through the program. These commonalities might highlight where in the program the process needs to be strengthened.


References

• Yin, Robert K. (2003). Case Study Research: Design and Methods (Third Edition). Sage Publications.

• Stake, Robert E. (1995) The Art of Case Study Research (Thousand Oaks: Sage)


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References

• Dul, J. and Hak, T (2008). Case Study Methodology in Business Research. Oxford: Butterworth-Heineman

• George, Alexander L. and Bennett,Andrew. (2005). Case studies and theory development in the social sciences. London, MIT Press.

• Gerring, John. (2005) Case Study Research. New York: Cambridge University Press.

• Ragin, Charles C. and Becker, Howard S. eds. (1992) What is a Case? Exploring the Foundations of Social Inquiry Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Documents

“If you show me, I will see. “But if you let me …...Handbook of the Birds of India & Pakistan (10 Vol) Friday, May 06, 2011 Vijayamohan CDS 10 Case Study Examples Adeline Levine’s