“Fate of dispersed oil: Field trials with dispersant ... · 5/2/2007 · • Dispersion of the thick emulsion started ... Ordinary visual video camera mode same as above (a few

1

1 - 05/02/2007

grafisk/admtegner/div-PSD/bonnex-filmthickness examples-nov-01.ppt

Applied Chemistry

CRRC Dispersant Research Forum, Red Bank, 1-2. February, 2006

“Fate of dispersed oil:Field trials with dispersant application

- Importance for development and calibration of operational model tools”

Per S. DalingSINTEF

Dept. of Marine Environmental TechnologyTrondheim, Norway

([email protected])

2 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Use of dispersants in NorwayMechanical recovery has traditionally been the primary oil spill response strategy in Norway

Recent years signals from the Authorities:“Dispersants should be a more operational alternative /

supplement in certain oil spill situations” i.e:where dispersants are considered to give the overallmost environmentally benefit (NEBA-philosophy)

New regulations for use of dispersants (2002)

Oil industry: preparing contingency plans including pre-approvaluse of dispersants in specific regions / locations:refineries, oil terminals and off-shore fieldsThe Government (NCA) is planning to build up a dispersantcontingency along the coast over the coming 3-4 years

2

3 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Test site for dispersant field trials in Norwegian waterOrganized by:• Norwegian Clean Seas for

Operating Companies (NOFO)• SINTEF: scientific responsible

Series of field trials with different dispersant application methods: - 1982, 1983, 1984, 1989 (boat/ fixed wing)- 1994, 1995, 1996 (helicopter application)- 2006 (new boat application system)

Gained much scientific documentations and operational experiences in use / application of dispersants !

4 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Distribution of oil slick thickness20 m2 Sture crude, weathered 3 hours at sea, NOFO field trial 1994,

3

5 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Handling of sampling of

surface w/o-emulsion

1.

Water

Emulsion

Collection of surface oil / emulsionwith a net (bucket) separating off freewater from bottom.

2.

Emulsion

Water

Transfer to a 2 litres separationfunnel, approximately 10 min. settlingfor draining off surplus (non-emulsified) water plus ≈ 0.5 litre ofbottom emulsion.

3. Gentle homogenisation (10 times 180° tilting) of the remaining bulk sample (1.5 to 2litres).

4. Sub-sampling of bulk sample:• 1 × 100 mL Pyrex bottles (miscellaneous).• 4 × 250 mL High Density Poly Ethylene (HDPE) bottles (w/o emulsion viscosity and

miscellaneous).• 1 × 1000 mL HDPE bottle (to make water-free residues).

5. Labelling of sub-samples:- Sample ID- Local time- GPS-ID#

6. Logging in journal book:- Sample ID (e.g. L2a – St. 4 – 1405, Day 1)- Local time,- Weathering time,- GPS Position / ID#- Co-ordination (synchronisation) with aircraft : yes / no- Location in the slick, oilfilm characteristics and eventual other relevant comments.

6 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Sampling in oil spills during response operations

Analysis carried out

In the field (immediately): In the laboratory (later): - Water uptake/content - Evaporative loss (preliminary) - Viscosity of w/o-emulsion - Stability of w/o-emulsion - Effectiveness of emulsion breaker - Chemical dispersibility

(SINTEF FET test) - Oil film thickness (thick cylinder)- Sub-surface monitoring ( in-situ UV-fluorescence) - Oil droplet size distribution

- Evaporative loss (GC) - Oil film thickness (pad / teflon) - Pour point - Flash point - Interfacial tension - Density - Sub-surface water samples (detailed chemical analyses by GC and GC-MS).

4

7 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Checking oils’ dispersibility in the field:SINTEF Field Effectiveness Test (FET)

Visual criteria:

1. Good dispersible 2. Reduced

dispersibility3. Bad dispersible

8 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Dispersant Field trial (North Sea)20 tons Statfjord crude, weathered 2 hours (before application)

Sheen

RainbowMetallic

Thick emulsion,(2- 3 mm)

Wind:

5

9 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Dispersant applicationSmall -aircraft

10 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

During dispersant application(picture taken just after the 2nd. pass)

Wind:

6

11 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

15 min. after dispersant treatment of the slick• Dispersion of the thick emulsion started’• Creation of a visual “gray” plume of dispersed oil in the water

Wind: Surfaceoil

Dispersed Plume

12 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

2 hours after dispersant treatment• Dispersed plume 500 m behind the front of slick (remaining surface oil)• The surface slick degraded / disappeared during the night

Some surface - oil (still remaining)

Dispersed plume

Wind:

7

13 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Control (non-treated slick - next day )20 ton Statfjord crude

Thick emulsion (2 - 5 mm) in the front of slick

1750 m (x 200 m )

Wind:

Long tail of sheen( < 1 µm)

14 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Dispersant Experiment North Sea Testing of a new heli-bucket ”Response 3000”

FLIR Camera

Double spray system(high / low dosage)

“Response 3000”

E

E

8

15 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Operational use of FLIR camera/down link(Norwegian, NOFO field trial 1996)

Ordinary visual video camera mode

same as above (a few seconds later), but seen trough the FLIR camera

16 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Operational strategy for application from helicopter:

FLIR - camera: importantoperational tool for precise application

Treat the thick part of the slick (re-treatment - may be necessary for optimal dosage)

9

17 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Optimal dosage - give rapid dispersion

10 min. after application (2 x): - All surface-emulsion broken up and dispersed into water column!

Before treatment: - thick emulsion (3 hours at sea)

18 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Under spraying operations: spray arms 3m above sea surface”

New boat application systems (Tested NOFO field trial 2006)

spray booms”

“support booms”

10

19 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Application speed: tested up to 18 knots (worked well !)

New boat application systems (Tested NOFO field trial 2006 on oil slicks)

20 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

NOFO oil –on water exercise 2006 Down-link of FLIR-video from Helicopter to Spraying Vessel

11

21 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Vind / drift

Havila Troll

300m

NOFO oil –on water exercise 2006 Down-link of FLIR-video from Helicopter to Spraying Vessel

Intro Havila

8A 1. run

8A etter1. run

8A beste(2. run)

8A sisterun

8B mislykket

run

22 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Monitoring in water after dispersant application NOFO OOWE – May 2006, exp. 8B (13:15 – 14:00)

12

23 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Monitoring in water after dispersant application NOFO OOWE – May 2006, exp. 8A

Turner in-situ UVF ( 1.5 and 5 m depth)

24 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Guiding of monitorering team in the slickExample of monitorering of the disperseds oil

0.5 - 1 h. aftertreatment

2 - 3 h. aftertreatment

13

25 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Monitoring in water after dispersant application NOFO OOWE – May 2006, exp. 8A and 8B

LISST – droplets size distribution

26 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Monitoring in water before dispersant application NOFO OOWE – May 2006, experiment: 8A

in-situ- UVF measurements: at 2 and 5 m depth


11:2

0:13

11:2

0:22

11:2

0:31

11:2

0:40

11:2

0:49

11:2

0:58

11:2

1:07

11:2

1:16

11:2

1:25

11:2

1:34

11:2

1:43

11:2

1:52

11:2

2:01

11:2

2:10

11:2

2:19

11:2

2:28

11:2

2:37

11:2

2:46

11:2

2:55

11:2

3:04

11:2

3:13

11:2

3:22

11:2

3:31

11:2

3:40

11:2

3:49

11:2

3:58

11:2

4:07

11:2

4:16

11:2

4:25

11:2

4:34

11:2

4:43

11:2

4:52

11:2

5:01

11:2

5:10

11:2

5:19

11:2

5:28

11:2

5:37

11:2

5:46

11:2

5:55

11:2

6:04

11:2

6:13

2.734.487.3612.119.932.753.788.2157259391

time

particle size

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

Conc 2mConc 5m

Sheen 11:21:28Tykk olje

11:24:37Ut av flak

relative psd

0.8-1.00.6-0.8

0.0-0.2

0.4-0.60.2-0.4

>1.0

14

27 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Monitoring in water after dispersant application NOFO OOWE – May 2006, Experiment: 8A

in-situ- UVF measurements: at 2 and 5 m depth (transect: 3)


13

:44:

15

13:4

4:27

13:4

4:39

13:4

4:51

13:4

5:03

13:4

5:15

13:4

5:27

13:4

5:39

13:4

5:51

13:4

6:03

13:4

6:15

13:4

6:27

13:4

6:39

13:4

6:51

13:4

7:03

13:4

7:15

13:4

7:27

13:4

7:39

13:4

7:51

13:4

8:03

13:4

8:15

13:4

8:27

13:4

8:39

13:4

8:51

13:4

9:03

13:4

9:15

13:4

9:27

13:4

9:39

13:4

9:51

13:5

0:03

13:5

0:15

13:5

0:27

13:5

0:39

13:5

0:51

13:5

1:03

13:5

1:15

13:5

1:27

13:5

1:39

13:5

1:51

13:5

2:03

13:5

2:15

13:5

2:27

13:5

2:39

2.734.487.3612.119.932.753.788.2157259391

time

particle size

0

2

4

6

8

ppm

oil Conc 2m

Conc 5m

640 meter

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

rela

tive

psd

Sum <70Sum>70

13:48:30 Inn i kjølvannet til Havila

relative psd

0.8-1.00.6-0.8

0.0-0.2

0.4-0.60.2-0.4

>1.0

29 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Oil concentrations measured in the field(NOFO trial, 1995)

UVF-Profiles (ppm THC) in the water 20 - 30 min. after treatment: A ) Treated from helicopter:

max. 20 - 40 ppm

B) Control slick: < 0.2 ppm

Important data–input for calibration and validation of3-D Plume model tools

A: Treated

B: Non-Treated

15

30 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Use of “3-D plume” model tools:

Dilution of dispersedoil (ppm THC) in

water column

Spill scenario: 100m3 crude oil

Dispersant applicationstart 1 hour after release

Non-treatedslick

Dispersanttreated slick

32 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Volumes, concentrations and dilution of dissolved components (WAF) in water column

(OSCAR calculate concentration of 26 oil component groups)

0

0,01

0,02

0,03

0,04

0,05

0,06

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2

Time (days)

Volu

me

(km

3 )

WAF > 500 ppb

WAF > 50 ppb

WAF > 10 ppb

0

0,01

0,02

0,03

0,04

0,05

0,06

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2Time (days)

Volu

me

(km

3 )

WAF > 10 ppb

WAF > 50 ppb

WAF > 500 ppb

No response After dispersant application

16

33 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Concentration of volatile / soluble BTX-aromatics in the water column

(with and without dispersant treatment)(Simulations by use of the OSCAR 3-D Plume model)

Treatment1 hour after release

34 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Dispersant application from boat

Balder_NOFO_sommer_no_resp

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0 3 6 9 12 15

Time (days)

Mas

s ba

lanc

e

EvaporatedSurfaceDispersedCleanedSedimentStrandedDecayedOutside Grid

Balder_NOFO_sommer_disp

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0 3 6 9 12 15

Time (days)

Mas

s ba

lanc

e

EvaporatedSurfaceDispersedCleanedSedimentStrandedDecayedOutside Grid

Long term fate of treated and non- treated oilslicks at sea

Dispersant application from boat:

No response:

Example:OSCAR simulation: 100 m3 Balder (North Sea crude)

Chemically dispersedoil biodegrades morerapidly !

Nat. dispersed

Evaporated

Chemically dispersed

Surface

Biodegradation

17

35 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Advanced model tools for simulating oil spill scenarios:OSCAR (“Oil Spill Contingency and Response”):

A quantitative tool for analyzing environmental consequences for alternative response strategies

Basis for NEBA - analysis of spill scenarios

Used for dimensioning functional and cost-effective oil spill contingency solutions

Fundamental tool for contingency planning for pre-approval use of dispersants at specific locations inNorway

36 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Oil Weathering and Dispersibility Methodologies

18

37 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Ground-truth sampling for field verification

38 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Correlation between SINTEF OWM prediction and field samples (NOFO-trials, 1994)

- Evaporation

19

39 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Correlation between SINTEF OWM prediction and field samples (NOFO-trials, 1994)

40 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Predicted Emulsion Viscosity and “time-window” for dispersant use at sea

Poorly dispersible:> 7000 cP

20

42 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Support Tool for Dispersant Use

Version 1.0October 2006

43 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

“EMSA Support Tool for Dispersant use”

PurposeTo provide support for decision-making regarding use ofdispersants in oil spill response actions in European waters

Assist in selection of most appropriate dispersant relative to type of oil spilled at sea

Supply information regarding dispersant effectiveness,application and availability

Estimate “time window” for effective use ofdispersants for the spilled oil (reliability depend onavailability of input data of the specific oil)

21

44 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Example: Getdispersibility information

for a new oil:Search

database for most similar oil

More parameters produces a

more reliable match to other

oils in thedatabase!!!

“EMSA Support Tool for Dispersant use”

45 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Dispersant application in darkness Down-link of FLIR-video from fixed wing aircraft / helicopters

Identify area with thick oil in darkness (estimate: ca.100 m3)Just prior dispersant application

Ca 2 km x 150 m

22

46 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Dispersant application in darkness During dispersant application from response vessel in darkness (2nd. Pass) Down-link of FLIR-video and guiding from fixed wing aircraft / helicopters

Start 1st. pass

2nd. pass

47 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

After dispersant application in darkness < 5m3 left on the surface after 3.5 hours spraying operation Next morning (12 h after treatment): slick total disappeared

23

48 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Miros oil detecting radar systema good supplement to the FLIR during night

operations

49 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Conclusions / summary

Recent years:• Gained experience from full-scale field studies (offshore):

improved application strategiesdevelopment of numerical model tools (calibrated / validated) for use in contingency planning / NEBA-analysis

• There is a “time window” for use of dispersants at sea - it varies from oil to oil – due to oils’ weathering properties- can be calculated by available methodology:

(laboratory weathering study and models prediction)

Basis for development of support tools for decision-making for dispersant use in various spill situations in Europe (EMSA decision tool)

24

50 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

In Norway (Scandinavia): Dispersant R&D will focus on:

• Better documentation for use/non-use of dispersants in:

• in coastal areas (sensitive, shallow area)• on shore (beach cleaners / dispersants) (JIP)• in cold and ice-infested areas (JIP)

• Better knowledge and documentation of theweathering behaviour / dispersibility on relevantoils (Russian crudes):

• transported along the Norwegian coast • the Baltic (low-salinity / shallow) (Funded: EU / Scandinavian

Government, (SINTEF / CEDRE co-operation)

51 - 05/02/2007


Applied Chemistry

Oil spill R&D-priorities: – Oil in ice / in coastal water / oil on shore

WATER COLUMN• Fate of dispersed / sub-merged oil• Acute toxicity / effects• Chronically effects• Fish Behavior

SHALLOW WATER / SEABED• Oil / sediment interactions• Degradation of oil in sediment

OIL ON SHORE• Natural processes• Rediation / in-situ

treatment

SURFACE• Oils’ spreading properties / weathering• Oils’ ”life-time” on the sea surface• Dispersibility of weathered oils • Effects on sea- birds

• Injection of dispersants / chemicals in underwater blowouts

OIL IN ICE• Oil/ ice interractions• Oil weathering• Behavior and fate • Response operations

This science – based documentation basis for further development of operative model tools for use in:

- NEBA / contingency planning - Decision-making during response operations

Documents

“Fate of dispersed oil: Field trials with dispersant ... · 5/2/2007 · • Dispersion of the thick emulsion started ... Ordinary visual video camera mode same as above (a few