ANUCE Examination Portalanucde.net/materials/DT02 MA Tel I P-II Introduction to... · 2020. 11. 19. · 3.8 "The speech ofthe old men differs fromthat ofthe youngpeople. Both archaic

1.2

"Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and

desires by means of a system of voluntary produced symbols"(Language P-8)

& A Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group co-operates(An outline of lingustic Analysis)

1.3

"A Language is a complex system of habits" - (A course in Modern Linguistics P. 137)

1.4

Perception Concep-tionPerceptsConcepts

Gesture

1.5

motor action Involimtary Action Gestural LanguagePictographic Language

Traditional Orthography

Orthography

1.6

Communicative System

Duality Productivity Arbitrariness Interchangeability Specialization Displacement Cultural Transmission

Phonological SystemGrammatical System

Anology

1.8

Theory of in herent necessity

Theory of Agreement

The Bow-Wow Theory The Pooh-Pooh Theory The Ding-Dong Theory The Yo-He-Ho Theory The Gesture Theory The Musical Theory The Contact TheoryThe Acquisition Theory The Innate Theory The Sing-Song Theory The Ta-Ta Theory

1.9

The Interjectional Theory

Good, God Mute, Mystery, Myme

Fire, Friend,Foul, Foe

Noire Heave Rest Lift Commands A.S. Diamond StrikeBreakCut

Pathogenic Theory Rhythm

1.10

Red Indians Sir Richard Pajet 'Sir, Sup'

Otto Jes Person

G. Revesz

Empericism Resists

RationalismInnate TheoryNoam ChomskyGenes

1.11

1. Bloomfield, Leonard, 1933. Language, NewYork : Holt2. Hockett. Charles F, 1958 ACourse in Modern Linguistics, NewYork, Macmillan.

2.3

Phonetics

2.4

"This Grammar .......... is one of the greatest monuments ofhuman intelligence. it describes, with the minutest detail, every inflexion, derivation and composition and everysyntactic usage of its author's speech. No other language, to this day has been so perfectly described" - Language-

P.11.

2.6

"The anicient greeks had the gift of wondering at things that other people take for granted. Theyspeculate boldly and persistently about the origin, history and structure of language. Our additional love about

language is due largely to them."(Language P.4 )

PSammeticos

2.7

Conjuctions

2.9

f h

exceptions

2.10

Neo-Grammarians

'Cours delinguistique generale' Langue, Parole Langue. parole.

Hjelmslevgleassematics

2.11

Jespersen'Language, Its Nature and Development'

J.R. Firth

Franz Boas

'Language'

'Language'

'Syntactic Structures' 'Aspects of the theory of syntax'

Schools of linguistics

The American School of Lingaistics London School of Linguistics Prague School of Linguistics

2.12

Anthropologists StructureMorphemics

Syllable

Structurs

Bloomfield, Leonard, 1933 Language. NewYork : Holt

Lchmann, Winbred P. 1962. Historical Linguistics .An Introduction, NEwYork : Holt

3.2

Descriptive Linguistics Historical Linguistics Comparative Linguistics

"The study of how a language words at a given time, regardless of its past history or future destiny is called

descriptive or synchronic linguistics" ( 'A course in Modern Linguistics' - C.F. Hockett P.303 ) PhoneticsArticulatery Photics Auditory Phonetics

Phonology Front Vowels backvowelsCentral vowels

Front Vowels Central Vowels Back Vowels

High Mid Low

3.3

Stops or Plosives

Fricatives Laterals Trills Flaps NAsals Semi-Vowels

f

Word Juncture

intonation

minimal pairs

3.4

Morphology

morpheme

'boy' 'boys''book''books'

boy, book unbound morphemes ' -S'

Morpho - Phonemics

Assimilation Syllable Structure Weakening & Strengthening Neutralization

3.5

Morphology

Gender

3.6

Male Female

Boy GirlFather MotherBrother SisterHorse Mare

book, tree, busChild, student, teacher, nurse

Number

Case

Syntax

3.7

"There is really no such thing as absolute immobility. Every part of language is subjected to change" (A

course in general linguistics P.1)Sonnet XI

As fast as thou shalt wane,

So fast thou grow'st in on of thine,From that which thou departest;And that fresh blood which youngly thou bestowest.

Thou mayst call thine when thou youth convertest.

rhyme Departest, Convertest departest"thou, thine"-st

thou-st-st 'Convest' undergoing a change ProduceChange 'Wane'

'depart' 'r '

"The study of how speech habits change as time goes by is called historical or diachronic linguistics" (Acourse in Modern Linguistics P-303)

3.8

"The speech of the old men differs from that of the young people. Both archaic elements and recent innovations are

found by side. Some features are becoming rarer and rarer, while others are gaining in frequency. It is inevitable that

speken language, for that very reason, can never be in a state of perfect stability"(Historical linguisticsand Indo-Aryan languages P-4).

middle englishM.E. NewEnglishN.E.

M.E>SeeN.E.

M.E>HouseN.E.Knee, Know, Talk, Walk, Depot, Psychology, Psalm

> >> >>

> >>>

3.9

>

> > >

>> > > > >>

>>>>>>>

f >>>>>

3.10

House

They live in the house there.

'house' 'house' home,cottage, cabin, hut, apartment, building 'hut' Apartment,Building'hut'House'home'

The house roared will laugher

househousehome Cottage

house

Hosehabitation'Dormitary'

3.11

'Undertaker' 'The lord is my undertaker'Psalm

3.12

accidental resemblences

neat prop yean mud thread

loanwords

dentalis dental

basic vocabulary ognates

3.13

house haus hu:?s hu:s mouse maws mu:?s mu:s louse laws lu:?s lu:s brown brawn bru:?n bru:n

*

3.14

f *

Persona mask

Central meaning "The three persons in the trinity" 'person'Person

1. The three persons in the trinity

2. He is a person

3. Twenty persons are at the meeting.

personaghostspirit

Holy Ghost 'Geist' Tier

'deer'

3.15

1. Bloomfield Leonard, 1933. Language NEwYork : Holt2. Lchmann Winfred 1962. Historical Linguistics, An Introduction, NewYork : Holt

&

4.2

Treestem TheoryWave Theory

4.3

genetic classification Morphological or typoligical classificationGeneological or genetic classification

4.4

Morphological or Typological Classification

August Von Schlegal

Root languages Inflectional languages Agglutinative or affixing languages

Polysynthetic Languages

Parts of Speach

level toneRising tone Eipping tone Falling tone

4.5

Word order in the grammar

I Love Fish

Fish I Love

Affixes

Suffix Agglutinative languages

4.6

Oda ()Odalar ()Odadan ()Odalardan ()

nPrefix agglutinative languages

Infix agglutinative languages

4.7

affix Prefix Infix Suffix

Internal Changes declensionConjugation

Intermutative languages

4.8

Poly - Synthetic Languages

OneidaMontezuma Finck

root-isolating Stem-isolating root-inflected stem-inflected group-inflected juxtaposing agglutinative agglutinative poly-synthetic

Phonological Classification

(i) ponological classification(ii) morphological classification(iii) syntactical classification

4.9

of the threelinguistic levels, for which classification has been attempted, that for the morphological level is clearly the most success-

ful -- " Lehmann" Historical linguistics - An introduction, P - 60

, We love fish, drive slow.

drifts

farmer, goodness, thicker - thickest, books - booking -er, -ness, -est, -s, -ingman - men, deep - depthman - men

4.10

1. Bloomfield, Leonard 1933, Language. NewYork : Holt2. Lehmann Winfred P. 1962 Historical Linguistics : An Introduction NewYork : Holt

5.2

genes

"The evidence may be found at all levels of these languages. Most apparentis similarity ofbasic vocabulary; words for lower numerals, kinship, domestic animals, everyday activities. But even more convincing

are the similarities one can find in various systems of the grammar" (Historical linguisticsP.17)

Sister LanguagesDaughter Languages

Pere Gaston Laurent Coeurdonx Philology Original or primirtive languagesreconstruction

5.3

Geographical Affinity

"Others, using a teem which the early India and Celtic authors applied to their own people, called the family Aryan. Hisname is now dispute because of a misuse of it for devious political purpose" - Historical linguistics: An Introduction.

P.19

5.4

Language Family

Sub-Families

Branches

Sub-BRanches

Sub-Groups

Languages

Dialects

microscopicmacroscopic

5.5

Subdivisions

North Branch

Jesperson

5.6

Gothic LanguageVisigoth Wulfila 311-83 A.D.gospels

High GermanAlemannicupper germanYiddish or Jewish

Franconian

LowGerman

Caedmon;s Hymnand the Beowulf SaxonKentishSaxonAnglian

Northern, West midland, East midland, Southern dialects

5.7

Breton Language Britany

Cornish Irish

ManxMan

Proto ItalianOcan-umbrianLatin-Faliscan

5.8

Prague

USSR

5.9

New Testament

5.11

Old testament

5.14

1. Hockett. Charles F. 1958 ACourse in Modern Linguistics. NewYork Macmillan.

2. Lehmann Winfred 1962 Historical Linguistics, An Introduction NewYork : Holt

6.2

Phonetics Phonology

Sound

6.3

Articulatory Phonetics

Acoustic Phonetics

Laboratory PhoneticsInstrumental PhoneticsExperimental phonetics

Auditory Phonetics

6.4

Direct Participants

Indirect Participants

Points of articultaionArticulators

6.5

Descriptim of Organs of Speech Milk Sucking

back vowels

labio-dental Bilabial-nasal

molar teethwisdom tooth

dentals Inter dental frications 'think, thank' though, this, that

teeth ridge or alveolar ridge

alveolar sounds

t, d, n, r, l, s

hard palate

Palatal affricates

6.6

dome region

Velar Velar

k, g,

uvula extension of velum

Velar soundsuvular or postvelar sounds

Tongue 'Tongue'

tongue = language lingua = tongue, language LSN = tongue

Lasan = language

articulator

blade of the tongue tip of the tongue middle of the tongue back of the tongue root of the tongue 'apex' apecal sounds.

apeco-dentals 'dorsum' 'dorsal sounds'

'dorso-velar sounds'

laterals

6.7

FRONT CENTRAL BACKun-rounded Rounded Un-rounded Rounded Un-rounded Rounded

HIGH i u

t

u

i u

LOWER-HIGH I u

u

I u

HIGHER-MID e o

e

o

e o

MEAN-MID E

E

LOWER-MID

^

HIGHER-LOW x

x

x

LOW

p a

p a p

high vowels low vowels

Nasal Cavity

glottissound box

glottal stop (?)

6.8

manner or method of articulation

6.9

1 2

3

3

4

4

56

7

8910

11

1213

14

15

6.10

larynx Point of articulation Manner of

articulation Secondary

articulationVocal cords

Voicing Voicad sounds Voicaless sounds Glottal stop

whispersounds

6.11

Centre of the hard palateRetroflexes Velars uvulars Glottals

Q,FInter-dentals

1. Gleason (Jr.) H.A. 1961 An Introduction to Descriftive Linguistics, NewYork : Holt

2.

7.2

Points of articulation

Articulators

7.3

Manners of Methods of Articulation

7.4

Contact Sounds

Loose Contact SoundsHalf Contact SoundsNon-Contact Sounds

Closed SoundsClosed VowelsFront VowelsPalatal VowelsBack Vowels RoundVowelsBilabial Vowels

Open sounds

Unvoicing

7.5

Hard Consonantsc, f, h, t, p, q, s, t, x, th

Voicing Glottis Voiced Consonants Soft Consonants Sonants a, b, d, e, g, i, j, l, m, n, o, r, u, v, w, y, z, thata, b, c, d, e, g, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z, that

Aspiration

Tone

7.6

Nasalisation

Dorsovelarnasal

Palatal nasal

Fricative Retrofilex Nasal Alveolar nasal

Bilingual Nasal

Labio-dental nasal

Lateral Sounds

7.7

Flap

Trill Sound

SpirantsSibiliants

Groove FricativeAlveolar Slitfricative

glides-

Sonarants

Consonants

Syllable

Half-Closed Half-Open

7.8

Front Vowels Central Vowels Back Vowels

RoundUnroundSpread Vowels

Round Spread

Simple VowelsCompound Vowels orDiphthongs

Disphthoug

Falling diphthongs Raising diphthongs

Neutral Vowels

Americal School

Prague School

Landon or British School

7.9

Copenhagen School

Structuralists

International Phonetic Alphabet Chart

Position

Diphthongs

Phonetic Teachers Association.'International Phonetic Teachers Association'

International Phonetic Alphabet Chart

Capital Letter

Diaeratic Marks

7.10

1. Hall, RobertAJr, 1964 Introduction Linguistics, Priladelflia : Lilton2. Gleason Jr. H.A. 1961 An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics, NewYork : Holt

3.

8.2

Phonetics

Phonology

Syllable

8.3

SoundPhonome

8.4

k, t, p kh, th, ph

Skin, Spin, Stealk

KPhonemescontrast

minimal pair

allophonesdiffrent environments

8.5

[p][ph]

/p/ [p]

[ph]/t/ [t]

[th]/k/ [k]

[kh]

8.6

Contrastive Distribution

[Kampa] [gampa]

Complimentary Distribytion

Free Variation

[s] [z]

8.7

Pattern

8.8

Supra-Segmental Phonemes

Segmental Phonemes

stress Suprs-Segmental Phonomes

Word Juncture

Pitch Rising Pitch Falling Pitch Level Pitch

!

Stress

8.9

Phonetic transcription

Minimal PairsSegmental PhonemesProsodical FeaturesSupra-SegmentalPhonemes

Distrinctive FeaturesNon-Distinctive FeaturesNon-Dinstinctive PhonesFree Variation Phonemic Transcription //[ ]

Phonetic Transcription luaa ?

atnga

vapajj~

ginnx

apadga

ayyavam ~ yanaaraannsa vnnaxmajjh ~

udug

8.10

adug

vaman ~

go l l u

vsavam ~~

uttme

adyikka

udaw

alav

kaaem yaak ayya

alka

gual kala

vatnka ~

gatisa

zuar vadukk h ~

attmae

illu ruuw

idev

vavvka ~~~

mallae

idgaa

8.11

vkrama~

zuor uej iluka vadu~ vaadr h ~

idivam ~

ramha

udunhamar ~

sifa uruka

wagalu

udyusi

samavisv

ramakspari

nissabadam

puam

aludok

avisvas

amajjh

1. Gleason Jr. H.A. 1961 An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics, NewYork : Holt2. Hockett, Charles F. 1958 ACourse in Modern Linguistics NewYork, Macmillan

3.

9.2

'morfreme'

order of ponermes

p, e, n'pen'g, u, n'gun'

pen, gun

C.F. "Morphemes are the smallest individually meanngful elements in the utterences of a language".

(A course in the modern linguinties "John treats his older sisters very ricely."

"He is older than I"

"The older of the two is a girl""I do declare, I'm getting older every dam!"

"Order" "Old", "er"

"He is an old man""old""You should learn to enjoy the finer things of life""-er""John treats his older sisters very sinerly"1. John

2. treat

9.3

3. -s4. hi5. -s6. old7. -er8. sister9. -s10. very11. nine12. -ly

13.

An introduction to descriftive linguistics

Somemorphemes can be usefully described as the smallest meaningful units in the structure of the language - isid p.53

9.4

Comming, Going, Walking, Talking

'- s'cat, bat, mat'-s'Rose 'iz' bag, dog '-z' '-s', '-iz', '-z'

| p, t, k, f, θ ||-s|vv

czzsv

s,, | -z |

| -z |

pairs System

| I saw her || We saw her | |I| |We|

|I|, |We| utterences

|zzk2rtjihuu| 'I remembered him'|z2k2ntjih22| ' I remembered her'|z2k2rtjik22| ' I remembered tree'|-uu|; |-22||-uu| = I

| - 22| = We

9.5

| - huu| 'him'

| - h22| 'her'

| - k22| 'tree'

'him'|huu|'her'|h22| 'tree' |k22|

| z2k2rnuuhuu| 'We remembered him' |z2k2rnuuh22| 'We remembered her'| z2k2rnuuk22| 'We remembered tree'| - t ii - | ' I ' ; | - nuu - | ' We'

| - rtii -| 'I' ; |-rnuu| 'we'

| q2t2ltiihuu| ' I killed him'| q2t2hnuuhuu| ' We killed him'| z2k2n - | 'remembered'

| q2t2l| 'killed'

|- tii -| 'I'| - nuu - | 'we'

| z2k2rtiihuu|

|z2k2r -| 'remembered'| - tii -| 'I'

| huu | 'him'

Word order' to a head ' ' to a nose' 'head' 'nose' 'to'

9.6

homopronous morpfermes"We have encounteredseveral instances of morphemes which are identical in froremic shope, yet distinct because of difference inmeaning. For example, |z| marking pluratity in boys, |z| marking possession in men's room, and |z| indicating third

person singular sufseat in he runs fast are phonemically the same, but are three different meanings - (isid p. 130)|- s| |z|-s |-s||bear||bear| (bear)|meet| |meat| meet, meatphonological condition

syllabic structurefrorological condition

assinilation

9.7

Conditioning

morprological conditioning

oxerox N- renchildChildren-s ox-e Nchildren

s er ren

s z *hz base

Singular Plural

man menwoman womenfoot feet

9.8

tooth teethgoose geesemouse mice

louse lice

'ee' (iy) Homophonous forms

seven

entries

Semantic change

9.9

dog, book, head, leg, zoo, zebra, lofra

-sSingular plural

Suffix (-s)dog dog - s

cat cat - scow cow - sfoot foot -s

pen pen - s

Con-ceire, con-sume, con-tum, con-clude, con-denseCon - -ceive, -sume, -tim, -clude, -dense-dense

9.10

cranberry, resfferrsberrycran, rasp cran -, rasp -

rootsaffixes

ant, apple, bat, cat, book, dog, god, tree, man, serpent, hat

suffixes

9.11

childhood -hood

kingdom -dom

prefixes

preface pre-

surface sur-replace re-injustice in-

unjist un-

in fixes

9.12

suppletives

'go' 'wen-t'

Zero morpheme'-s'sheep,

deer, salmon, fish The sheep are grazing 'sheep' -s

Free morphemes unfound mor-phemesunfound morphemes

book, cat, dog, man

-hood, -ish, -ly, -man

9.13

1. Gleason Jr. H.A. 1961 An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics, NewYork : Holt2. Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933 Language, NewYork : Holt

3.

10.2

minimum meaningful unit of a languageWord

ape, apple, boy, girl, gum, dog, god,man, zooboysBoy'-s' 'boy-s'

'bad - horse - worst' positive - comparetive - superlativetall -taller - tallest

bad - worse - worst = tall : taller : tallest

"John is worse (taller etc.) than Michael"

equation

A: B : C = D : E . F.

ax : bx : cx = ay : by : cy

xYa, b, ca, b, c

'Twenty Eighth'Twenty eight th'Twenty Eighth'Twenty, eight-th

10.3

'red - hair - ed'

red, hair'red hair''-ed''red - haired' '-ed'

> >

>red-haired

red, hair red-haired-edred-haired -ed

: : :

Unit

10.4

word order

Word Order

Rama killed RavanaRama Ravana killed Ravana Rama killed Ravana killed Rama Wordssuprasegemental morphemes

3John 2treats his older sister very2 nicely2 John, treats, his,

10.5

sister, very, nicelysyntax

John treats his older sisters very nicely

John, verymorpro logical structuretreatstreat, -ssisterstreat-s

3John 2treats his older sisters very 2nicely2 1. John

2. treat3. -s4. hi5. -s6. old7. -er8. sister9. -s10. very11. nice12. -ly

13.

"go, come, run, ring" "goes, comes, runs, rings"I, We, You, They, The men

he, she, it, the manhe, she, it, the manI, We, You, They, The

man

10.6

go goes -es

come comes -dsrun runs -s

sing sings -s

goes, comes, runs, singssuffix|Z|.can, shall, will, may, must

go, come, singcan, must, may, shall, willI, we, you, they, the manhe, she, it, the manI can,You can, they can, she can, He shall

The morphology syntax boundaris:

Twenty - eight1. Twenty - 2. eight - 3. -th - 'twenty - eighth'twenty eith t h

-th

-th -th-twenty, thirty, forty........hundred twenty eidht,thirty eighth, three hundred twenty - four

-sJohn's, Kristma's-ialstress

dictator (n) ' diactato'rial (adj)reportor (n) 'reportorial' (adj)

10.7

manor (n) 'manor'ial' (adj)

stress'He is fed''I fed him'complexixty

"Ungentlemanliners, impressionistically"|Ungentlemanliness|

vun- gentle -man -li -ness

'-man''(stress)'absence of stressseparate morpheme"u"

Fox|e'how' k cv i |Fox

e- -ow- -i.k- -i- -ev- -i

Fox

MandarianChineseFox

10.8

Analytic languages like ChineseSynthetic ChinesePolysynthetic languagesAgglutinative languages Fox analyticSynthetic

anlalstic languages

deep structure

10.9

gap

immediateconstituents

<

10.10

Ends-centric constructionexo-centric construction

Co-ordinate

suborlinto

exocentric construction

10.11

embiguity

10.12

The old man who live there has gone to his son's house

The old man who lives there has gone to his son's house

The Old man who lives there has gone to his son's house

The woman who sews went mary's house

The old man who lives there has gon to his son's house

1. Gleason Jr. H.A. 1961 An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics, NewYork : Holt2. Hockett, Charles F. 1958 ACourse in Modern Linguistics NewYork, Macmillan

4.

11.3

Sentence in the unit of language

11.4

word order

word order

word order

Rama Killed Ravana

Ravana Killed Rama

word order

11.5

Rama Ravana Killed

gap word order

11.6

A sentence is a grammatrical form which is not in construction with any other grammatrical form : aconstitute which is not a constituent - A course in modern linguistics P . 199

declarative sentencesinterogative sentencesinteractive sentences

context

Context

simple complex coordinate or compoundsentence

simple sentence

11.7

equational sentences

>>>

>>

Predicate

>>

11.11

vii

>

11.12

complex sentences

11.14

> ><

codecentredinformation centredcode centred

11.15

Coordinate sentences and, or, but

11.16

vowel harmony

word order

Who is there ? It is me.

11.17

<

2.

12.2

diachronic linguistics

written records R

i. ii. iii. Proto language

Internal CriterionExternal criterian

R

diachronicA Course in general linguistics There is really no such thing as absoluteimmobility. Every part of language is subjected to changeP. 1

Iflignguistic change results in group of persons between which communications is disturbed, these groups speak diabetcts

of the language (Language P. 53)

12.3

sound change

sound changetheoryof gradualness We described soundchange as a gradual change in habits of articulation and hearing, taking place constantly but so slowly that no singleindividual would be aware that he might he passing on a manner of pronounciation different from that which he acquired

as a child. This gradualness is extremely important. (A course in modern linguistics P. 439)

internal criterion comparative method exberms crilerion sound change

12.4

Hospital Hall Hero Heater Head Help Health Hint

12.5

F

coffee tiffin face powder fees fever

f

minimal pairs

link

12.6

concepts

12.7

Analogy

An analogical form is a form made on the mode of one or

more after forms in accordance with definite rule(A course in general linguistics) Thus analogy appears

as a leveller a force that makes for uniformitycowKine

cowsdog (sg.) dogs(pl)

cow (sg.) --- ?dog(sg) : dogs (pl) = cow : x

(x = cows)

scream : screams : screaming : screamer : scremed

dream : dreams : dreaming : dreamer : dreamed

dreamt

12.8

Assimilation

Regressive assimilation

gosling house husbandsz

12.9

progressive assimilation

partial assimilation

12.10

Total assimibation

Dissimilation

Phonemic split

12.11

Phonemic merger

Palatalisation dorso velar stop

12.12

Nasalization

Umoicing voicing

compensations rengtrening syllasbe

12.13

Anaptysis

prothesis

syncope

>

>

12.14

Haploglognssyllable

librarylibry

Metathesis

Wrong splitting Analogy

a + norangea anan ant, an apple a norange

an orangeorangesummars s

constable

12.15

Pitch accent - stress accentPitch accent

going, spoken, phoneme, obtain, because, above

noun verbpe'rmit (n) permi't (verb)

we'sent (n) sese'nt

There is really no such thing as absoluteimmoblity. Every hart of language in subsided to change (A course in general linguistics - F.D. Sassure)

12.16

If linguistic change results in a groups speak differentdialects of the language P. 53

exceptions

During the first three quarters of the nineteenth century no one, so far as we know, ventured to limit thepossibilities in the sense of our scheme.... they phrased this historically by saying that a speech - sound might change

in one way in some forms, but might change in another way or fall to change in other forms(Language P.P. 352, 353) Phonetic laws have no exceptions,Phonetic laws know no exceptionsNeo grammarians

J. GrimmGrimm's Law unvoied plosivesunvoied

fricatires

h - f hes foot

pater father

t - Q tres three

tenuis trin

k - h centum hundred

cornu horn

voiced plosivesunvoieedflorives

b - p Kannabis (Greek) Hemp (English)

d - t duo (latin) two (English)

12.17

dens (Latin) tooth (English)

g - k granum corn (English)

Kingenus (Latin) Kin(English)

Proto Indo - European Languagevoicedaspirates pre-German pre-Greak pre - Latin

do

12.18

Hermann Grassmann 1809 - 71

unvoieed unaspirated dorso-velar

ploriveunvoieed unaspirated palatal Zffricate

12.19

A B C D E

> B.C

1. Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933 Language, NewYork : Holt2. Hockett, Charles F. 1958 ACourse in Modern Linguistics NewYork, Macmillan

3.

13.1

Semantic Change

13.2

Semantic Change free Semanticists

Re-

gional Meaning

13.3

subma-rine

13.4

It is almost a truism that total synonymiy is an extermly rare occurence, a luxury which languages can ill afford.

13.5

............ a word may retain its previous sense or senser and it the same time acquire one or several new sensesPen

Pen Penbeadbeads

Boycott Charles C. Boy Cott (1832-1897)

Phonetic Motivation

Connentional words

Direct Imitation

13.6

Echoisms

Sound Syllabales

13.7

Simple Verbal RootsCompound Verbal Words

13.8

Compound verbs

13.9

Dependent compund

Indioms

13.10

Phrasal compunds

Tigures of Speech

Metaphor Metaphor is the special mark of genius, for the power of making a good metaphor is the power of

recognising likeness

motivation

Hyperbole

13.11

Irony

Synecdoche 'Synecdoche'

Metanymy

13.12

Polynyms

Semantias

Homonym

13.13

*

*

*

Extension of Meaning

**

Semantic Nrrowing or Restriction of Meaningor Specialisation

13.14

Eleration of Meaning

Degradation of Meaning

Euphemism

Talk-Etymology

13.15

'Overhauling''Oiling''Over Oiling'


3.

14.2

universal features

Port Royal Grammer

Leibniz Herder 1744 - 1803

Sir William Jones 1746 - 1794

The Sanskrit language, what ever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure; more perfect than the Grek, morecopious than the Latin, and more exquisitely refined than either, yet hearning to both of them a stronger affinity, both inthe roots of verbs and in the forms of grammar, than could possibly have been produced by accident, so strong indeed,that no philologer could examine them all three, without believing them to have strong from some common source which,perhaps, no longer exists there is a similar reason, though not quite so forcible, for supposing that both the Gathik andthe Eelthik though handled with a very different idiom, had the same origin with the Sanskrit; and the old perssian might

be added to the same family ;

14.3

Rasmus Rark 1787- 1832 Jacob Grimm 1785 - 1863

Raja ganja kumari patta samosa

man man man man ? foot vu:t fus fo:f drink drinke trinken drega

14.4

house haus hous hu:?s

mouse mus maus mu?s

louse lus laus lu?s

out yt aws u?

brown bron br wn bru?h

aw u : mushusutlusbrunuu:u

naso nas ne kapo kaf sef kafra 'kavra 'se 'fara 'fave 'feb

written records

Grimm's law

14.5

There is really no such thing as absolute immobility.Every part of language is subjected to change (A course is general linguistics - F.D. Sassure) If linguistic change results in a group of persons between whichcommunication is disturbed, these groups speak different dialects of the language (Postulations to the science oflanguage P. 53)

exceptions

During the first three quarters of the nineteenth century no one, so far as we know, ventured to limit thepossibilities in the sense of our scheme... these phrased this historically by saying that a speech - sound might change

in one way in some forms, but might change in another way or fall to change in other formsLanguage P. 352, 353 Phonetic laws have no exceptionsNeogrammarians

Grimm's Law Unvolved plorives unrsical fricatires

h - f h e s foot

fater father

t - tres - Trree

tenuis trin

k - h centum hundred

14.6

corn u horn

boiced florivesunboicedflorives

b - p karnbis (Greek) hemps (English)

d - t duo (Latin) two (English)

dens (Latin) tooth (English)

g - k granum (Latin) corn (English)

genus (Latin) kin (English)

Proto Indo-Eurojean languageboiced asfiratespre-germanpre-greekPre-Latin

do

14.7

Hermann Grass mamm 1809 - 71

Unvoieed unaslirated dorro`velar plorive unvoieed unastirated palatal offricate

* * * *

*

* * *

*

> * + *

14.8

A*

A B C D

> B.C.

(Limitations)

Latin dies Eng dies

neat prof

Latin dentalis >

English dental

14.9

Internal Reconstruction

14.10

Herman Grasman Grasman' Law

*

14.11

pephpuka phpephuka

>>

To know the origin of words is to know the cultural history of mankind Dr. Ernert KleinA comperhensive ctymological dictionary of the English languageM.B. Emeeno Thomas BurrowA Draridian EtynologicalDictionary - 1984

The activities of a society that is of its members constitute its culture (Outline of linguistic analysis P. 1)

14.12

1. HoeningsWald, Henry M. 1960, Language Change and Linguistic Reconstruction. Chicago University ofChicago Press

2. Hockett, Charles F. 1958 ACourse in Modern Linguistics NewYork, Macmillan

3.

15.2

borrobing Loan words boan - words

Need-Filling

dharma < skt. dlarma, alman < skt. atma alimra< skt. alimsa

Prestigious Words

urinds

15.3

syneope

prestige

15.7

> > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > >

15.8

> > > > > > >

> > > > >

> > > > > > syncope

> >

> > > > > > > >

15.9

> > > > > > > > > > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > > > > > >

> > > > > > > > > >

> >

15.10

> > > > > > > > > > >

> > > > > >

> > > > > > > > > >

15.11

London > Car > Bus > Rail > Pen > Hospital > Collector > Police > College > University > Road > Drama > Cinema > Radio >

15.12

Intignate borrowing

Intignate borrowing


3.

16.2

synonyms'diabect' dialfect

substandard

dialect 'diabectician' 'diabectologist'

idiolectidiolect idiolects

language

16.3

"Subdivisions of a language are referred to as dialects" (Historical linguistics an troduction P.3)

Angles, Sascons, suter "The marked difference of English from the Germanic speechalong the continents store of the North sea is explained by the millennium and half of seperation...................The splittingoff of english is a classical example of the way in which a dialect area is divided by migration" (L bloomafield - language

P.58)

Language P. 321

* *

16.4

dialect dictionaries Pure ElizebethanEnglish

Uniformity Hag "The nearestneighbors, within a distance of less than five miles, are all separeted from Bubsheim by isoglosses. Only two of these

neighbors agree with each other as to all of the features that were studied by Hag". (language P.325)

Venker

16.6

Phonetic atlasgrammatical atlas isogloss

16.7

LanguageLanguage

Proto Language

standard language sub standared language

Flexible statisitsintellectuatisation

The unifing function

Prestige function

16.8

f

16.10

Coffee

Tiffin Fees Face Power

1. Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933 Language, NewYork : Holt2. Krishna Murti Bh. Aditi Mukherjee 1984, Modernization of Indian Languages in News Media. Dept. of

Linguistics, Grmania quirersity, Hyderabad - 7

3.

Documents

ANUCE Examination Portalanucde.net/materials/DT02 MA Tel I P-II Introduction to... · 2020. 11. 19. · 3.8 "The speech ofthe old men differs fromthat ofthe youngpeople. Both archaic