Anu Unit 1 Nursing Research 2010

8/3/2019 Anu Unit 1 Nursing Research 2010

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UNIT 1: NURSING RESEARCH


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OBJECTIVESBy the end of this lecture Students will be able;

To define research and nursing research

To discuss role of Nurse in research participation

To enlist the process of research.

To Know about the importance of Research.

Discuss the historical trends or history of Nursing

Research.

To review the types of research methods Qualitative,

Quantitative and outcomes

To discuss areas of high priorities for nurse

researchers

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NURSINGRESEARCH - INTRODUCTION

Nursing cultural change

Nurses expected to understand and conduct

research

Base their professional practice on evidence

Evidence Based Practice defined as the use of the

best clinical evidence in making patient care

decisions, and such evidence typically comes from

research conducted by the nurses and other health

care professionals. 3


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RESEARCH

Research means

To Search Again.

To examine carefully.

Research seeks answers to questions in an orderly

and systematic way.

It is a method of problem solving.

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DEFINITIONOF RESEARCH

It is diligent (careful), systematic inquiry or study

that Validates and refines existing knowledge and

develops new knowledge.

A scientific process that validates and refines

existing knowledge and generates new knowledge

that directly and indirectly influences clinical

nursing practice.

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NURSING RESEARCH

Nursing research is systematic inquiry designed to

develop knowledge about issues of importance to the

nursing profession, including nursing practice,

education, administration, and informatics.Example of research question

How do adults with acquired brain injury perceive

their social interactions and relationships (Paterson

& Stewart, 2002)

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WHATDOESRESEARCHDO?

Research enables nurses to:

Describe the characteristics of a particular nursing

situation about which little is known.

Eg. Nurses work stress

Explain phenomenon that must be considered in

planning nursing care.

Eg. Nurses working concept, NPR, Team work, nursing

care / concepts of Psychiatric , Pediatric and OBG clients,

Water birth.7


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WHATDOESRESEARCHDO?

Research enables nurses to:

Predict the probable outcome of certain nursing decisions

made in relation to client care.

Eg. Oral CareLemon, Salt, Chlorhexidine

Control the occurrence of undesired client outcomes.

Eg. Muscle dystrophy prevented / controlled by active, passive

exercise

Initiate, with a fair degree of confidence, activities that will

achieve desired client behavior.

Eg. Good or better IPR makes Good or better client behaviour 8


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WHYDONURSESNEEDRESEARCH?

For the continuous growth of nursing profession.

Helps nursing to achieve its own professional identity.

Helps to identify the boundaries of nursing.

To define the parameters of nursing.

For cost containment practices.

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ROLEOF NURSEINRESEARCH PARTICIPATIONATVARIOUSLEVELSOFEDUCATIONPREPARATION

(ANA-1989)

BSN Degree

1. Critiquing & synthesizing research findings from

nursing profession and other discipline for use in

practice.

2. Provide valuable assistance in identifying research

problems and collecting data for studies.

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ROLEOF NURSEINRESEARCH PARTICIPATIONAT

VARIOUSLEVELSOFEDUCATIONPREPARATION

(ANA-1989)

Master's degree

1. To lead health care teams

Making essential changes in nursing practice Health care system based on research

2. Conduct investigations

3. Initial studies in collaboration with other

investigators

4. Facilitate research and Provide consultation 11


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(ANA-1989)

Doctoral Degree

1. Assume a major role in the conduct of research.

2. Generation of nursing knowledge in a selected area

of interest.

Extend scientific basis

Develop methods to measure nursing phenomena

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(ANA-1989)

Post doctoral degree

1. Assumed a full researcher role and has a funded

program of research

2. Develop and coordinate funded research programs

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NURSING RESEARCHPRIORITIES

To Improve:

Nursing as a profession

Nursing practice

Patient outcomes

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IMPORTANCEOFRESEARCHINNURSING

EBP increases the need or importance for nursing

research.

EBP demands high quality / rigorous nursing research

EBP indicates clinically appropriate, cost-effective and

result in positive outcomes for clients.

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WHYISRESEARCHIMPORTANTIN

NURSING?

Knowledge generated through research is essential to

provide a scientific basis for:-

Description

What exists in Nursing/practice and discover a new

knowledge.

Explanation Explains the existing knowledge in relation to the

effect and the outcome16


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WHYISRESEARCHIMPORTANTIN

NURSING?

Like bed sore occur in the old people due to lack

of mobility

Prediction

A nurse could predict the out come on the

bases of interventions

Control

Ability to write a prescription to produce the

desire result. 17


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TYPESOFNURSINGRESEARCHNURSING RESEARCH

Qualitative research Quantitative research Outcomeresearch

- Phenomenological - Descriptive- Grounded theory - Correlational

- Ethnographic - Quasi-experimental

- Historical - Experimental18


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QUANTITATIVERESEARCH

Is a formal, objective, systematic process in which

numerical data are used to obtain information

about the world.

Is "hard science" it is perceived as rigorous (exact),

systematic and objective focusing on numerical

data and using statistical analysis and controls in

an attempt to eliminate bias.

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QUANTITATIVERESEARCH

It is conducted to test theory by; Describing variables

Examining relationship among variables

Determine cause and effect interaction between variables.

Types of Quantitative Research:

Descriptive- explore new areas/describe situations.

Co-relational- examine relationships

Quasi-experimental- effectiveness of intervention.

Experimental- producing positive outcomes.20


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QUALITATIVERESEARCH

Is a systematic, subjective approach used to

describe life experiences and situation and to give

them meaning.

"Mode of systematic inquiry concerned with

understanding human beings and the nature of

their transaction with themselves and with their

surrounding" (Benoliel, 1984).

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QUALITATIVERESEARCH

Qualitative research is often described as holistic, that

is, concerned with humans and their environment in all

their complexities. It is lived and as it is defined by the

actors themselves

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QUALITATIVERESEARCH

Types of Qualitative Research:

Phenomenological- describes experience as

lived.

Grounded theory- formulate, test and refine a

theory about a phenomena.

Ethnographic- investigates cultures in depth.

Historical- description analysis of events that

occurred in past.

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OUTCOME RESEARCH

Is focused on examining the end results of care or

determining the changes in health status for the patient.

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OUTCOME RESEARCH

Four essential areas require for this reason:

The patients responses to medical or Nursing

Intervention.

Functional maintenance/improvement of physical

functioning for the patient.

Financial outcome achieved with the provision of

health care services.

Patients satisfaction with the health outcomes care

received and the health care provider.25


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QUANTITATIVE & QUALITATIVE

RESEARCHCHARACTERISTICS

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QuantitativeResearch

QualitativeResearch

1. Hard science Soft Science

2. Focus: Concise andNarrow

Focus: Complex andBroad

3. Reductionistic Holistic4. Objective Subjective

5. Reasoning:LogisticDeductive

Reasoning:Dialectic,Inductive

6. Basis of knowing:cause and effects,relationships

Basis of knowing:meaning discovery


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QUANTITATIVEANDQUALITATIVE


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QuantitativeResearch

Qualitative Research

7. Tests theory Develops theory

8. Control Shared

interpretation9. Instruments Communication and

observation

10. Basic elements

of analysis:numbers

Basic elements of

analysis: words

11. Statistical

analysis

Individual

interpretation.

12. Generalization Uniqueness


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MAJORCLASSESOFQUANTITATIVE &

QUALITATIVERESEARCH

Quantitative research Qualitative research

Experimental Research

Non Experimental Research

Disciplinary Traditions

Experimental Research:-

Researchers actively

introduce an intervention or

treatment.

Originated in the

disciplines of

anthropology, sociology

& psychology

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Non Experimental

Research

Researchers are

bystanders :- The data

collected without

introducing treatments or

making changes.

It is based on

grounded theory,

phenomenology,

Ethnography

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In medical &Epidemiologic research,

an Experimental study

usually called acontrolled trial or

clinical trial &

Non Experimental

inquiry called as an

observational study.

To describe andunderstand the key

social, psychological

and structuralprocesses occurring

in a social setting.

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GROUNDEDTHEORY

Was developed in the 1960s by two socilogists

Glaser & Strauss

Focus is on a developing social experience, social

& psychological stages and phases that

characterize a particular event or episode.

Major component is the discovery of a core

variable.

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GROUNDEDTHEORY

Eg. King et al (2006) conducted a series of

grounded theory studies with men and women

from five ethnocultural groups in Canada who

had been diagnosed with Coronary Artery Disease

risk. (CAD)

The analysis of the process through whichpatients met the challenge of managing Coronary

Artery Disease risk.32


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PHENOMENOLOGY

Rooted in a philosophical tradition

Developed by Husserl and Heidegger

Concerned with lived experiences of humans

It is an approach to thinking about what life

experiences of people are like and what they

mean.

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PHENOMENOLOGY

Eg. ODell and Jacelon (2005) conducted in

depthinterviews to explore the experiences of

women who had undergone vaginal closure

surgery to correct severe vaginal pralapse.

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ETHNOGRAPHY

Primary research tradition with in anthropology

Provides framework for studying the patterns, life

ways, and experiences of a cultural group ina

wholistic fashion.

Aim of ethnographers is to learn from members

of a cultural group, to understand their world

view as they perceive & live it to describe their

customs & norms35


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ETHNOGRAPHY

Eg. Schoenfeld and Juarbe (2005) conducted

ethnographic fieldwork in two rural Ecuadorian

communities and studied the burdens ofwomens roles, the womens perceived health

needs, and their health care resources.

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THECONSUMER-PRODUCER

CONTINUUMINNURSINGRESEARCH

Consumers of nursing research:- Read research

reports to develop new skills and to search for

relevant findings that may affect their practice.

Producers of nursing research:- Nurses who

actively participate in designing and implementing

studies.

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VARIETYOFRESEARCHACTIVITIESBY

CONSUMER-PRODUCER CONTINUUM.

1.Participating in a journal club in a practice

setting, which involves meetings among nurses to

discuss and critique research articles.

2.Solving clinical problems and making clinical

decisions based on rigorous research

3.Collaborating in the development of an idea for a

clinical research project.

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4.Reviewing a proposed research plan with respect

to its feasibility in a clinical setting and offering

clinical expertise to improve the plan.5.Recruiting potential study participants

6.Assisting in the collection research information

(e.g. distributing questionnaires to patients.)

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7.Giving clients information and advice about

participation in studies

8.Discussing the implications and relevance of

research findings with clients.

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TERMSAND CONCEPTSOF RESEARCH

1. The faces and places of research

2. The building blocks of research

a. Phenomena, Concepts and Constructs

b. Theories and conceptual models

c. Variables

d. Conceptual and operational definition

e. Data

3. Relationships41


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1. THEFACESANDPLACESOFRESEARCH

Studies with human involves two sets of people

I. Those who provide the II. Those who do the

information research

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I. THOSEWHOPROVIDETHEINFORMATION

Ina quantitative study In a qualitative study

Subjects or Study

Participants

Informants or key

informants or Study

participants

Respondents

Sample

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II. THOSEWHODOTHERESEARCH

Researcher or investigator

Collaborative research

Project director or principal Investigator

Co-investigators

Reviewers

Peer reviewers

Funder or sponsor

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RESEARCHSETTINGS

Naturalistic Settings:-

Laboratory Settings:-

Multisite studies:-

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KEYTERMS USED IN QUANTITATIVE AND


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K Q QUALITATIVERESEARCH

CONCEPT QUANTITATIVE TERM QUALITATIVE TERM

Person contributinginformation

Subject, study participant,respondent

study participant, informant,key informant

Person under takingthe study

Researcher, investigator,scientist

Researcher, investigator

That which is being

investigated

Concepts, constructs,

variables

Phenomena, concepts

System of organizingconcepts

Theory, theoreticalframework, conceptualmodel

Theory, conceptualframework, sensitizingframework

Information gathered Data(numeric values) Data (narrative descriptions)

Connection betweenconcepts

Relationships (cause-and-effect, functional)

Patterns of association

Logical reasoningprocess

Deductive reasoning Inductive reasoning 46


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2. THEBUILDINGBLOCKSOFRESEARCH

A) Phenomena, Concepts and Constructs

Concepts:- Research involves abstractions.

For eg. The terms of pain, quality of life, and

resilience are all abstractions of particular aspectsof human behaviour and characteristics. These

abstractions are called concepts. In qualitative

study it is known as Phenomena.

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A) Phenomena, concepts and constructs

Construct:- It refers to an abstraction or mental

representation inferred from situations or

behaviours. It is a more complex abstraction than

concept.

Constructs are abstractions that are deliberately and

systematically invented (or constructed) by

researchers for a specific purpose.

For eg. Self care in Orem's Model of health

maintenance is a construct.

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B) Theories and conceptual Models

Theory :-

Is a systematic, abstract explanation of some

aspect of reality.

Conceptual Models: interrelated concepts or

abstractions assembled together in a rational

scheme by virtue of their relevance to a common

theme; some times called conceptual framework.49


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2. THEBUILDINGBLOCKSOFRESEARCHC) VARIABLES

In quantitative studies, concepts are usually called

as variables

i. Continuous, Discrete and categorial variables

ii. Dependent & independent variables

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2. THEBUILDINGBLOCKSOFRESEARCHC) VARIABLES

Variable:- is something varies or differs.

Eg. Weight, anxiety levels, body temperature etc.

each varies from one person to another.

Heterogeneous:- The degree to which objects are

dissimilar on some attribute.

Homogenous:-The degree to which the objects aresimilar.

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2. THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF RESEARCH


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2. THEBUILDINGBLOCKSOFRESEARCHC) VARIABLES :- I. CONTINUOUS, DISCRETEANDCATEGORIAL

VARIABLES

Continuous variables:- have values along a

continuous and, in theory, can assume an infinite

number of values between two points.

Eg. Continuous variable weight between 1 & 2

pounds, the number of values is limitless.

1.05, 1.7, 1.333, and so on.

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2. THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF RESEARCH


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VARIABLES

Discrete variable:- has a finite number of values

between any two points, representing discrete

quantities

Eg. If people were asked how many children they had,

they might answer.

0, 1, 2, 3 or more. The value for number of

children discrete, because number such as 1.5 is

not meaningful. Between 1 & 3, the only possible

value is 2.

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2 THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF RESEARCH


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VARIABLES

Categorial variables:- variable that take on a

handful of discrete non-quantitative values are

called categorial variables.

For eg. Blood type has four values that is A, B, AB

and O.

Dichotomous variables:- Categorical variables take

on only two values.

Eg. Gender is dichotomous Male & Female 54



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2. THEBUILDINGBLOCKSOFRESEARCHC) VARIABLES :- II. DEPENDENTANDINDEPENDENT

VARIABLES

Independent variable :-

The presumed cause is the independent

variable

Dependent Variable:-

The presumed effect is dependent variable

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2. THEBUILDINGBLOCKSOFRESEARCHC) VARIABLES :- II. DEPENDENTANDINDEPENDENT

VARIABLES

Outcome Variable:-The variable capturing the

outcome of interest

Smoking Lung cancer

(cause) (effect)

Independent V Dependent V

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STEPS IN RESEARCH


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STEPSIN RESEARCH

From beginning point to end point

Sequence of steps

General flow of activities are typical in quantitative

studies

5 phases and each phase has certain steps

Conceptual phase

Designing and planning phase

Empirical phase

Analytic phase

Dissemination phase

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RESEARCH PROCESSORFLOWOFSTEPS


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INQUANTITATIVERESEARCH

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PHASE 1:

THE

CONCEPTUAL

PHASE

1: Formulating and Delimiting (state

clearly) the Problem

2: Reviewing the Related Literature

3: Undertaking Clinical Fieldwork

4: Defining Framework & Developing

Conceptual Definitions

5: Formulating Hypotheses

PHASE 1: THE CONCEPTUAL PHASE


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PHASE 1: THECONCEPTUALPHASE Strong intellectual and conceptual activity

These activities include Reading

Conceptualizing

Theorizing

Reconceptualizing

Reviewing ideas

Skills needed are,

Creativity

Deductive reasoning, Insight and firm grounding in previous

research on the topic of interest

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Step1: Formulating and Delimiting


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Step1: Formulating and Delimiting

(state clearly) the Problem Researcher identifies an interesting, significant problem and

good research questions.

Good research depends to a great degree of good questions.

While developing a research question, researchers must payclose attention to

Substantive issues

Theoretical issues

Clinical issues

Methodologic issues and

Ethical issues60

Step 2: Reviewing the Related Literature


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Step 2: Reviewing the Related Literature

Quantitative research conducted within the context of previous

knowledge.

What is already known about a research problem?

Through literature review

For clinical problems learn about status quo of current

procedures relating to topic

Review existing practice guidelines or protocols.

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St 3 U d t ki Cli i l Fi ld k


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Step 3: Undertaking Clinical Fieldwork

To refresh or updating clinical knowledge.

Spend time in clinical settings

Discussing the topic with clinicians, health care administrators and

observing current practices.

Clinical field work provides perspectives.

Recent clinical trends

Current diagnostic procedures and Relevant health care delivery

models

Better understand affected client and setting in which the care is

provided

Field work strengthen the study.

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Step 4: Defining Framework &


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Developing Conceptual Definitions

Quantitative research performed within the context of a

theoretical framework

Findings may have broader significance and utility.

If research question not embedded in a theory

Have a conceptual rationale

Clear sense of concepts under study

Development of conceptual framework is an important task

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Step 5: Formulating Hypotheses


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Step 5: Formulating Hypotheses

Hypothesis is a statement of researchers expectations about

relationship between study variables.

It is predictions of expected outcomes.

The research question ask how the concepts under investigation

might be related.

But the hypothesis predicts the answer.

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STEP 5: FORMULATING HYPOTHESES

Eg. Research Question

Is preeclamptic toxemia related to stress factors

during pregnancy?

Hypothesis

Women with a higher incidence of stress during

pregnancy will be more likely than women with a

lower incidence of stress to experience

preeclamptic taxemia.65



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PHASE 2:THE DESIGN

AND

PLANNING

PHASE

6: Selecting a Research Design

7: Developing Protocols for the

Intervention

8: Identifying the Population to be

Studied

9: Designing the Sampling Plan

10: Specifying Methods to Measure the

Research Variables

11: Developing Methods for

Safeguarding human/ Animal Rights

12: Finalizing and Reviewing the

Research Plan

PHASE 2 THE DESIGN AND PLANNING


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PHASE 2: THEDESIGNANDPLANNINGPHASE

Second major phase of quantitative study

Decision about methods and procedures to addressthe research question

Plan for actual collection of data

Nature if research question dictates the methods tobe used

Considerable flexibility and makes many decisions

Methodologic decisions have important implicationsfor the integrity of study findings

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STEP-6 SELECTING A RESEARCH DESIGNS


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STEP-6 SELECTINGARESEARCHDESIGNS

It is the overall plan for obtaining answers

Helps in handling some difficulties encountered duringresearch process

Research designs in quantitative study- non-experimental,experimental

Researcher specify the design will be adopted, procedureto minimize the bias and enhance the interpretability ofresults

In quantitative study research designs are highlystructured and controlled

Research design indicates other aspects of study

Eg. How often data will be collected, what type ofcomparisons will be made, where the study will take place

Research design is architectural back bone of the study

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STEP 7- DEVELOPINGPROTOCOLSFORTHEINTERVENTION

In experimental research the researcher creates theindependent variable means participants exposedto different treatments

Eg. Relaxation therapy

Development of intervention protocol who wouldadminister it, how frequently, over how long aperiod the treatment would lost, and so on and whatalternative condition would be

The goal of well articulated protocol is treating thesubjects in each group same way

In non-experimental research this step isunnecessary

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STEP 8- IDENTIFYINGTHEPOPULATION

Quantitative researchers need to know Characteristics of study participants

To which group the study results can be generalized ieidentification of the population to be studied

Population is all the individuals or objects withcommon, defining characteristics

Eg.

Population undergoing chemotherapy in belgaum

Menopausal women in belgaum Neonates in belgaum

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STEP 9-DESIGNINGANDSAMPLINGPHASE


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Data collected from the sample which is a subset of thepopulation

Using samples is more practical and less costly thancollecting a data from an entire population

But the risk is the sample might not adequately reflect thepopulation traits

In quantitative study the samples adequacy is assessedby the criterion of REPRESENTATIVENESS

The quality of the sample depends on how typical orrepresentative, the sample is of the population

Sophisticated sampling procedures

Sampling plan specifies in advance hoe the sample willbe selected, recruited and how many subjects

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STEP 10- SPECIFYINGMETHODSTOMEASURERESEARCHVARIABLE

It must be developed or it can be barrowed

Quantitative data collection approaches are

self reports interviews

Observations sleep and wake status of infants

Bio physiologic measurements

Data collection plan task of developing measuringvariables

Complex and challenging process

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11 DEVELOPING METHODS TO SAFE GUARD


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11. DEVELOPINGMETHODSTOSAFEGUARDTHE HUMANOR ANIMALRIGHTS

Nursing research involves human subjects andsome times animals

Ensure that study adheres to ethical principals

Protection of rights of study subjects

Review committee acceptance

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12 REVIVING AND FINALIZING THE RESEARCH


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12. REVIVINGANDFINALIZINGTHERESEARCHPLAN

Performing number of tests to ensure smooth work

Eg

Readability ability to understand

Pretest measuring instrument

Pilot study

Submission of proposal to funding source

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RESEARCH PROCESSORFLOWOFSTEPSQ T T T S C


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PHASE 3:THE

EMPIRICAL(PRACTICAL)

PHASE

13: Collecting the Data

14: Preparing the Data for

Analysis

PHASE 4:THEANALYTIC

PHASE

15: Analyzing the Data

16: Interpreting the Results

P S 3 E C S


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PHASE 3: EMPIRICALPHASE

Collecting research data

Preparing those data for analysis

Time consuming part

Requires several weeks, months of work


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STEP 13: COLLECTINGDATA

Proceeds according to the pre established plan

Plan typically specifies procedures for the actualdata collection where, when

Describing the study to the participants

Recording the information

Technological advance helps


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STEP 14: PREPARINGFORDATAANALYSIS

Coding: translation of verbal data into numeric form

Eg: Gender might be coded M1 and F2

Transferring data from written documents on tocomputer files for subsequent analysis


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PHASE 4: ANALYTICPHASE

Data collected in empirical phase are subjected toanalysis and interpretation


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STEP 15: ANALYZINGTHE DATA

Orderly and coherent fashion

Quantitative information analyzed through statisticalprocedures

Statistical analysis


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STEP 16: INTERPRETINGTHERESULTS

Interpretation: process of making sense of studyresults and of examining their implications

Explaining the findings with prior evidence, theoryand their own clinical experience

Interpretation also involves, how findings can bestbe used in clinical practice, or what furtherresearch is needed



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PHASE 5: THE

DISSEMINATION

PHASE

17: Communicating the Findings

18: Utilizing the Findings in

Practice


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PHASE 5: DISSEMINATIONPHASE

In analytic phase the research question posed areanswered

Responsibility is not completed it ends with thestudy results dissemination


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STEP 17: COMMUNICATINGTHEFINDINGS

Final task preparation of a research report toshare with others

Various forms of research reports are termpapers, dissertations, journal articles, presentation

at conferencesjournal articles reports appearing in professional

journals as nursing research


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STEP 18: UTILIZINGTHEFINDINGINPRACTICE

High quality study is to plan for its use in practicesettings

Recommending the evidence of the study to beincorporated into practice of nursing


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RESEARCH PROCESSORFLOWOFSTEPSINQUALITATIVE RESEARCH


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QUALITATIVERESEARCH

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Planning the studyIdentifying the research problem

Doing a literature reviewDeveloping a overall approach

Selecting and gaining entre into research sites

Developing methods to safeguard participants

Developing data collectionstrategies

Deciding what type of data to gather and how

to gather

Deciding from whom to collect the data

Deciding how to enhance the trustworthiness

Gathering and analyzing dataCollecting data

Organizing and analyzing data

Evaluating data: making modifications to data collection

strategies, if necessary

Evaluating data: determining if saturation has been

achieved

Disseminating findingsCommunicating findings

Utilizing or makingrecommendations for utilizing

findings in practice and future

research

HISTORYINNURSINGRESEARCH


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Began with Florence Nightingale over 150 years ago

(1850).

In (1859) describes her initial research activities

which looked at the importance of leading

environment in promoting physical and mental wellbeing

Ventilation

Cleanliness

Purity of water

Diet

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In addition collected the data of morbidity from

Crimean War this made the military provide: Enough food.

Clear quarters for the sick.

Appropriate medical treatment.

These interventions made impact on public health

(military help)

drastically reduces mortality from 43% up-to 2% in the

Crimean War.

Testing public water

Improve sanitation

preventing starvation.89



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1900- 20s

First Journal Published American Journal of

nursing (1900)

Case study appeared ( 1920 - 1930)

In-depth analysis and systematic description of

one patient or group to promote understanding of

nursing Research.90

HISTORY IN NURSING RESEARCH


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Little research done except for a few

important educational studies

recommending establishing School of

nursing in a university. (Gold mark report,

1923)

First doctoral program for nurses was at

Teachers college in Colombia. (NYC) in

1924.91



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1950

American Nurse Association (ANA) initiated a five

year study on nursing functions and activities.

Clinical Research began

Research took on new importance due to vision of

Virginian Henderson & Faye Abdullah;

One could see more nurses with Master's degree andSchool of Nursing began introducing research as a

separate course 92

1952


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1952

First Journal Of Nursing Research published.

Researches conducted at Baccalaureate andmasters level.

1953

The institute of Research and services in Nursing

education established at teachers collage

Columbia University, New York.

Provided learning experience in research for

Doctoral studies.

late 60's saw more research being done that

imported clinical and quality of care93

1970's


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1970 s

Saw nursing process as focus for many studies.

Saw increase in number of nursing theories and

models.

Image: Journal of nursing scholarly, first published in1967 and Advance in nursing science in 1978 (

Including Nursing Theories) by STTI.

To tackle the issue of communication /

dissemination of information

Council of Nurse research establish94

1980's


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1980 s

Clinical research became the important design in

research

Saw many new journals being published e.g. Cancer

nursing; Pediatric nursing, Dimension of critical care

nursing etc.., Applied nursing research.

Clinical research written priority of the 80's

increase funding for nursing research.

The ANA achieved a victory by establishing the

National Center for Nursing Research in 1985. 95


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Priorities of National Center for Nursing Research

1999 includes:

Community based nursing models.

Effectiveness of nursing interventions in

HIV/AIDS.

Cognitive impairment.

Living with chronic illness.96

QUANTITATIVE & QUALITATIVERESEARCH CHARACTERISTICS


97/101


97

Quantitative

Research


1. Hard science Soft Science

2. Focus: Conciseand Narrow

Focus: Complex andBroad

3. Reductionistic Holistic

4. Objective Subjective

5. Reasoning:LogisticDeductive

Reasoning:Dialectic,Inductive

6. Basis of knowing:cause and effects,

relationships

Basis of knowing:meaning discovery

QUANTITATIVEANDQUALITATIVERESEARCH CHARACTERISTICS


98/101


98

Quantitative

Research


7. Tests theory Develops theory

8. Control Shared

interpretation

9. Instruments Communication andobservation

10.

Basic elementsof analysis:

numbers

Basic elements ofanalysis: words

11

.

Statistical

analysis

Individual

interpretation.

12

.

Generalization Uniqueness

AREASOF HIGH PRIORITYFORNURSE RESEARCHER


99/101

NURSE RESEARCHER

Patient focused research

The management processes within health care

services

Cultural issues for nurses and patients

The history of nursing

Ethical decision making

Nursing and professional regulation

Education of nurses

Nursing workforce skills mix

99

REFERENCES


100/101

REFERENCES

Polit, D.F., and Bech, C.T. Nursing Research;

principles and Methods7th edition, LWW.

Burns, N., and Grove, S.K. (2007).

Understanding Nursing Research; building an

evidence based practice4th edition, New Delhi,

Elsevier.

100

REFERENCES


101/101

REFERENCES

Anonymous, (n.d). Promoting Research in ClinicalPractice: Strategies for Implementing Research

Initiatives. Journal of Trauma Nursing, April/June

2009

Acknowledgements

Dr. Fauziya Ali Ph.D

Tazeen Saeed Ali RN, RM, BScN, MSc

(Epidemiology)101

Documents

Anu Unit 1 Nursing Research 2010