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AntimonyAn overview

ContentsArticlesOverview 1

Antimony 1

Isotopes 12

Isotopes of antimony 12

Compounds 17

Algarot 17Aluminium antimonide 19Antimonide 20Antimonite 21Antimony pentafluoride 22Antimony trifluoride 25Antimony pentachloride 28Antimony pentasulfide 30Antimony pentoxide 32Antimony tetroxide 34Antimony tribromide 36Antimony trichloride 38Antimony triiodide 41Antimony trioxide 43Antimony triselenide 47Antimony(III) acetate 49Fluoroantimonic acid 51Gallium antimonide 54Gallium indium arsenide antimonide phosphide 55Indium antimonide 56Meglumine antimoniate 59Pentavalent antimonial 60Sodium stibogluconate 61Sodium thioantimoniate 64Stibine 66Stibophen 69

Titanium yellow 70Trimethylstibine 71Triphenylstibine 73Yttrium(III) antimonide 75Zinc antimonide 76

Minerals 77

Allargentum 77Antimonate mineral 78Antimonide mineral 78Aurostibite 79Berthierite 80Biehlite 81Boulangerite 82Bournonite 83Breithauptite 85Chapmanite 87Cylindrite 89Franckeite 90Freibergite 92Freieslebenite 94Geocronite 95Kermesite 96Kobellite 98Miargyrite 99Nadorite 101Polybasite 102Pyrargyrite 104Samsonite 106Stephanite 108Stibiconite 110Stibiopalladinite 111Stibnite 112Tetrahedrite 115Ullmannite 117Valentinite 119Zinkenite 121

Miscellany 122

Antimonial 122Antimonial cup 123Glass of antimony 125Organoantimony chemistry 125

ReferencesArticle Sources and Contributors 127Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 130

Article LicensesLicense 132

1

Overview

Antimony

Antimony

Appearance

silvery lustrous gray

General properties

Name, symbol, number antimony, Sb, 51

Pronunciation /ˈæntɪmɵnɪ/an-ti-mo-nee[1]

Element category metalloid

Group, period, block 15, 5, p

Standard atomic weight 121.760(1) g·mol−1

Electron configuration [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3

Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 18, 5 (Image)

Physical properties

Phase solid

Density (near r.t.) 6.697 g·cm−3

Liquid density at m.p. 6.53 g·cm−3

Melting point 903.78 K,630.63 °C,1167.13 °F

Boiling point 1860 K,1587 °C,2889 °F

Heat of fusion 19.79 kJ·mol−1

Heat of vaporization 193.43 kJ·mol−1

Specific heat capacity (25 °C) 25.23 J·mol−1·K−1

Vapor pressure

Antimony 2

P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k

at T/K 807 876 1011 1219 1491 1858

Atomic properties

Oxidation states 5, 3, -3

Electronegativity 2.05 (Pauling scale)

Ionization energies(more)

1st: 834 kJ·mol−1

2nd: 1594.9 kJ·mol−1

3rd: 2440 kJ·mol−1

Atomic radius 140 pm

Covalent radius 139±5 pm

Van der Waals radius 206 pm

Miscellanea

Crystal structure trigonal

Magnetic ordering diamagnetic[2]

Electrical resistivity (20 °C) 417 nΩ·m

Thermal conductivity (300 K) 24.4 W·m−1·K−1

Thermal expansion (25 °C) 11 µm·m−1·K−1

Speed of sound (thin rod) (20 °C) 3420 m/s

Young's modulus 55 GPa

Shear modulus 20 GPa

Bulk modulus 42 GPa

Mohs hardness 3.0

Brinell hardness 294 MPa

CAS registry number 7440-36-0

Most stable isotopes

iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP

121Sb 57.36% 121Sb is stable with 70 neutron

123Sb 42.64% 123Sb is stable with 72 neutron

125Sb syn 2.7582 y β− 0.767 125Te

Antimony (  /ˈæntɪmɵni/ or /ˈæntəˌmoʊni/;[3] Latin: stibium) is a toxic chemical element with the symbol Sb andan atomic number of 51. A lustrous grey metalloid, it is found in nature mainly as the sulfide mineral stibnite(Sb2S3). Although the use of antimony is limited by its toxicity, its compounds have been of fundamental value inchemistry – a prominent example being the development of superacids derived from antimony pentafluoride.[4]

Antimony compounds are prominent fire retardants found in many commercial and domestic products. Certain alloysare valuable for use in solders and ball bearings. An emerging application is the use of antimony in microelectronics.

Antimony 3

History

One of thealchemicalsymbols forantimony

Antimony's sulfide compound, antimony(III) sulfide, Sb2S3 was recognized in antiquity, at leastas early as 3000 BC.

An artifact, said to be part of a vase, made of antimony dating to about 3000 BC was found atTello, Chaldea (part of present-day Iraq), and a copper object plated with antimony datingbetween 2500 BC and 2200 BC has been found in Egypt.[5] One contemporary (Austen, at alecture by Herbert Gladstone, published in 1892) was reported[6] to comment that "we onlyknow of antimony at the present day as a highly brittle and crystalline metal, which couldhardly be fashioned into a useful vase, and therefore this remarkable 'find' must represent thelost art of rendering antimony malleable."[6] However, Moorey was unconvinced that theartefact was indeed a vase, mentioning that Selimkhanov, after his analysis of the Telloh object(published in 1975), "attempted to relate the metal to Transcaucasian natural antimony" (i.e.native metal) and that "the antimony objects from Transcaucasia are all small personal

ornaments."[6] This weakens the evidence for a lost art "of rendering antimony malleable."

The first European description of a procedure for isolating antimony is in the book De la pirotechnia of 1540 byVannoccio Biringuccio. This book predates the more famous 1556 book by Agricola, De re metallica, even thoughAgricola has been often incorrectly credited with the discovery of metallic antimony. A text describing thepreparation of metallic antimony that was published in Germany in 1604 purported to date from the early fifteenthcentury, and if authentic it would predate Biringuccio. The book, written in Latin, was called "Currus TriumphalisAntimonii" (The Triumphal Chariot of Antimony), and its putative author was a certain Benedictine monk, writingunder the name Basilius Valentinus.[7] [8] An English translation of the "Currus Triumphalis" appeared in English in1660, under the title The Triumphant Chariot of Antimony. The work remains of great interest, chiefly because itdocuments how followers of the renegade German physician, Philippus Theophrastus Paracelsus von Hohenheim (ofwhom Thölde was one), came to associate the practice of alchemy with the preparation of chemical medicines.Pure antimony was well known to Jābir ibn Hayyān, sometimes called "the Father of Chemistry", in the 8th century.Here there is still an open controversy: Marcellin Berthelot, who translated a number of Jābir's books, stated thatantimony is never mentioned in them, but other authors[9] claim that Berthelot translated only some of the lessimportant books, while the more interesting ones (some of which might describe antimony) are not yet translated,and their content is completely unknown.The first natural occurrence of pure antimony ('native antimony') in the Earth's crust was described by the Swedishscientist and local mine district engineer Anton von Swab in 1783. The type-sample was collected from the SalaSilver Mine in the Bergslagen mining district of Sala, Västmanland, Sweden.[10]

EtymologyThe ancient words for antimony mostly have, as their chief meaning, kohl, the sulfide of antimony. Pliny the Elder,however, distinguishes between male and female forms of antimony; his male form is probably the sulfide, while thefemale form, which is superior, heavier, and less friable, is probably native metallic antimony.[11]

The Egyptians called antimony mśdmt; in hieroglyphs, the vowels are uncertain, but there is an Arabic tradition thatthe word is ميسديميت mesdemet.[12] [13] The Greek word, στίμμι stimmi, is probably a loan word from Arabic orEgyptian sdm , and is used by the Attic tragic poets of the 5th century BC; later Greeks also used στἰβι stibi, as didCelsus and Pliny, writing in Latin, in the first century AD. Pliny also gives the names stimi [sic], larbaris, alabaster,and the "very common" platyophthalmos, "wide-eye" (from the effect of the cosmetic). Later Latin authors adaptedthe word to Latin as stibium. The Arabic word for the substance, as opposed to the cosmetic, can appear as تحميض،

ithmid, athmoud, othmod, or uthmod. Littré suggests the first form, which is the earliest, derives from ثمود، وثمود، وثمودstimmida, (one) accusative for stimmi.[14]

Antimony 4

The use of Sb as the standard chemical symbol for antimony is due to the 18th century chemical pioneer, Jöns JakobBerzelius, who used this abbreviation of the name stibium.[15] The medieval Latin form, from which the modernlanguages and late Byzantine Greek, take their names, is antimonium. The origin of this is uncertain; all suggestionshave some difficulty either of form or interpretation. The popular etymology, from ἀντίμοναχός anti-monachos orFrench antimoine, still has adherents; this would mean "monk-killer", and is explained by many early alchemistsbeing monks, and antimony being poisonous.[16] So does the hypothetical Greek word ἀντίμόνος antimonos,"against one", explained as "not found as metal", or "not found unalloyed".[5] [17] Lippmann conjectured a Greekword, ανθήμόνιον anthemonion, which would mean "floret", and he cites several examples of related Greek words(but not that one) which describe chemical or biological efflorescence.[18]

The early uses of antimonium include the translations, in 1050–1100, by Constantine the African of Arabic medicaltreatises.[19] Several authorities believe that antimonium is a scribal corruption of some Arabic form; Meyerhofderives it from ithmid;[20] other possibilities include Athimar, the Arabic name of the metal, and a hypotheticalas-stimmi, derived from or parallel to the Greek.[21]

Characteristics

Properties

A vial containing a black allotrope of antimony

Native antimony with oxidation products

Antimony is in the nitrogen group (group 15) and has anelectronegativity of 2.05. As expected by periodic trends, it is moreelectronegative than tin or bismuth, and less electronegative thantellurium or arsenic.

Antimony is stable in air at room temperature but reacts with oxygen ifheated to form antimony trioxide, Sb2O3.

Antimony is a silvery, lustrous gray metal that has a Mohs scalehardness of 3. Therefore, antimony by itself is not used to make hardobjects: coins made of antimony were issued in China's Guizhouprovince in 1931, but because of their rapid wear their minting wasdiscontinued.[22] Antimony is resistant to attack by acids.

Four allotropes of antimony are known: a stable metallic form, andthree metastable forms: explosive, black and yellow. Metallicantimony is a brittle, silver-white shiny metal. When molten antimonyis slowly cooled, metallic antimony crystallizes in an hexagonal cell,isomorphic with that of the grey allotrope of arsenic. A rare explosiveform of antimony can be formed from the electrolysis of antimony(III)trichloride. When scratched with a sharp implement, an exothermicreaction occurs and white fumes given off as metallic antimony is

formed; alternatively, when rubbed with a pestle in a mortar, a strong detonation occurs. Black antimony is formedupon rapid cooling of gaseous metallic antimony. It has the same crystal structure as red phosphorus and blackarsenic, it oxidizes in air and may ignite spontaneously. At 100 °C, it gradually transforms into the stable form. Theyellow allotrope of antimony is the most unstable. It has only been generated by oxidation of stibine (SbH3) at −90°C. Above this temperature and in ambient light, this meta stable allotrope transforms into the more stable blackallotrope.[23]

Antimony 5

Crystal structure common to Sb, AsSb and greyAs

Metallic antimony adopts a double-layered structure (space group R3mNo. 166) consisting of many interlocked ruffled six-membered rings.Nearest and next-nearest neighbors form a distorted octahedralcomplex, with the three atoms in the same double-layer being slightlycloser than the three atoms in the next. This relatively close packingleads to a high density of 6.697 g/cm3 whereas the low hardness andbrittleness of antimony originate from the weak bonding among thelayers.[24] :758

IsotopesAntimony exists as two stable isotopes, 121Sb with a natural abundance of 57.36% and 123Sb with a naturalabundance of 42.64%. It also has 35 radioisotopes, of which the longest-lived is 125Sb with a half-life of 2.75 years.In addition, 29 metastable states have been characterised.

OccurrenceThe abundance of antimony in the Earth's crust is estimated at 0.2 to 0.5 parts per million, comparable to thallium at0.5 parts per million and silver at 0.07 ppm.[25] Even though this element is not abundant, it is found in over 100mineral species. Antimony is sometimes found native, but more frequently it is found in the sulfide stibnite (Sb2S3)which is the predominant ore mineral. Commercial forms of antimony are generally ingots, broken pieces, granules,and cast cake. Other forms are powder, shot, and single crystals.In 2005, the People's Republic of China was the top producer of antimony with about 84% world share followed at adistance by South Africa, Bolivia and Tajikistan, reports the British Geological Survey. The mine with the largestdeposits in China is Xikuangshan Mine in Hunan province with a estimated deposit of 2.1 million metric tons.[26] InOctober 2011 a deposit of antimony was found in a shallow seabed about 50 km off Amami-Oshima Island inKagoshima Prefecture. The discovery was the first time that antimony had been found at such shallow depths(480meters), with this type of mineral deposit only ever having been found in depths in excess of 1000 meters.[27]

Production

Antimony output in 2005

The extraction of antimony from ores depends on the quality of the ore,which is usually a sulfide. The sulfide is converted to an oxide andadvantage is often taken of the volatility of antimony(III) oxide, whichis recovered from roasting.[4] This material is often used directly forthe main applications, impurities being arsenic and sulfide. Antimonycan be isolated from its ore by a reduction with scrap iron:

Sb2S3 + 3 Fe → 2 Sb + 3 FeSIsolating antimony from its oxide is performed by a carbothermal reduction:[28]

2 Sb2O3 + 3 C → 4 Sb + 3 CO2

Antimony 6

World production trend of antimony

Antimony production in 2010[25]

Country Tonnes % of total

 People's Republic of China 120,000 88.9

 South Africa 3,000 2.2

 Bolivia 3,000 2.2

 Russia 3,000 2.2

 Tajikistan 2,000 1.5

Top 5 131,000 97.0

Total world 135,000 100.0

CompoundsAntimony compounds are often classified into those of Sb(III) and Sb(V).[29] Relative to its neighboring element As,the 5+ oxidaton state is more stable.

Oxides and hydroxidesAntimony trioxide (Sb4O6) is formed when antimony is burnt in air.[30] In the gas phase, this compound exists asSb4O6, but it polymerises upon condensing.[24] Antimony pentoxide, (Sb4O10) can only be formed by oxidation byconcentrated nitric acid.[31] Antimony also forms a mixed-valence oxide, antimony tetroxide (Sb2O4), which featuresboth Sb(III) and Sb(V).[31] Unlike phosphorus and arsenic, these various oxides are amphoteric and do not formwell-defined oxoacids and react with acids to form antimony salts.Antimonous acid Sb(OH)3 is unknown but the conjugate base sodium antimonite ([Na3SbO3]4) forms upon fusingsodium oxide and Sb4O6.[24] :763 Transition metal antimonites are also known.[32] :122 Antimonic acid exists only asthe hydrate HSb(OH)6, forming salts containing the antimonate anion Sb(OH). Dehydrating metal salts containingthis anion yields mixed oxides.[32] :143

Many antimony ores are sulfides, including stibnite (Sb2S3), pyrargyrite (Ag3SbS3), zinkenite, jamesonite, andboulangerite.[24] :757 Antimony pentasulfide is non-stoichiometric and features antimony in the +3 oxidation stateand S-S bonds.[33] Several thioantimonides are known such as [Sb6S10]2− and [Sb8S13]2−.[34]

Antimony 7

HalidesAntimony forms two series of halides, SbX3 and SbX5. The trihalides SbF3, SbCl3, SbBr3, and SbI3 are all molecularcompounds having trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry. The trifluoride SbF3 is prepared by the reaction of Sb2O3with HF:[24] :761–762

Sb2O3 + 6 HF → 2 SbF3 + 3 H2OIt is Lewis acidic and readily accepts fluoride ions to form the complex anions SbF and SbF. Molten SbF3 is a weakelectrical conductor. The trichloride SbCl3 is prepared by dissolving Sb2S3 in hydrochloric acid:

Sb2S3 + 6 HCl → 2 SbCl3 + 3 H2S

Structure of gaseous SbF5

The pentahalides SbF5 and SbCl5 have trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry inthe gas phase, but in the liquid phase, SbF5 is polymeric, whereas SbCl5 ismonomeric.[24] :761 SbF5 is a powerful Lewis acid used to make the superacidfluoroantimonic acid ("HSbF6").

Oxyhalides are more common for antimony than arsenic and phosphorus. Antimonytrioxide dissolves in concentrated acid to form antimony oxo- (antimonyl)compounds such as SbOCl and (SbO)2SO4.[24] :764

Antimonides, hydrides, and organoantimony compounds

Compounds in this class generally are described as derivatives of Sb3-. Antimonyforms antimonides with metals, such as indium antimonide (InSb), and silver antimonide (Ag3Sb).[24] :760 The alkalimetal and zinc antimonides, e.g. Na3Sb and Zn3Sb2, are more reactive. Treating these antimonides with acidproduces the unstable gas stibine, SbH3:[35]

Sb3− + 3 H+ → SbH3Stibine can also be produced by treating Sb3+ salts with hydride reagents such as sodium borohydride. Stibinedecomposes spontaneously at room temperature. Because stibine is thermodynamically unstable (positive heat offormation), antimony does not react with hydrogen directly.[29]

Organoantimony compounds are typically prepared by alkylation of antimony halides with Grignard reagents.[36] Alarge variety of compounds are known with both Sb(III) and Sb(V) centers including mixed chloro-organicderivatives, anions, and cations. Examples include Sb(C6H5)3 (triphenylstibine), Sb2(C6H5)4 (with an Sb-Sb bond),and cyclic [Sb(C6H5)]n. Pentacoordinated organoantimony compounds are common, examples being Sb(C6H5)5 andseveral related halides.

Applications

Flame retardantsThe main use of antimony is in the form of antimony trioxide is used in the making of flame-proofing compounds.Markets for these flame-retardant applications include children's clothing, toys, aircraft and automobile seat covers.It is also used in the fiberglass composites industry as an additive to polyester resins for such items as light aircraftengine covers. The resin will burn while a flame is held to it but will extinguish itself as soon as the flame isremoved. Fireproofing consumes about half of the annual production of antimony.[4]

Antimony 8

AlloysAntimony forms a highly useful alloy with lead, increasing its hardness and mechanical strength. The Sb–Pb alloy isused in lead–acid batteries.[4] [37] It is used in antifriction alloys, such as Babbitt metal.[38] It is used as an alloy inbullets and lead shot, cable sheathing, type metal (e.g. for linotype printing machines[39] ), solder – some "lead-free"solders contain 5% Sb,[40] in pewter,[41] and in hardening alloys with low tin content in the manufacturing of organpipes.

Other applicationsThe second main application is as a catalyst for the production of the polymer polyethyleneterephthalate. It is anadditive in some glasses. In the latter application, antimony oxides serve as fining agents, aiding in the removal ofmicroscopic bubbles. This application is mainly used for TV screens.[42]

Niche applications

Microelectronics

In tiny amounts, antimony is increasingly being used in the semiconductor industry as a dopant for ultra-highconductivity n-type silicon wafers[43] in the production of diodes, infrared detectors, and Hall-effect devices.In the 1950s, tiny beads of a lead-antimony alloy were used to dope the emitters and collectors of NPN alloy junctiontransistors with antimony.[44]

Medical

Few biological or medical applications exist for antimony. Treatments principally containing antimony are known asantimonials and are used as emetics.Antimony compounds are used as antiprotozoan drugs. Antimony potassium tartrate, or tartar emetic, was once usedas an anti-schistosomal drug, subsequently replaced by praziquantel.Antimony and its compounds are used in several veterinary preparations like anthiomaline or lithium antimonythiomalate, which is used as a skin conditioner in ruminants.Antimony has a nourishing or conditioning effect on keratinized tissues, at least in animals. Antimony-based drugs,such as meglumine antimoniate, are also considered the drugs of choice for treatment of leishmaniasis in domesticanimals. Unfortunately, as well as having low therapeutic indices, the drugs are poor at penetrating the bone marrow,where some of the Leishmania amastigotes reside, and so cure of the disease – especially the visceral form – is verydifficult.Elemental antimony as an antimony pill was once used as a medicine. It could be reused by others after ingestion.

Other uses

In the heads of some safety matches [45] and in nuclear reactors together with beryllium as startup neutron sources.Antimony sulfides have been shown to help stabilize the friction coefficient in automotive brake pad materials.[46]

Antimony also is used in the making of bullets and bullet tracers. This element is also used in cosmetics and eventpaint and glass art crafts.

PrecautionsAntimony and many of its compounds are toxic, and the effects of antimony poisoning are similar to arsenicpoisoning. Inhalation of antimony dust is harmful and in certain cases may be fatal; in small doses, antimony causesheadaches, dizziness, and depression. Larger doses such as prolonged skin contact may cause dermatitis; otherwise itcan damage the kidneys and the liver, causing violent and frequent vomiting, and will lead to death in a few days.

Antimony 9

Antimony is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, halogen acids, chlorine, or fluorine. It shouldbe kept away from heat.[47]

Antimony leaches from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles into liquids.[48] While levels observed for bottledwater are below drinking water guidelines,[49] fruit juice concentrates (for which no guidelines are established)produced in the UK were found to contain up to 44.7 µg/L of antimony, well above the EU limits for tap water of5 µg/L.[50] [51] The guidelines are:• World Health Organization: 20 µg/L• Japan: 15 µg/L[52]

• United States Environmental Protection Agency, Health Canada and the Ontario Ministry of Environment: 6 µg/L• German Federal Ministry of Environment: 5 µg/L[49]

Notes[1] In the UK, the variable vowel /ɵ/ is usually pronounced as a schwa [ə]; in the US, it is generally a full [oʊ].[2] Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds (http:/ / www-d0. fnal. gov/ hardware/ cal/ lvps_info/ engineering/

elementmagn. pdf), in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.[3] In the UK, the variable vowel /ɵ/ is usually pronounced as a schwa [ə]; in the US, it is generally a full [oʊ].[4] Sabina C. Grund, Kunibert Hanusch, Hans J. Breunig, Hans Uwe Wolf “Antimony and Antimony Compounds” in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of

Industrial Chemistry 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi: 10.1002/14356007.a03_055.pub2[5] Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 5th ed. 2004. Entry for antimony.[6] Moorey, P. R. S. (1994). Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: the Archaeological Evidence (http:/ / books. google. com/

?id=P_Ixuott4doC& pg=PA241). New York: Clarendon Press. p. 241. ISBN 9781575060422. .[7] Already in 1710 Wilhelm Gottlob Freiherr von Leibniz, after careful inquiry, concluded that the work was spurious, that there was no monk

named Basilius Valentinus, and the book's author was its ostensible editor, Johann Thölde (ca. 1565-ca. 1624). There is now agreement amongprofessional historians that the Currus Triumphalis... was written after the middle of the sixteenth century and that Thölde was likely itsauthor.Priesner, Claus and Figala, Karin, ed (1998) (in German). Alchemie. Lexikon einer hermetischen Wissenschaft. München: C.H. Beck.

[8] s.v. "Basilius Valentinus." Harold Jantz was perhaps the only modern scholar to deny Thölde's authorship, but he too agrees that the workdates from after 1550: see his catalogue of German Baroque literature (http:/ / microformguides. gale. com/ Data/ Download/ 2025000R. pdf).

[9] Dampier, William Cecil (1961). A history of science and its relations with philosophy & religion. (http:/ / books. google. com/?id=6kM4AAAAIAAJ& pg=PA73). London: Cambridge U.P.. p. 73. ISBN 9780521093668. .

[10] "Native antimony" (http:/ / www. mindat. org/ min-262. html). Mindat.org. .[11] Pliny, Natural history, 33.33; W.H.S. Jones, the Loeb Classical Library translator, supplies a note suggesting the identifications.[12] Albright, W. F. (1918). "Notes on Egypto-Semitic Etymology. II". The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures 34 (4):

215–255. doi:10.1086/369866. JSTOR 528157.[13] Sarton, George (1935). "Review of Al-morchid fi'l-kohhl, ou Le guide d'oculistique, translated by Max Meyerhof" (in French). Isis 22 (2):

539–542. doi:10.1086/346926. JSTOR 225136. quotes Meyerhof, the translator of the book he is reviewing.[14] LSJ, s.v., vocalisation, spelling, and declension vary; Endlich, p. 28; Celsus, 6.6.6 ff; Pliny Natural History 33.33; Lewis and Short: Latin

Dictionary. OED, s. "antimony".[15] In his long article on chemical reactions and nomenclature – Jöns Jacob Berzelius, "Essay on the cause of chemical proportions, and on

some circumstances relating to them: together with a short and easy method of expressing them," Annals of Philosophy, vol. 2, pages 443–454(1813) and vol. 3, pages 51–62, 93–106, 244–255, 353–364 (1814) – on page 52 (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=E8M4AAAAMAAJ& pg=PA52#v=onepage& q& f=false), Berzelius lists the symbol for antimony as "St" ; however, starting onpage 248 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=E8M4AAAAMAAJ& pg=PA248#v=onepage& q& f=false), Berzelius subsequently uses thesymbol "Sb" for antimony.

[16] The use of a symbol resembling an upside down "female" symbol for antimony could also hint at a satirical pun in this origin[17] Fernando, Diana (1998). Alchemy : an illustrated A to Z. Blandford. Fernando even derives it from the story of how "Basil Valentine" and

his fellow monastic alchemists poisoned themselves by working with antimony; antimonium is found two centuries before his time. "Popularetymology" from OED; as for antimonos, the pure negative would be more naturally expressed by a- "not".

[18] Lippman, pp. 643–5[19] Lippman, p. 642, writing in 1919, says "zuerst".[20] Meyerhof as quoted in Sarton, asserts that ithmid or athmoud became corrupted in the medieval "traductions barbaro-latines".; the OED

asserts that some Arabic form is the origin, and if ithmid is the root, posits athimodium, atimodium, atimonium, as intermediate forms.[21] Endlich, p. 28; one of the advantages of as-stimmi would be that it has a whole syllable in common with antimonium.[22] "Metals Used in Coins and Medals" (http:/ / www. ukcoinpics. co. uk/ metal. html). ukcoinpics.co.uk. .[23] Wang, Chung Wu (1919). "The Chemistry of Antimony" (http:/ / library. sciencemadness. org/ library/ books/ antimony. pdf). Antimony: Its

History, Chemistry, Mineralogy, Geology, Metallurgy, Uses, Preparation, Analysis, Production and Valuation with Complete Bibliographies.

Antimony 10

London, United Kingdom: Charles Geiffin and Co. Ltd. pp. 6–33. .[24] Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils and Holleman, Arnold Frederick (2001). Inorganic chemistry. Academic Press. ISBN 0123526515.[25] "Antimony Statistics and Information" (http:/ / minerals. usgs. gov/ minerals/ pubs/ commodity/ antimony/ ). United States Geological

Survey. .[26] Peng, J; Hu, R.-Z.; Burnard, P.G. (2003). "Samarium–neodymium isotope systematics of hydrothermal calcites from the Xikuangshan

antimony deposit (Hunan, China): the potential of calcite as a geochronometer". Chemical Geology 200: 129.doi:10.1016/S0009-2541(03)00187-6.

[27] "Surprise antimony deposit turns up in shallower seabed off Kagoshima" (http:/ / www. japantimes. co. jp/ text/ nn20111023a3. html).Kyodo News. The Japan Times. . Retrieved 23 October 2011.

[28] "WebElements: Antimony: Essential Information" (http:/ / www. webelements. com/ antimony/ ). Webelements.com. . Retrieved2010-07-09.

[29] Greenwood, N. N.; & Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd Edn.), Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.[30] Daniel L. Reger; Scott R. Goode; David W. Ball (2009). Chemistry: Principles and Practice (3rd ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 883.[31] James E. House (2008). Inorganic chemistry. Academic Press. p. 502.[32] S. M. Godfrey; C. A. McAuliffe; A. G. Mackie; R. G. Pritchard (1998). Nicholas C. Norman. ed. Chemistry of arsenic, antimony, and

bismuth. Springer. ISBN 075140389X.[33] Long, G (1969). "The oxidation number of antimony in antimony pentasulfide". Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Letters 5: 21.

doi:10.1016/0020-1650(69)80231-X.[34] Lees, R; Powell, A; Chippindale, A (2007). "The synthesis and characterisation of four new antimony sulphides incorporating

transition-metal complexes". Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 68 (5–6): 1215. Bibcode 2007JPCS...68.1215L.doi:10.1016/j.jpcs.2006.12.010.

[35] Louis Kahlenberg (2008). Outlines of Chemistry – A Textbook for College Students. READ BOOKS. pp. 324–325. ISBN 140976995X.[36] Elschenbroich, C. ”Organometallics” (2006) Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. ISBN 978-3-29390-6[37] Kiehne, Heinz Albert (2003). "Types of Alloys" (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=1HSsx9fPAKkC& pg=PA60). Battery technology

handbook. CRC Press. pp. 60–61. ISBN 9780824742492. .[38] Williams, Robert S. (2007). Principles of Metallography (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=KR82QRlAgUwC& pg=PA46). Read books.

pp. 46–47. ISBN 9781406746716. .[39] Holmyard, E. J. (2008). Inorganic Chemistry – A Textbooks for Colleges and Schools (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=IYZezyEvZ78C&

pg=PA399). pp. 399–400. ISBN 9781443722537. .[40] Ipser, H.; Flandorfer, H.; Luef, Ch.; Schmetterer, C.; Saeed, U. (2007). "Thermodynamics and phase diagrams of lead-free solder materials".

Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 18 (1–3): 3–17. doi:10.1007/s10854-006-9009-3.[41] Hull, Charles (1992). Pewter (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=3_zyycVRw18C). Osprey Publishing. pp. 1–5. ISBN 9780747801528. .[42] Bernard H.W. S. De Jong, Ruud G. C. Beerkens, Peter A. van Nijnatten "Glass" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005,

Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a12_365[43] O'Mara, William C.; Herring, Robert B.; Hunt, Lee Philip (1990). Handbook of semiconductor silicon technology (http:/ / books. google.

com/ ?id=COcVgAtqeKkC& pg=PA473). William Andrew. p. 473. ISBN 9780815512370. .[44] Maiti,, C. K. (2008). Selected Works of Professor Herbert Kroemer (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=_7fOlKRDcCkC& pg=PA101). World

Scientific, 2008. p. 101. ISBN 9789812709011. .[45] National Research Council (1970). Trends in usage of antimony: report (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=TyQrAAAAYAAJ& pg=PA50).

National Academies. p. 50. .[46] Jang, H and Kim, S. (2000). The effects of antimony trisulfide Sb S and zirconium silicate in the automotive brake friction material on

friction. Journal of Wear.[47] Antimony MSDS (http:/ / www. mallbaker. com/ americas/ msds/ english/ a7152_msds_us_default. pdf). Baker[48] Westerhoff, P; Prapaipong, P; Shock, E; Hillaireau, A (2008). "Antimony leaching from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic used for

bottled drinking water". Water research 42 (3): 551–6. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2007.07.048. PMID 17707454.[49] Shotyk, W.; Krachler, M.; Chen, B. (2006). "Contamination of Canadian and European bottled waters with antimony from PET containers".

Journal of Environmental Monitoring 8 (2): 288–92. doi:10.1039/b517844b. PMID 16470261.[50] Hansen, Claus; Tsirigotaki, Alexandra; Bak, Søren Alex; Pergantis, Spiros A.; Stürup, Stefan; Gammelgaard, Bente; Hansen, Helle Rüsz (17

February 2010). "Elevated antimony concentrations in commercial juices". Journal of Environmental Monitoring 12 (4): 822–4.doi:10.1039/b926551a. PMID 20383361.

[51] Borland, Sophie (1. March 2010). "Fruit juice cancer warning as scientists find harmful chemical in 16 drinks" (http:/ / www. dailymail. co.uk/ news/ article-1254534/ Fruit-juice-cancer-warning-scientists-harmful-chemical-16-drinks. html). Daily Mail. .

[52] Wakayama, Hiroshi, "Revision of Drinking Water Standards in Japan" (http:/ / www. nilim. go. jp/ lab/ bcg/ siryou/ tnn/ tnn0264pdf/ks0264011. pdf), Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (Japan), 2003; Table 2, p. 84

Antimony 11

References

Bibliography• Endlich, F.M. (1888). "On Some Interesting Derivations of Mineral Names". The American Naturalist 22 (253):

21–32. doi:10.1086/274630. JSTOR 2451020.• Edmund Oscar von Lippmann (1919) Entstehung und Ausbreitung der Alchemie, teil 1. Berlin: Julius Springer

(in German).• Public Health Statement for Antimony (http:/ / www. atsdr. cdc. gov/ toxprofiles/ phs23. html)

External links• National Pollutant Inventory – Antimony and compounds (http:/ / www. npi. gov. au/ database/ substance-info/

profiles/ 10. html)• WebElements.com – Antimony (http:/ / www. webelements. com/ webelements/ elements/ text/ Sb/ index. html)• Chemistry in its element podcast (http:/ / www. rsc. org/ chemistryworld/ podcast/ element. asp) (MP3) from the

Royal Society of Chemistry's Chemistry World: Antimony (http:/ / www. rsc. org/ images/CIIE_antimony_48kbps_tcm18-128033. mp3)

12

Isotopes

Isotopes of antimonyAntimony (Sb) occurs in two stable isotopes, 121Sb and 123Sb. There are thirty-five artificial radioactive isotopes,the longest-lived of which are 125Sb with a half-life of 2.75856 years, 124Sb with a half-life of 60.2 days, and 126Sbwith a half-life of 12.35 days. All other isotopes have half-lives less than 4 days, most less than an hour.There are also many isomers, the longest-lived of which is 120m1Sb with a half-life of 5.76 days.Standard atomic mass: 121.760(1) u

Table

nuclidesymbol

Z(p) N(n) isotopic mass(u)

half-life decaymode(s)[1]

[2]

daughterisotope(s)[3]

nuclearspin

representativeisotopic

composition(mole

fraction)

range ofnatural

variation(mole

fraction) excitation energy

103Sb 51 52 102.93969(32)# 100# ms [>1.5µs]

β+ 103Sn 5/2+#

104Sb 51 53 103.93647(39)# 0.47(13) s[0.44(+15-11)s]

β+ (86%) 104Sn

p (7%) 103Sn

β+, p (7%) 103In

α (<1%) 100In105Sb 51 54 104.93149(11) 1.12(16) s β+ (99%) 105Sn (5/2+)

p (1%) 104Sn

β+, p(<1%)

104In

106Sb 51 55 105.92879(34)# 0.6(2) s β+ 106Sn (4+)

106mSb 1000(500)# keV 220(20) ns

107Sb 51 56 106.92415(32)# 4.0(2) s β+ 107Sn 5/2+#

108Sb 51 57 107.92216(22)# 7.4(3) s β+ 108Sn (4+)

β+, p (rare) 107In109Sb 51 58 108.918132(20) 17.3(5) s β+ 109Sn 5/2+#

110Sb 51 59 109.91675(22)# 23.0(4) s β+ 110Sn (4+)

111Sb 51 60 110.91316(3) 75(1) s β+ 111Sn (5/2+)

112Sb 51 61 111.912398(19) 51.4(10) s β+ 112Sn 3+

113Sb 51 62 112.909372(19) 6.67(7) min β+ 113Sn 5/2+

Isotopes of antimony 13

114Sb 51 63 113.90927(3) 3.49(3) min β+ 114Sn (3+)

114mSb 495.5(7) keV 219(12) µs (8-)

115Sb 51 64 114.906598(17) 32.1(3) min β+ 115Sn 5/2+

116Sb 51 65 115.906794(6) 15.8(8) min β+ 116Sn 3+

116m1Sb 93.99(5) keV 194(4) ns 1+

116m2Sb 380(40) keV 60.3(6) min β+ 116Sn 8-

117Sb 51 66 116.904836(10) 2.80(1) h β+ 117Sn 5/2+

118Sb 51 67 117.905529(4) 3.6(1) min β+ 118Sn 1+

118m1Sb 50.814(21) keV 20.6(6) µs (3)+

118m2Sb 250(6) keV 5.00(2) h β+ 118Sn 8-

119Sb 51 68 118.903942(9) 38.19(22) h EC 119Sn 5/2+

119m1Sb 2553.6(3) keV 130(3) ns (19/2-)

119m2Sb 2852(7) keV 850(90) ms IT 119Sb 27/2+#

120Sb 51 69 119.905072(8) 15.89(4) min β+ 120Sn 1+

120m1Sb 0(100)# keV 5.76(2) d β+ 120Sn 8-

120m2Sb 78.16(5) keV 246(2) ns (3+)

120m3Sb 2328.3(6) keV 400(8) ns (6)

121Sb[4] 51 70 120.9038157(24)

Observationally Stable[5] 5/2+ 0.5721(5)

122Sb 51 71 121.9051737(24) 2.7238(2) d β-

(97.59%)122Te 2-

β+ (2.41%) 122Sn

122m1Sb 61.4131(5) keV 1.86(8) µs 3+

122m2Sb 137.4726(8) keV 0.53(3) ms (5)+

122m3Sb 163.5591(17) keV 4.191(3) min IT 122Sb (8)-

123Sb[4] 51 72 122.9042140(22)

Observationally Stable[5] 7/2+ 0.4279(5)

124Sb 51 73 123.9059357(22)

60.20(3) d β- 124Te 3-

124m1Sb 10.8627(8) keV 93(5) s IT (75%) 124Sb 5+

β- (25%) 124Te

124m2Sb 36.8440(14) keV 20.2(2) min (8)-

Isotopes of antimony 14

124m3Sb 40.8038(7) keV 3.2(3) µs (3+,4+)

125Sb 51 74 124.9052538(28)

2.75856(25) a β- 125mTe 7/2+

126Sb 51 75 125.90725(3) 12.35(6) d β- 126Te (8-)

126m1Sb 17.7(3) keV 19.15(8) min β- (86%) 126Te (5+)

IT (14%) 126Sb126m2Sb 40.4(3) keV ~11 s IT 126m1Sb (3-)

126m3Sb 104.6(3) keV 553(5) ns (3+)

127Sb 51 76 126.906924(6) 3.85(5) d β- 127mTe 7/2+

128Sb 51 77 127.909169(27) 9.01(4) h β- 128Te 8-

128mSb 10(7) keV 10.4(2) min β- (96.4%) 128Te 5+

IT (3.6%) 128Sb129Sb 51 78 128.909148(23) 4.40(1) h β- 129mTe 7/2+

129m1Sb 1851.05(10) keV 17.7(1) min β- (85%) 129Te (19/2-)

IT (15%) 129Sb129m2Sb 1860.90(10) keV >2 µs (15/2-)

129m3Sb 2138.9(5) keV 1.1(1) µs (23/2+)

130Sb 51 79 129.911656(18) 39.5(8) min β- 130Te (8-)#

130mSb 4.80(20) keV 6.3(2) min β- 130Te (4,5)+

131Sb 51 80 130.911982(22) 23.03(4) min β- 131mTe (7/2+)

132Sb 51 81 131.914467(15) 2.79(5) min β- 132Te (4+)

132m1Sb 200(30) keV 4.15(5) min β- 132Te (8-)

132m2Sb 254.5(3) keV 102(4) ns (6-)

133Sb 51 82 132.915252(27) 2.5(1) min β- 133mTe (7/2+)

134Sb 51 83 133.92038(5) 0.78(6) s β- 134Te (0-)

134mSb 80(110) keV 10.07(5) s β- (99.9%) 134Te (7-)

β-, n(.091%)

133Te

135Sb 51 84 134.92517(11) 1.68(2) s β- (82.4%) 135Te (7/2+)

β-, n(17.6%)

134Te

Isotopes of antimony 15

136Sb 51 85 135.93035(32)# 0.923(14) s β- (83%) 136Te 1-#

β-, n (17%) 135Te136mSb 173(3) keV 570(50) ns 6-#

137Sb 51 86 136.93531(43)# 450(50) ms β- 137Te 7/2+#

β-, n 136Te138Sb 51 87 137.94079(32)# 500# ms [>300

ns]β- 138Te 2-#

β-, n 137Te139Sb 51 88 138.94598(54)# 300# ms [>300

ns]β- 139Te 7/2+#

[1] http:/ / www. nucleonica. net/ unc. aspx[2] Abbreviations:

EC: Electron captureIT: Isomeric transition

[3] Bold for stable isotopes, bold italics for nearly-stable isotopes (half-life longer than the age of the universe)[4] Fission product[5] Theoretically capable of spontaneous fission

Notes• Geologically exceptional samples are known in which the isotopic composition lies outside the reported range.

The uncertainty in the atomic mass may exceed the stated value for such specimens.• Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins

with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.• Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values

denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which useexpanded uncertainties.

References• Isotope masses from:

• G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclearand decay properties" (http:/ / www. nndc. bnl. gov/ amdc/ nubase/ Nubase2003. pdf). Nuclear Physics A 729:3–128. Bibcode 2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.

• Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:• J. R. de Laeter, J. K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, H. Hidaka, H. S. Peiser, K. J. R. Rosman and P. D. P. Taylor

(2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)" (http:/ / www. iupac. org/publications/ pac/ 75/ 6/ 0683/ pdf/ ). Pure and Applied Chemistry 75 (6): 683–800.doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.

• M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)" (http:/ / iupac. org/publications/ pac/ 78/ 11/ 2051/ pdf/ ). Pure and Applied Chemistry 78 (11): 2051–2066.doi:10.1351/pac200678112051. Lay summary (http:/ / old. iupac. org/ news/ archives/ 2005/atomic-weights_revised05. html).

• Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.• G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear

and decay properties" (http:/ / www. nndc. bnl. gov/ amdc/ nubase/ Nubase2003. pdf). Nuclear Physics A 729:

Isotopes of antimony 16

3–128. Bibcode 2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.• National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database" (http:/ / www. nndc. bnl. gov/ nudat2/ ). Brookhaven

National Laboratory. Retrieved September 2005.• N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th

ed.). CRC Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0849304859.

17

Compounds

Algarot

Algarot

Properties

Molecular formula SbOCl

Molar mass 173.21 g/mol

Solubility in water insoluble

  (verify) [1] (what is:  / ?)Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)

Infobox references

Algarot is a pale white emetic powder formerly used in alchemy that consists of a compound of trichloride andtrioxide of antimony. It was used as an emetic because it purges violently both through regurgitation and diarrhea.

Alternative namesAlgarot is also known as mercurius vitæ ("mercury of life"), emetic powder, powder of algaroth, algarel,antimonious oxychloride, or antimony hypochlorite.

SynthesisHistorically, algarot was prepared of butter of antimony (antimony trichloride), which was no more than the regulus(purified metal) of that mineral, dissolved in acids, and separated again by means of several lotions with lukewarmwater, which absorbed those acids. By collecting all the lotions and evaporating two third parts, what remained was avery acid liquor, called "Spirit of Philosophical Vitriol".At present, algarot is synthesised by exposing antimony trichloride to water:

SbCl3 + H2O → SbOCl + 2 HCl

Algarot 18

References• Chambers, Ephraim (1728), Cyclopaedia, or, An universal dictionary of arts and sciences [2]

External links• José Rodríguez have published a complete study devoted to the commercial network of chemical medicines

developed by Vittorio Algarotti (1553-1604): The First Commercial Network of a Chymical Medicine: [3]

 This article incorporates content from the 1728 Cyclopaedia, a publication in the public domain.

References[1] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Special%3Acomparepages?rev1=406867869& page2=%3AAlgarot[2] http:/ / digital. library. wisc. edu/ 1711. dl/ HistSciTech. Cyclopaedia[3] http:/ / www. revistaazogue. com/ azogue6. htm

Aluminium antimonide 19

Aluminium antimonide

Aluminium antimonide

Identifiers

CAS number 25152-52-7 [1] 

PubChem 91307 [2]

ChemSpider 82452 [3] 

Jmol-3D images Image 1 [4]

Properties

Molecular formula AlSb

Molar mass 148.742 g/mol

Appearance black crystals

Density 4.26 g/cm3

Melting point 1060 °C

Boiling point 2467 °C

Solubility in water insoluble

Band gap 1.58 eV

Refractive index (nD) 3.3

Structure

Crystal structure Zinc blende

Space group T2d-F-43m

Coordinationgeometry

Tetrahedral

Hazards

MSDS MSDS [5]

NFPA 704

Autoignitiontemperature

590 °C

  (verify) [6] (what is:  / ?)Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)

Aluminium antimonide 20

Infobox references

Aluminium antimonide (AlSb) is a semiconductor of the group III-V family containing aluminium and antimony.The lattice constant is 0.61 nm. The indirect bandgap is approximately 1.6 eV at 300 K, whereas the direct band gapis 2.22 eV.Its electron mobility is 200 cm²·V−1·s−1 and hole mobility 400 cm²·V−1·s−1 at 300 K. Its refractive index is 3.3 at awavelength of 2 µm, and its dielectric constant is 10.9 at microwave frequencies [7] .AlSb can be alloyed with other III-V materials to produce the following ternary materials: AlInSb, AlGaSb andAlAsSb.Aluminum antimonide is rather flammable because of the reducing tendency of the antimonide (Sb3-) ion. It burns toproduce aluminum oxide and antimony trioxide.

References[1] http:/ / www. commonchemistry. org/ ChemicalDetail. aspx?ref=25152-52-7[2] http:/ / pubchem. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ summary/ summary. cgi?cid=91307[3] http:/ / www. chemspider. com/ 82452[4] http:/ / chemapps. stolaf. edu/ jmol/ jmol. php?model=%5BAl%5D%23%5BSb%5D[5] http:/ / www. mpbio. com/ includes/ msds/ ansi/ en/ 213426-en-ansi. pdf[6] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Special%3Acomparepages?rev1=401795767& page2=%3AAluminium+ antimonide[7] K Seeger and E Schonherr "Microwave dielectric constant of aluminium antimonide" Semicond. Sci. Technol. 6 (1991) 301

doi:10.1088/0268-1242/6/4/013

AntimonideAntimonides (sometimes called stibnides) are compounds of antimony with more electropositive elements. Theantimonide ion is Sb3−.Many of them are flammable or decomposed by oxygen when heated since the antimonide ion is a reducing agent.

Antimonite 21

AntimoniteIn chemistry, an antimonite refers to salts of antimony(III), such as NaSb(OH)4 and NaSbO2 (metaantimonite)which can be prepared by reacting alkali with antimony(III) oxide, Sb2O3.[1] These are formally salts of antimonousacid (antimonious acid[2] ), "Sb(OH)3" whose existence in solution is dubious, and attempts to isolate it generallyform Sb2O3.xH2O, antimony(III) oxide hydrate, which slowly transforms into Sb2O3.[1]

In geology, the mineral stibnite, Sb2S3, is sometimes called antimonite.

Stibnite (Antimonite) mineral, Sb2S3, native crystals

They can be compared to antimonates,which contain antimony in the +5 oxidationstate.

References[1] Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001)

Inorganic Chemistry, Elsevier ISBN 0-12-352651-5[2] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).

Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0080379419.

Antimony pentafluoride 22

Antimony pentafluoride

Antimony pentafluoride

Identifiers

CAS number 7783-70-2 [1] 

ChemSpider 10617727 [2] 

UN number 1732

RTECS number CC5800000

Jmol-3D images Image 1 [3]

Image 2 [4]

Properties

Molecular formula SbF5

Molar mass 216.74 g/mol

Appearance colorless oily liquidhygroscopic

Odor pungent

Density 2.99 g/cm3 [5]

Melting point 8.3 °C, 281 K, 47 °F

Boiling point 149.5 °C, 423 K, 301 °F

Solubility in water Reacts

Solubility soluble in KF, liquid SO2

Hazards

MSDS ICSC 0220 [6]

EU Index 051-003-00-9

EU classification Harmful (Xn)Dangerous for the environment (N)

R-phrases R20/22, R51/53

S-phrases (S2), S61

NFPA 704

Related compounds

Other anions Antimony pentachloride

Antimony pentafluoride 23

Other cations Phosphorus pentafluorideArsenic pentafluorideBismuth pentafluoride

Related compounds Antimony trifluoride

  (verify) [7] (what is:  / ?)Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)

Infobox references

Antimony pentafluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula SbF5. This colourless, viscous liquid is avaluable Lewis acid and a component of the superacid fluoroantimonic acid, the strongest known acid. It is notablefor its Lewis acidity and its ability to react with almost all known compounds.[8]

PreparationAntimony pentafluoride is prepared by the reaction of antimony pentachloride with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride:[9]

SbCl5 + 5 HF → SbF5 + 5 HClIt can also be prepared from antimony trifluoride and fluorine.[10]

Structure and chemical reactionsIn the gas phase, SbF5 adopts a trigonal bipyramidal structure of D3h point group symmetry (see picture). Thematerial adopts a more complicated structure in the liquid and solid states. The liquid contains polymers whereineach Sb is octahedral, the structure being described with the formula [SbF4(μ-F)2]n ((μ-F) denotes the fact thatfluoride centres bridge two Sb centres). The crystalline material is a tetramer, meaning that it has the formula[SbF4(μ-F)]4. The Sb-F bonds are 2.02 Å within the eight-membered Sb4F4 ring; the remaining fluoride ligandsradiating from the four Sb centers are shorter at 1.82 Å.[11] The related species PF5 and AsF5 are monomeric in thesolid and liquid states, probably due to the smaller sizes of the central atom, which limits their coordination number.BiF5 is a polymer.[12]

SbF5 is a strong Lewis acid, exceptionally so toward sources of F− to give the very stable anion [SbF6]−, calledhexafluoroantimonate. [SbF6]− reacts with additional SbF5 to give [Sb2F11]−:

SbF5 + [SbF6]− → [Sb2F11]−

In the same way that SbF5 enhances the Brønsted acidity of HF, it enhances the oxidizing power of F2. This effect isillustrated by the oxidation of oxygen:[13]

2 SbF5 + F2 + 2 O2 → 2 [O2]+[SbF6]−

Antimony pentafluoride has also been used in the first discovered chemical reaction that produces fluorine gas fromfluoride compounds:

4 SbF5 + 2 K2MnF6 → 4 KSbF6 + 2 MnF3 + F2The driving force for this reaction is the high affinity of SbF5 for F−, which is the same property that recommendsthe use of SbF5 to generate superacids.

Antimony pentafluoride 24

SafetySbF5 reacts violently with many compounds, often releasing dangerous hydrogen fluoride. It is corrosive to the skinand eyes.[14] [15]

References[1] http:/ / www. commonchemistry. org/ ChemicalDetail. aspx?ref=7783-70-2[2] http:/ / www. chemspider. com/ 10617727[3] http:/ / chemapps. stolaf. edu/ jmol/ jmol. php?model=%5BF-%5D. %5BF-%5D. %5BF-%5D. %5BF-%5D. %5BF-%5D.

%5BSbH3%2B3%5D[4] http:/ / chemapps. stolaf. edu/ jmol/ jmol. php?model=%5BSbH3%2B3%5D. %5BF-%5D. %5BF-%5D. %5BF-%5D. %5BF-%5D.

%5BF-%5D[5] Lide, David R., ed (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3.[6] http:/ / www. inchem. org/ documents/ icsc/ icsc/ eics0220. htm[7] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Special%3Acomparepages?rev1=401805456& page2=%3AAntimony+ pentafluoride[8] Olah, G. A.; Prakash, G. K. S.; Wang, Q.; Li, X.-y."Antimony(V) Fluoride" in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (Ed: L.

Paquette) 2004, J. Wiley & Sons, New York. DOI: 10.1002/047084289.[9] Sabina C. Grund, Kunibert Hanusch, Hans J. Breunig, Hans Uwe Wolf “Antimony and Antimony Compounds” in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of

Industrial Chemistry 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi: 10.1002/14356007.a03_055.pub2[10] Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 1. p. 200.[11] Edwards, A. J.; Taylor, P. "Crystal structure of Antimony Pentafluoride" Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications 1971,

pp. 1376-7.doi:10.1039/C29710001376[12] Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.[13] Shamir, J.; Binenboym, J. "Dioxygenyl Salts" Inorganic Syntheses, 1973, XIV, 109-122. ISSN 0073-8077[14] International Programme on Chemical Safety (2005). "Antimony pentafluoride" (http:/ / www. inchem. org/ documents/ icsc/ icsc/ eics0220.

htm). Commission of the European Communities (CEC). . Retrieved 2010-05-10.[15] Barbalace, Kenneth (2006). "Chemical Database - Antimony Pentafluoride" (http:/ / environmentalchemistry. com/ yogi/ chemicals/ cn/

Antimony Pentafluoride. html). Environmental Chemistry. . Retrieved 2010-05-10.

External links• WebBook page for SbF5 (http:/ / webbook. nist. gov/ cgi/ cbook. cgi?ID=C7783702)• National Pollutant Inventory - Antimony and compounds fact sheet (http:/ / www. npi. gov. au/ database/

substance-info/ profiles/ 10. html)• National Pollutant Inventory - Fluoride compounds fact sheet (http:/ / www. npi. gov. au/ database/

substance-info/ profiles/ 44. html)

Antimony trifluoride 25

Antimony trifluoride

Antimony trifluoride

Identifiers

CAS number 7783-56-4 [1]

PubChem 24554 [2] 

ChemSpider 22960 [3] 

EC number 232-009-2 [4]

UN number UN 2923

RTECS number CC5150000

Jmol-3D images Image 1 [5]

Properties

Molecular formula SbF3

Molar mass 178.75 g/mol

Appearance light gray crystals

Odor pungent

Density 4.379 g/cm3

Melting point 292°C (565.15 K)

Boiling point 376°C (649.15 K)

Solubility in water 385 g/100 mL (0 °C)443 g/100 mL (20 °C)562 g/100 mL (30 °C)

Structure

Crystal structure Orthorhombic, oS16

Space group Ama2, No. 40

Hazards

NFPA 704

Antimony trifluoride 26

LD50 7000 mg/kg

Related compounds

Related compounds antimony pentafluoride

  (verify) [6] (what is:  / ?)Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)

Infobox references

Antimony trifluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula SbF3. Sometimes called Swart's reagent, is oneof two principal fluorides of antimony, the other being SbF5. It appears as a white solid. As well as some industrialapplications,[7] it is used as a reagent in inorganic and organofluorine chemistry.

Preparation and structureIn solid SbF3, the Sb centres have octahedral molecular geometry and are linked by bridging fluoride ligands. ThreeSb-F bonds are short (192 pm) and three are long (261 pm). Because it is a polymeric, SbF3 is far less volatile thanrelated compounds AsF3 and SbCl3.[8]

SbF3 is prepared by treating antimony trioxide with hydrogen fluoride:[9]

Sb2O3 + 6 HF → 2 SbF3 + 3 H2OThe compound is a mild Lewis acid, hydrolyzing slowly in water. With fluorine, it is oxidized to give antimonypentafluoride.

SbF3 + F2 → SbF5

ApplicationsIt is used as a fluorination reagent in organic chemistry.[10] This application was reported by the Belgium chemistFrédéric Jean Edmond Swarts in 1892,[11] who demonstrated its usefulness for converting chloride compounds tofluorides. The method involved treatment with antimony trifluoride with chlorine or with antimony pentachloride togive the active species antimony trifluorodichloride (SbCl2F3). This compound can also be produced in bulk.[12] TheSwarts reaction is generally applied to the synthesis of organofluorine compounds, but experiments have beenperformed using silanes.[13] It was once used for the industrial production of freon. Other fluorine-containing Lewisacids serve as fluorinating agents in conjunction with hydrogen fluoride.SbF3 is used in dyeing and pottery.

SafetyThe lethal minimum dose (guinea pig, oral) is 100 mg/kg.[14]

References[1] http:/ / www. commonchemistry. org/ ChemicalDetail. aspx?ref=7783-56-4[2] http:/ / pubchem. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ summary/ summary. cgi?cid=24554[3] http:/ / www. chemspider. com/ 22960[4] http:/ / esis. jrc. ec. europa. eu/ index. php?GENRE=ECNO& ENTREE=232-009-2[5] http:/ / chemapps. stolaf. edu/ jmol/ jmol. php?model=F%5BSb%5D%28F%29F[6] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Special%3Acomparepages?rev1=443393295& page2=%3AAntimony+ trifluoride[7] Sabina C. Grund, Kunibert Hanusch, Hans J. Breunig, Hans Uwe Wolf "Antimony and Antimony Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of

Industrial Chemistry, 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a03_055.pub2[8] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0080379419.[9] Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 1. p. 199.

Antimony trifluoride 27

[10] Tariq Mahmood and Charles B. Lindahl Fluorine Compounds, Inorganic, Antimony in Kirk‑Othmer Encyclopedia of ChemicalTechnology.doi:10.1002/0471238961.0114200913010813.a01

[11] Swarts (1892). Acad. Roy. Belg 3 (24): 474.[12] US 4438088 (http:/ / worldwide. espacenet. com/ textdoc?DB=EPODOC& IDX=US4438088)[13] Booth, Harold Simmons; Suttle, John Francis (1946). "IV. The Preparation and Fluorination of Dimethyl and Trimethyl Chlorosilanes". J.

Ac. Chem. Soc 68 (12): 2658–2660. doi:10.1021/ja01216a072.[14] Sabina C. Grund, Kunibert Hanusch, Hans J. Breunig, Hans Uwe Wolf “Antimony and Antimony Compounds” in Ullmann's Encyclopedia

of Industrial Chemistry 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi: 10.1002/14356007.a03_055.pub2

External links• WebBook page for SbF3 (http:/ / webbook. nist. gov/ cgi/ cbook. cgi?ID=C7783564)

Antimony pentachloride 28

Antimony pentachloride

Antimony pentachloride

Identifiers

CAS number 7647-18-9 [1] 

ChemSpider 10613049 [2] 

EC number 231-601-8 [3]

RTECS number CC5075000

Jmol-3D images Image 1 [4]

Image 2 [5]

Properties

Molecular formula SbCl5Molar mass 299.02 g/mol

Appearance Colourless or yellow (fuming) liquid

Density 2.336 g/cm3

Melting point 2.8 °C, 276 K, 37 °F

Boiling point 140 °C, 413 K, 284 °F

Solubility in water decomposes

Solubility soluble in HCl, chloroform and CCl4Refractive index (nD) 1.59255

Viscosity 0.00191 Pa s

Structure

Molecular shape Trigonal bipyramidal

Dipole moment 0 D

Hazards

EU Index 051-002-00-3

EU classification Corrosive (C)Dangerous for the environment (N)

R-phrases R34, R51/53

S-phrases (S1/2), S26, S45, S61

NFPA 704

Flash point 77 °C

Antimony pentachloride 29

LD50 1115 mg/kg, oral (rat)

Related compounds

Other anions Antimony pentafluoride

Other cations Phosphorus pentachloride

Related compounds Antimony trichloride

  (verify) [6] (what is:  / ?)Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)

Infobox references

Antimony pentachloride is a the chemical compound with the formula SbCl5. It is a colourless oil, but typicalsamples are yellowish due to impurities. Owing to its tendency to hydrolyse to hydrochloric acid, SbCl5 is highlycorrosive substance.

Preparation and structureAntimony pentachloride is prepared by passing chlorine gas into molten antimony trichloride:

SbCl3 + Cl2 → SbCl5Gaseous SbCl5 has a trigonal prismatic structure.[7]

ReactionsAntimony pentachloride hydrolyses readily to give hydrochloric acid:

2 SbCl5 + 5 H2O → Sb2O5 + 10 HClThis reaction is suppressed in the presence of large excess of chloride owing to formation of thehexachloroantimonate complex ion:

SbCl5 + Cl− → [SbCl6]−

The mono- and tetrahydrates are known, SbCl5.H2O SbCl5

.4H2O.This compound forms adducts with many Lewis bases. It is used as the standard Lewis acid in the Gutmann scale ofLewis basicity.[8]

It is also a strong oxidizing agent.[9]

ApplicationsAntimony pentachloride is used as a polymerization catalyst and for the chlorination of organic compounds.

References[1] http:/ / www. commonchemistry. org/ ChemicalDetail. aspx?ref=7647-18-9[2] http:/ / www. chemspider. com/ 10613049[3] http:/ / esis. jrc. ec. europa. eu/ index. php?GENRE=ECNO& ENTREE=231-601-8[4] http:/ / chemapps. stolaf. edu/ jmol/ jmol. php?model=%5BCl-%5D. %5BCl-%5D. %5BCl-%5D. %5BCl-%5D. %5BCl-%5D.

%5BSbH3%2B3%5D[5] http:/ / chemapps. stolaf. edu/ jmol/ jmol. php?model=%5BSbH3%2B3%5D. %5BCl-%5D. %5BCl-%5D. %5BCl-%5D. %5BCl-%5D.

%5BCl-%5D[6] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Special%3Acomparepages?rev1=445184779& page2=%3AAntimony+ pentachloride[7] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0080379419.[8] V. Gutmann (1976). "Solvent effects on the reactivities of organometallic compounds". Coord. Chem. Rev. 18 (2): 225.

doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(00)82045-7.

Antimony pentachloride 30

[9] Connelly, N. G. and Geiger, W. E. (1996). "Chemical Redox Agents for Organometallic Chemistry". Chem. Rev. 96: 877–922.doi:10.1021/cr940053x. PMID 11848774.

Antimony pentasulfide

Antimony pentasulfide Identifiers

CAS number 1315-04-4 [1]

PubChem 11338637 [2]

ChemSpider 17615643 [3] 

ATC code R05 CA07 [4]

Jmol-3D images Image 1 [5]

Properties

Molecular formula S5Sb2

Molar mass 403.85 g mol−1

Appearance yellow to orange powder

Solubility in water insoluble

Solubility soluble in HClsoluble in alkalis

Hazards

EU classification

F

R-phrases R11

Related compounds

Related compounds Antimony(III) sulfide

  (verify) [6] (what is:  / ?)Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)

Infobox references

Antimony pentasulfide is an inorganic compound of antimony and sulfur, also known as antimony red. It is anonstoichiometric compound with a variable composition. Commercial samples are usually are contaminated withsulfur, which may be removed by washing with carbon disulfide in a Soxhlet extractor. It is the precursor toSchlippe's Salt, Na3SbS4. It may also be used as a red pigment.Like many sulfides, this compound liberates hydrogen sulfide upon treatment with strong acids like hydrochloricacid.[7] Analysis by Mössbauer spectroscopy indicates that this compound is a derivative antimony(III).[8] It istherefore not analogous to phosphorus pentasulfide.

Antimony pentasulfide 31

References[1] http:/ / www. commonchemistry. org/ ChemicalDetail. aspx?ref=1315-04-4[2] http:/ / pubchem. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ summary/ summary. cgi?cid=11338637[3] http:/ / www. chemspider. com/ 17615643[4] http:/ / www. whocc. no/ atc_ddd_index/ ?code=R05CA07[5] http:/ / chemapps. stolaf. edu/ jmol/ jmol. php?model=S%3D%5BSb%5D%28%3DS%29S%5BSb%5D%28%3DS%29%3DS[6] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Special%3Acomparepages?rev1=399511386& page2=%3AAntimony+ pentasulfide[7] Strem MSDS (http:/ / www. strem. com/ catalog/ printer. php?type=msds& catalog_number=93-5105)[8] G. G. Long, J. G. Stevens, L. H. Bowen, S. L. Ruby (1969). "The oxidation number of antimony in antimony pentasulfide". Inorganic and

Nuclear Chemistry Letters 5 (1): 21–25. doi:10.1016/0020-1650(69)80231-X.

Antimony pentoxide 32

Antimony pentoxide

Antimony pentoxide

Identifiers

CAS number 1314-60-9 [1] 

ChemSpider 14129 [2] 

Jmol-3D images Image 1 [3]

Properties

Molecular formula Sb2O5

Molar mass 323.5 g/mol

Appearance yellow powdery solid

Density 3.78 g/cm3, solid

Melting point 380°C (decomposes)

Solubility in water very slightly soluble

Solubility insoluble in nitric acid

Hazards

EU classification not listed

NFPA 704

  (verify) [4] (what is:  / ?)Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)

Infobox references

Antimony pentoxide (Sb2O5) is a chemical compound of antimony and oxygen. It always occurs in hydrated form,Sb2O5·nH2O. It contains antimony in the +5 oxidation state.

Antimony pentoxide 33

StructureAntimony pentoxide has the same structure as the B form of niobium pentoxide and can be derived from the rutilestructure, with antimony coordinated by six oxygens in a distorted octahedral arrangement. The SbO6 octahedra arecorner- and edge-sharing.[5]

Sb coordination edge sharing corner sharing

PreparationThe hydrated oxide is prepared by hydrolysis of antimony pentachloride; or by acidification of potassiumhexahydroxoantimonate(V). It may also be prepared by oxidation of antimony trioxide with nitric acid. [6]

UsesIt finds use as a Flame retardant in ABS and other plastics, a flocculant in the production of titanium dioxide and issometimes used in the production of glass, paint and adhesives.[7] [8]

It is also used as an ion-exchange resin for a number if cations in acidic solution including Na+ (especially for theirselective retentions); and as a polymerization and oxidation catalyst.

ReactionsWhen heated at 700°C the yellow hydrated pentoxide converts to an anhydrous white solid with a formula Sb2O13containing both Sb(III) and Sb(V). Heating at 900°C produces a white insoluble powder of Sb2O4 of both α and βforms. The β form consists of Sb(V) in octahedral interstices and pyramidal Sb(III) O4 units. In these compounds,Sb(V) atom is octahedrally coordinated to six –OH groups.

References[1] http:/ / www. commonchemistry. org/ ChemicalDetail. aspx?ref=1314-60-9[2] http:/ / www. chemspider. com/ 14129[3] http:/ / chemapps. stolaf. edu/ jmol/ jmol. php?model=O%3D%5BSb%5D%28%3DO%29O%5BSb%5D%28%3DO%29%3DO[4] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Special%3Acomparepages?rev1=396292016& page2=%3AAntimony+ pentoxide[5] M. Jansen (March 1979). "Die Kristallstruktur von Antimon(V)-oxid". Acta Cryst. B35 (3): 539–542. doi:10.1107/S056774087900409X.[6] Pradyot Patnaik. Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw-Hill, 2002, ISBN 0070494398[7] Bartlett, Jeffrey (1997-03-19). "Colloidal Antimony Pentoxide in Flame Retarded ABS" (http:/ / www. nyacol. com/ whitepapers2. htm).

Nyacol Products, Inc. . Retrieved 2006-07-28.[8] "ANTIMONY PENTOXIDE" (http:/ / www. chemicalland21. com/ industrialchem/ inorganic/ ANTIMONY PENTOXIDE. htm).

chemicalLAND21.com. . Retrieved 2006-07-28.

Antimony tetroxide 34

Antimony tetroxide

Antimony tetroxide

Identifiers

CAS number 12786-74-2 [1], 1332-81-6

Properties

Molecular formula SbO2; Sb2O4

Molar mass 153.7588; 307.5176 g/mol

Appearance white solid

Density 6.64 g/cm3 (orthorhombic form) [2]

Melting point dec.

Boiling point dec.

Solubility in water insoluble

Refractive index (nD) 2.0

Structure

Crystal structure orthorhombic

Hazards

NFPA 704

Related compounds

Related compounds Antimony trioxideAntimony pentoxide

  (verify) [3] (what is:  / ?)Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)

Infobox references

Antimony tetroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula Sb2O4. This material, which exists as the mineralcervantite,[4] is white but reversibly yellows upon heating. The material, with empirical formula SbO2, is calledantimony tetroxide to signify the presence of two kinds of Sb centers.

Antimony tetroxide 35

Formation and structureThe material forms when Sb2O3 is heated in air:[5]

Sb2O3 + 0.5 O2 → Sb2O4 ΔH = −187 kJ/molAt 800 °C, antimony(V) oxide loses oxygen to give the same material:

Sb2O5 → Sb2O4 + 0.5 O2 ΔH = −64 kJ/molThe material is mixed valence, containing both Sb(V) and Sb(III) centers. Two polymorphs are known, oneorthorhombic (shown in the infobox) and one monoclinic.[2] Both forms feature octahedral Sb(V) centers arranged insheets with distorted Sb(III) centers bound to four oxides.

References[1] http:/ / www. commonchemistry. org/ ChemicalDetail. aspx?ref=12786-74-2[2] J. Amador, E. Gutierrez Puebla, M. A. Monge, I. Rasines, and C. Ruiz Valero "Diantimony Tetraoxides Revisited" Inorganic Chemistry

1988, Volume 27, pp. 1367–1370. doi:10.1021/ic00281a011[3] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Special%3Acomparepages?rev1=377012344& page2=%3AAntimony+ tetroxide[4] "Cervantite" (http:/ / webmineral. com/ data/ Cervantite. shtml). Webminerals. . Retrieved 2009-06-06.[5] Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.

Antimony tribromide 36

Antimony tribromide

Antimony tribromide

Identifiers

CAS number 7789-61-9 [1]

PubChem 24615 [2]

ChemSpider 23017 [3] 

RTECS number CC4400000

Jmol-3D images Image 1 [4]

Image 2 [5]

Properties

Molecular formula SbBr3

Molar mass 361.472 g/mol

Appearance colorless hygroscopic crystals

Density 4.35 g/cm3, solid

Melting point 96.6°C

Boiling point 280°C

Solubility in water reacts

Structure

Crystal structure Orthorhombic, oP16, SpaceGroup = Pnma, No. 62 (β form)

Hazards

EU classification not listed

LD50 7000 mg/kg

  (verify) [6] (what is:  / ?)Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)

Infobox references

Antimony tribromide (SbBr3) is a chemical compound containing antimony in its +3 oxidation state. It may bemade by the reaction of antimony with elemental bromine or the reaction of antimony trioxide with hydrobromicacid. It can be added to polymers such as polyethylene as a fire retardant.[7] It is also used in the production of otherantimony compounds, in chemical analysis, and in dyeing. [8]

Antimony tribromide 37

Antimony tribromide has two crystalline forms, both having orthorhombic symmetries. When a warm carbondisulfide solution of SbBr3 is rapidly cooled, it crystallizes into the needle-like α-SbBr3, which then slowly convertsto the more stable β form.[9]

Antimony tribromide hydrolyzes in water to form hydrobromic acid and antimony trioxide:2 SbBr3 + 3 H2O → Sb2O3 + 6 HBr

References[1] http:/ / www. commonchemistry. org/ ChemicalDetail. aspx?ref=7789-61-9[2] http:/ / pubchem. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ summary/ summary. cgi?cid=24615[3] http:/ / www. chemspider. com/ 23017[4] http:/ / chemapps. stolaf. edu/ jmol/ jmol. php?model=%5BBr-%5D. %5BBr-%5D. %5BBr-%5D. %5BSbH3%2B3%5D[5] http:/ / chemapps. stolaf. edu/ jmol/ jmol. php?model=Br%5BSb%5D%28Br%29Br[6] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Special%3Acomparepages?rev1=399528513& page2=%3AAntimony+ tribromide[7] Yang, Y. P.; D. G. Brewer, and J. E. S. Venart (1991). "A study of the synergistic action of antimony oxide in fire-retardant polyethylene".

Fire and Materials 15: 37. doi:10.1002/fam.810150107.[8] "Antimony tribromide" http:/ / cameochemicals. noaa. gov/ chemical/ 2501[9] Okuda, Tsutomu; Terao, Hiromitsu; Ege, Osamu; Negita, Hisao (1970). "Structural Studies of Antimony Tribromide and Its Molecular

Complex with Benzene by Means of the 81Br Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance". Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 43 (8): 2398.doi:10.1246/bcsj.43.2398.

Antimony trichloride 38

Antimony trichloride

Antimony trichloride

Identifiers

CAS number 10025-91-9 [1] 

PubChem 24814 [2] 

ChemSpider 23199 [3] 

UNII J281401KK3 [4] 

EC number 233-047-2 [5]

UN number 1733

KEGG C15235 [6] 

MeSH Antimony+trichloride [7]

RTECS number CC4900000

Jmol-3D images Image 1 [8]

Properties

Molecular formula SbCl3Molar mass 228.13 g/mol

Appearance colorless solidhygroscopic

Odor sharp, pungent

Density 3.140 g/cm3

Melting point 73.4 °C

Boiling point 220.3 °C

Solubility in water 602 g/100 cm3 (0 °C)910 g/100 cm3 (20 °C)

Solubility in organic solvents soluble in ABS alcohol, methylene chloride, benzene, acetone, ethanol, dioxane, carbon disulfide

Hazards

MSDS ICSC 1224 [9]

Antimony trichloride 39

EU Index 051-001-00-8

EU classification Corrosive (C)Dangerous for the environment (N)

R-phrases R34, R51/53

S-phrases (S1/2), S26, S45, S61

NFPA 704

Flash point Non-flammable

LD50 525 mg/kg (oral, rat)

Related compounds

Other anions Antimony trifluorideAntimony tribromideAntimony triiodide

Other cations Nitrogen trichloridePhosphorus trichlorideArsenic trichlorideBismuth chloride

  (verify) [10] (what is:  / ?)Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)

Infobox references

Antimony trichloride is the chemical compound with the formula SbCl3. The soft colorless solid with a pungentodor was known to the alchemists as butter of antimony.

PreparationAntimony trichloride is prepared by reaction of chlorine with antimony, antimony trioxide or antimony trisulfide. Italso may be made by treating antimony trioxide with concentrated hydrochloric acid.

Reactions

Antimony trichloride solution in hydrochloricacid

On contact with water, it undergoes hydrolysis, forming antimonyoxychloride and releasing hydrogen chloride. Thus, samples of SbCl3must be protected from moisture.

SbCl3 + H2O → SbOCl + 2HClFurther indicating its Lewis acidity, SbCl3 forms adducts with chloride,e.g. [SbCl5]2−.[11]

Antimony trichloride can behave as a Lewis base. However, suchreactions are very limited. They include the formation of carbonylcomplexes Fe(CO)3(SbCl3)2 and Ni(CO)3SbCl3.

Antimony trichloride 40

UsesSbCl3 is a reagent for detecting vitamin A and related carotenoids in the Carr-Price test. The antimony trichloridereacts with the carotenoid to form a blue complex that can be measured by colorimetry.Antimony trichloride has also been used to enhance the louche effect in absinthe. It has been used in the past todissolve and remove horn stubs from calves without having to cut them off.It is also used as a catalyst for polymerization, hydrocracking and chlorination reactions; as a mordant; and in theproduction of other antimony salts. Its solution is used as an analytical reagent for chloral, aromatics and vitamin A.[12]

Appearance in Popular CultureIn episode 12 of the third season of the popular British program All Creatures Great and Small, several calves diedfollowing an episode of nonspecific gastroenteritis, the cause of which was later determined to be ingestion ofantimony trichloride present in a solution used to dissolve their horn stubs.

References[1] http:/ / www. commonchemistry. org/ ChemicalDetail. aspx?ref=10025-91-9[2] http:/ / pubchem. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ summary/ summary. cgi?cid=24814[3] http:/ / www. chemspider. com/ 23199[4] http:/ / fdasis. nlm. nih. gov/ srs/ srsdirect. jsp?regno=J281401KK3[5] http:/ / esis. jrc. ec. europa. eu/ index. php?GENRE=ECNO& ENTREE=233-047-2[6] http:/ / www. kegg. jp/ entry/ C15235[7] http:/ / www. nlm. nih. gov/ cgi/ mesh/ 2007/ MB_cgi?mode=& term=Antimony+ trichloride[8] http:/ / chemapps. stolaf. edu/ jmol/ jmol. php?model=Cl%5BSb%5D%28Cl%29Cl[9] http:/ / www. inchem. org/ documents/ icsc/ icsc/ eics1224. htm[10] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Special%3Acomparepages?rev1=457132627& page2=%3AAntimony+ trichloride[11] Zarychta, B.; Zaleski, J. "Phase transitions mechanism and distortion of SbCl6

3− octahedra in bis(n-butylammonium)pentachloroantimonate(III) (C4H9NH3)2[SbCl5]". Z. Naturforsch. B 2006, 61, 1101–1109. Abstract (PDF) (http:/ / www. znaturforsch. com/ab/ v61b/ 61b1101. pdf)

[12] Pradyot Patnaik. Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw-Hill, 2002, ISBN 0070494398

Antimony triiodide 41

Antimony triiodide

Antimony triiodide

Identifiers

CAS number 7790-44-5 [1]

ChemSpider 23032 [2] 

Jmol-3D images Image 1 [3]

Image 2 [4]

Properties

Molecular formula SbI3

Molar mass 502.473 g/mol

Appearance Red crystals

Density 4.92 g/cm3, solid

Melting point 171 °C

Boiling point 401 °C

Magnetic susceptibility -0.0001472 cm3/mol

Structure

Crystal structure Rhombohedral, hR24, SpaceGroup = R-3, No. 148

Hazards

EU classification not listed

  (verify) [5] (what is:  / ?)Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)

Infobox references

Antimony triiodide is the chemical compound with the formula SbI3. This ruby-red solid is the only characterized "binary" iodide of antimony, i.e. the sole compound isolated with the formula SbxIy. It contains antimony in its +3 oxidation state. Like many iodides of the heavier main group elements, its structure depends on the phase. Gaseous

Antimony triiodide 42

SbI3 is a molecular, pyramidal species as anticipated by VSEPR theory. In the solid state, however, the Sb center issurrounded by an octahedron of six iodide ligands, three of which are closer and three more distant.[6] For the relatedcompound BiI3, all six Bi---I distances are equal.[7]

SbI3 has been used as a dopant in the preparation of thermoelectric materials.[8]

It may be formed by the reaction of antimony with elemental iodine, or the reaction of antimony trioxide withhydroiodic acid.

References[1] http:/ / www. commonchemistry. org/ ChemicalDetail. aspx?ref=7790-44-5[2] http:/ / www. chemspider. com/ 23032[3] http:/ / chemapps. stolaf. edu/ jmol/ jmol. php?model=%5BSbH3%2B3%5D. %5BI-%5D. %5BI-%5D. %5BI-%5D[4] http:/ / chemapps. stolaf. edu/ jmol/ jmol. php?model=I%5BSb%5D%28I%29I[5] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Special%3Acomparepages?rev1=399528762& page2=%3AAntimony+ triiodide[6] Hsueh, H.C., Chen, R.K., Vass, H., Clark, S.J., Ackland, G.J., Poon, W.C.K., Crain, J. (1998). "Compression mechanisms in quasimolecular

XI3 (X = As, Sb, Bi) solids". Physical Review B 58 (22): 14812–14822. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.58.14812.[7] Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.[8] D.-Y. Chung, T. Hogan, P. Brazis, M. Rocci-Lane, C. Kannewurf, M. Bastea, C. Uher, M. G. Kanatzidis "CsBi4Te6: A High-Performance

Thermoelectric Material for Low-Temperature Applications" Science 2000, volume 287, pp 1024-27. doi: 10.1126/science.287.5455.1024

Antimony trioxide 43

Antimony trioxide

Antimony trioxide

Identifiers

CAS number 1309-64-4 [1] 

ChemSpider 25727 [2] 

UNII P217481X5E [3] 

KEGG C19192 [4] 

RTECS number CC5650000

Jmol-3D images Image 1 [5]

Properties

Molecular formula Sb2O3

Molar mass 291.52 g/mol

Appearance white solid

Density 5.2 g/cm3, α-form

Melting point 656 °C

Boiling point 1425 °C (sublimes)

Solubility in water 1.21 mg/100 mL (0 °C)1.80 mg/100 mL (20 °C)8.20 mg/100 mL (100 °C), with hydrolysis

Solubility insoluble

Refractive index (nD) 2.087

Structure

Crystal structure cubic (α)<570 °Corthorhombic (β) >570 °C

Coordinationgeometry

pyramidal

Dipole moment zero

Hazards

EU classification Harmful (Xn)Carc. Cat. 3

Antimony trioxide 44

R-phrases R40

S-phrases (S2), S22, S36/37

NFPA 704

LD50 7000 mg/kg, oral (rat)

Related compounds

Other anions Antimony trisulfide

Other cations Arsenic trioxideBismuth trioxide

Related compounds Diantimony tetraoxideAntimony pentoxide

  (verify) [6] (what is:  / ?)Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)

Infobox references

Antimony trioxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Sb2O3. It is the most important commercialcompound of antimony. It is found in nature as the minerals valentinite and senarmontite.[7] Like most polymericoxides, Sb2O3 dissolves in aqueous solutions only with hydrolysis.

Production and propertiesGlobal production of antimony trioxide in 2005 was 120,000 tonnes, an increase from 112,600 tonnes in 2002. Chinaproduces the largest share (47 %) followed by US/Mexico (22 %), Europe (17 %), Japan (10 %) and South Africa (2%) and other countries (2%).[8]

Antimony trioxide is mainly produced via the smelting of stibnite ore, which is oxidised to crude Sb2O3 usingfurnaces operating at approximately 850 to 1,000 °C. The transformation is described as follows:

2 Sb2S3 + 9 O2 → 2 Sb2O3 + 6 SO2Crude Sb2O3 is purified by sublimation, which allows it to be separated from the more volatile arsenic trioxide. Thisstep is relevant because antimony ores commonly contain significant amounts of arsenic.Antimony oxide is also obtained via antimony trichloride, which can be obtained from stibnite.

2 Sb2S3 + 3 CaCl2 + 6 O2 → 4 SbCl3 + 3 CaSO4After fractional distillation to separate it from arsenic trichloride, SbCl3 can be hydrolyzed to the oxide:

2 SbCl3 + 3 H2O → Sb2O3 + 6 HClIntermediates in the hydrolysis include the oxychlorides SbOCl and Sb4O5Cl2.Although impractical for commercial purposes, Sb2O3 can be prepared by burning elemental antimony in air:

4 Sb + 3 O2 → 2 Sb2O3

Antimony trioxide 45

PropertiesAntimony trioxide is an amphoteric oxide, dissolving in alkaline solution to give antimonites and in acid solution togiven a range of polyantimonous acids. It can be readily oxidized to antimony pentoxide and related antimony(V)compounds, but it is also easily reduced to antimony, sometimes with production of stibine.

StructureThe structure of Sb2O3 depends on the temperature of the sample. Dimeric Sb4O6 is the high temperature (1560 °C)gas.[9] Sb4O6 molecules are bicyclic cages, similar to the related oxide of phosphorus(III), phosphorus trioxide.[10]

The cage structure is retained in a solid that crystallizes in a cubic habit. The Sb-O distance is 197.7 pm and theO-Sb-O angle of 95.6°.[11] This form exists in nature as the mineral senarmontite.[10] Below 606 °C, the more stableform is orthorhombic, consisting of pairs -Sb-O-Sb-O- chains that are linked by oxide bridges between the Sbcenters. This form exists in nature as the mineral valentinite.[10]

Sb4O6 senarmontite valentinite

UsesThe annual consumption of antimony trioxide in the United States and Europe is approximately 10,000 and 25,000tonnes, respectively. The main application is for flame retardants in combination with halogenated materials. Thecombination of the halides and the antimony being key to the flame-retardant action for polymers, helping to formless flammable chars. Such flame retardants are found in electrical apparatus, textiles, leather, and coatings.[12]

Other applications:• Antimony trioxide is an opacifying agent for glasses, ceramics and enamels.• Some specialty pigments contain antimony.• Antimony trioxide is a useful catalyst in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET plastic) and the

vulcanization of rubber.• Flame retardant for textiles, leather, polymers, and coatings.

SafetyThe toxicity of Sb2O3 is topical because it is a likely byproduct of the combustion of some materials "fireproofed"with antimony compounds. The oxides of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth are comparable in their toxicity, but theirvolatilities differ widely. Antimony trioxide has suspected carcinogenic potential for humans.[12] Its TLV is0.5 mg/m3, as for most antimony compounds.[13]

References[1] http:/ / www. commonchemistry. org/ ChemicalDetail. aspx?ref=1309-64-4[2] http:/ / www. chemspider. com/ 25727[3] http:/ / fdasis. nlm. nih. gov/ srs/ srsdirect. jsp?regno=P217481X5E[4] http:/ / www. kegg. jp/ entry/ C19192[5] http:/ / chemapps. stolaf. edu/ jmol/ jmol. php?model=O%3D%5BSb%5DO%5BSb%5D%3DO[6] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Special%3Acomparepages?rev1=449655175& page2=%3AAntimony+ trioxide

Antimony trioxide 46

[7] Greenwood, N. N.; & Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd Edn.), Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.[8] http:/ / ecb. jrc. ec. europa. eu/ DOCUMENTS/ Existing-Chemicals/ RISK_ASSESSMENT/ REPORT/ datreport415. pdf Risk Assessment of

Diantimony Trioxide[9] Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001) Inorganic Chemistry, Elsevier ISBN 0123526515[10] Wells, A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-855370-6.[11] C. Svensson “Refinement of the crystal structure of cubic antimony trioxide, Sb2O3” Acta Crystographica, 1975, volume B31, pp.

2016-2018. doi:10.1107/S0567740875006759[12] Sabina C. Grund, Kunibert Hanusch, Hans J. Breunig, Hans Uwe Wolf “Antimony and Antimony Compounds” in Ullmann's Encyclopedia

of Industrial Chemistry 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi: 10.1002/14356007.a03_055.pub2[13] Inhalation Developmental Toxicity Studies In Rats With Antimony Trioxide (Sb2O3). Newton PE; Schroeder RE; Zwick L; Serex T;

Toxicologist 2004 Mar;78(1-S):38

Further reading• Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (INRS), Fiche toxicologique nº 198 : Trioxyde de diantimoine, 1992.• The Oxide Handbook, G.V. Samsonov, 1981, 2nd ed. IFI/Plenum, ISBN 0-306-65177-7

External links• International Chemical Safety Card 0012 (http:/ / www. inchem. org/ documents/ icsc/ icsc/ eics0012. htm)• ESIS: European chemical Substances Information System (http:/ / esis. jrc. ec. europa. eu/ )• Antimony Market And Price (http:/ / www. manymetal. com/ Antimony/ )• Société industrielle et chimique de l'Aisne (http:/ / www. sica-chauny. com/ )

Antimony triselenide 47

Antimony triselenide

Antimony triselenide

Identifiers

CAS number 1315-05-5 [1]

PubChem 6391662 [2]

ChemSpider 11483776 [3] 

Jmol-3D images Image 1 [4]

Properties

Molecular formula Sb2Se3

Molar mass 480.4 g/mol

Appearance black crystals

Density 5.81 g/cm3, solid

Melting point 611 °C

Structure

Crystal structure Orthorhombic, oP20, SpaceGroup = Pnma, No. 62

Related compounds

Other anions antimony(III) oxide, antimony(III) sulfide, antimony(III) telluride

Other cations arsenic(III) selenide, bismuth(III) selenide

  (verify) [5] (what is:  / ?)Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)

Infobox references

Antimony triselenide is the chemical compound with the formula Sb2Se3. The material exists as the sulfosaltmineral antimonselite, which crystallizes in an orthorhombic space group.[6] In this compound, antimony is assignedthe oxidation state 3+ and selenium 2-, but in fact the bonding in this compound is highly covalent as reflected by theblack color and semiconducting properties of this and related materials.[7]

It may be formed by the reaction of antimony with selenium.

Antimony triselenide 48

References[1] http:/ / www. commonchemistry. org/ ChemicalDetail. aspx?ref=1315-05-5[2] http:/ / pubchem. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ summary/ summary. cgi?cid=6391662[3] http:/ / www. chemspider. com/ 11483776[4] http:/ / chemapps. stolaf. edu/ jmol/ jmol. php?model=%5BSbH3%2B3%5D. %5BSbH3%2B3%5D. %5BSe-2%5D. %5BSe-2%5D.

%5BSe-2%5D[5] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Special%3Acomparepages?rev1=432613610& page2=%3AAntimony+ triselenide[6] Jambor, J. L.; Grew, E. S."New Mineral Names" American Mineralogist, Volume 79, pages 387-391, 1994.[7] Caracas, R.; Gonze, X. "First-principles study of the electronic properties of A2B3 minerals,, with A=Bi,Sb and B=S,Se, Note: Hypothetical

sulphosalt structure derived from density functional theory"" Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 2005, volume 32 p.295-300.

Antimony(III) acetate 49

Antimony(III) acetate

Antimony(III) acetate

Identifiers

CAS number 6923-52-0 [1]

ChemSpider 21839 [2] 

Jmol-3D images Image 1 [3]

Image 2 [4]

Properties

Molecular formula C6H9O6Sb

Molar mass 298.89 g mol−1

Appearance White powder

Density 1.22 g/cm³ (20 °C)

Melting point 127 °C, 400 K, 261 °F

Hazards

NFPA 704

LD50 4480 mg/kg (rat)

  (verify) [5] (what is:  / ?)Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)

Infobox references

Antimony(III) acetate is the antimony salt of acetic acid with the chemical formula of Sb(CH3COO)3. It has theappearance of a white powder and is used as a catalyst in the production of synthetic fibers. It can be prepared by thereaction of antimony(III) oxide with acetic acid:

Sb2O3 + 6 HC2H3O2 → 2 Sb(C2H3O2)3 + 3H2OThe crystal structure of antimony(III) acetate has been determined by X-ray crystallography. It consists of discreteSb(OAc)3 monomers with monodentate acetate ligands. The monomers are linked together into chains by weakerC=O···Sb intermolecular interactions.[6]

Antimony(III) acetate 50

References[1] http:/ / www. commonchemistry. org/ ChemicalDetail. aspx?ref=6923-52-0[2] http:/ / www. chemspider. com/ 21839[3] http:/ / chemapps. stolaf. edu/ jmol/ jmol. php?model=CC%28%3DO%29%5BO-%5D. CC%28%3DO%29%5BO-%5D.

CC%28%3DO%29%5BO-%5D. %5BSbH3%2B3%5D[4] http:/ / chemapps. stolaf. edu/ jmol/ jmol. php?model=CC%28%3DO%29%5BO-%5D. CC%28%3DO%29%5BO-%5D.

CC%28%3DO%29%5BO-%5D. %5BSb%2B3%5D[5] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Special%3Acomparepages?rev1=399528978& page2=%3AAntimony%28III%29+ acetate[6] Hall, M.; Sowerby, D. B. (1980). "Antimony(III) acetate and thioacetate: spectra and crystal structures". J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. (8):

1292–1296. doi:10.1039/DT9800001292.

Fluoroantimonic acid 51

Fluoroantimonic acid

Fluoroantimonic acid

Identifiers

CAS number 16950-06-4 [1] 

PubChem 21953576 [2]

ChemSpider 21241496 [3] 

EC number 241-023-8 [4]

Jmol-3D images Image 1 [5]

Properties

Molecular formula SbHF6

Molar mass 236.76 g mol-1

Exact mass 235.902062306 g mol-1

Appearance Colourless liquid

Acidity (pKa) −25

Basicity (pKb) 39

Hazards

R-phrases R26, R29, R35

Main hazards Corrosive

NFPA 704

Related compounds

Related acids Antimony pentafluorideHydrogen fluorideMagic acid

  (verify) [6] (what is:  / ?)Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)

Infobox references

Fluoroantimonic acid (HSbF6) is a mixture of hydrogen fluoride and antimony pentafluoride in various ratios.[7]

The 1:1 combination forms the strongest known superacid, which has been demonstrated to protonate evenhydrocarbons to afford carbocations and H2.[8]

The reaction of hydrogen fluoride (HF) and SbF5 is exothermic. HF, being a Lewis base, attacks the molecules ofSbF5 to give an adduct. In the fluoroantimonic molecule, the anion is coordinated to the hydrogen, although theanion is formally classified as noncoordinating, because it is both a very weak nucleophile and a very weak base.

Fluoroantimonic acid 52

Despite the proton being called effectively "naked," it is in fact always attached to a fluorine through a very weakdative bond, similar to the hydronium cation.[9] However, the weakness of this bond accounts for the system'sextreme acidity. Fluoroantimonic acid is 2×1019 (20 quintillion) times stronger than 100% sulfuric acid.[10]

StructureTwo related products have been crystallised from HF-SbF5 mixtures, and both have been analyzed by single crystalX-ray crystallography. These salts have the formulas [H2F+][Sb2F11

−] and [H3F2+][Sb2F11

−]. In both salts the anionis Sb2F11

−.[11] As mentioned above, SbF6− is classified as weakly basic; the larger monoanion Sb2F11

− would beexpected to be still weaker.

Comparison with other acidsThe following values are based upon the Hammett acidity function. Acidity is indicated by large negative values ofH0.• Fluoroantimonic acid (1990) (H0 Value = −31.3)• Magic acid (1974) (H0 Value = −19.2)• Carborane superacid (1969) (H0 Value = −18.0)• Fluorosulfuric acid (1944) (H0 Value = −15.1)• Triflic acid (1940) (H0 Value = −14.9)

ApplicationsThis extraordinarily strong acid protonates nearly all organic compounds. In 1967, Bickel and Hogeveen showed thatHF-SbF5 will remove H2 from isobutane and methane from neopentane:[12] [13]

(CH3)3CH + H+ → (CH3)3C+ + H2(CH3)4C + H+ → (CH3)3C+ + CH4

SafetyHF-SbF5 is rapidly and explosively decomposed by water. It reacts with virtually all known solvents.[7] Solvents thathave been proven to be compatible with HF-SbF5 are SO2ClF and liquefied sulfur dioxide. Chlorofluorocarbonshave also been used as solvents. Containers for HF-SbF5 are made of PTFE.

Fluoroantimonic acid 53

References[1] http:/ / www. commonchemistry. org/ ChemicalDetail. aspx?ref=16950-06-4[2] http:/ / pubchem. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ summary/ summary. cgi?cid=21953576[3] http:/ / www. chemspider. com/ 21241496[4] http:/ / esis. jrc. ec. europa. eu/ index. php?GENRE=ECNO& ENTREE=241-023-8[5] http:/ / chemapps. stolaf. edu/ jmol/ jmol. php?model=F%5BSb-%5D%28F%29%28F%29%28F%29%28F%29%5BFH%2B%5D[6] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Special%3Acomparepages?rev1=459445215& page2=%3AFluoroantimonic+ acid[7] Olah, G. A.; Prakash, G. K. S.; Wang, Q.; Li, X. “Hydrogen Fluoride–Antimony(V) Fluoride” in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic

Synthesis (Ed: L. Paquette) 2004, J. Wiley & Sons, New York. DOI: 10.1002/047084289.[8] George Andrew Olah (2001). A life of magic chemistry: autobiographical reflections of a nobel prize winner. John Wiley and Sons.

pp. 100–101. ISBN 0471157430.[9] (http:/ / www. psc. edu/ science/ klein2000. html) The quantum chemistry of proton "hopping" or transfer in his acid. Accessed 2-27-2011.[10] Olah, George A. (2005). "Crossing Conventional Boundaries in Half a Century of Research". J. Org. Chem. 70 (7): 2413–2429.

doi:10.1021/jo040285o. PMID 15787527.[11] Mootz, D.; Bartmann, K. (1988). "The Fluoronium Ions H2F+ and H3F2

+: Characterization by Crystal Structure Analysis". AngewandteChemie, International Edition in English 27 (3): 391–392. doi:10.1002/anie.198803911.

[12] Bickel, A. F.; Gaasbeek, C. J.; Hogeveen, H.; Oelderik, J. M.; Platteeuw, J. C. (1967). "Chemistry and spectroscopy in strongly acidicsolutions: reversible reaction between aliphatic carbonium ions and hydrogen". Chemical Communications 1967 (13): 634–5.doi:10.1039/C19670000634.

[13] Hogeveen, H.; Bickel, A. F. (1967). "Chemistry and spectroscopy in strongly acidic solutions: electrophilic substitution at alkane-carbon byprotons". Chemical Communications 1967 (13): 635–6. doi:10.1039/C19670000635.

Gallium antimonide 54

Gallium antimonide

Gallium antimonide

Identifiers

CAS number 12064-03-8 [1] 

PubChem 6335277 [2]

ChemSpider 3436915 [3] 

Jmol-3D images Image 1 [4]

Properties

Molecular formula GaSb

Molar mass 191.483 g/mol

Density 5.614 g/cm3

Melting point 712 °C

Solubility in water insoluble

Band gap 0.726 eV (300 K)

Electron mobility 3000 cm2/(V*s) (300 K)

Thermal conductivity 0.32 W/(cm*K) (300 K)

Refractive index (nD) 3.8

Structure

Crystal structure Sphalerite, cF8

Space group F-43m, No. 216

Hazards

NFPA 704

Flash point non-flammable

  (verify) [5] (what is:  / ?)Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)

Infobox references

Gallium antimonide (GaSb) is a semiconducting compound of gallium and antimony of the III-V family. It has alattice constant of about 0.61 nm.

Gallium antimonide 55

ApplicationsGaSb can be used for Infrared detectors, infrared LEDs and lasers and transistors, and thermophotovoltaic systems.

External links• properties listed at NSM [6], Ioffe Institute.• National Compound Semiconductor Roadmap [7] at the Office of Naval Research

References[1] http:/ / www. commonchemistry. org/ ChemicalDetail. aspx?ref=12064-03-8[2] http:/ / pubchem. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ summary/ summary. cgi?cid=6335277[3] http:/ / www. chemspider. com/ 3436915[4] http:/ / chemapps. stolaf. edu/ jmol/ jmol. php?model=%5BGa%5D%23%5BSb%5D[5] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Special%3Acomparepages?rev1=396140689& page2=%3AGallium+ antimonide[6] http:/ / www. ioffe. rssi. ru/ SVA/ NSM/ Semicond/ GaSb/[7] http:/ / www. onr. navy. mil/ 02/ matoc/ onr/ docs/ pa1/ pa1_005. doc

Gallium indium arsenide antimonide phosphideGallium indium arsenide antimonide phosphide (GaInAsSbP or GaInPAsSb) is a semiconductor material.Research has shown that GaInAsSbP can be used in the manufacture of mid-infrared light-emitting diodes[1] [2] andthermophotovoltaic cells[3] .GaInAsSbP layers can be grown by heteroepitaxy on indium arsenide, gallium antimonide and other materials. Theexact composition can be tuned in order to make it lattice matched. The presence of five elements in the alloy allowsextra degrees of freedom, making it possible to fix the lattice constant while varying the bandgap.

References[1] Room temperature midinfrared electroluminescence from GaInAsSbP light emitting diodes, A. Krier, V. M. Smirnov, P. J. Batty, V. I.

Vasil’ev, G. S. Gagis, and V. I. Kuchinskii, Appl. Phys. Lett. vol. 90 pp. 211115 (2007) doi:10.1063/1.2741147[2] Lattice-matched GaInPAsSb/InAs structures for devices of infrared optoelectronics, M. Aidaraliev, N. V. Zotova, S. A. Karandashev, B. A.

Matveev, M. A. Remennyi, N. M. Stus’, G. N. Talalakin, V. V. Shustov, V. V. Kuznetsov and E. A. Kognovitskaya, Semiconductors vol. 36num. 8 pp. 944-949 (2002) doi:10.1134/1.1500478

[3] Low Bandgap GaInAsSbP Pentanary Thermophotovoltaic Diodes, K. J. Cheetham, P. J. Carrington, N. B. Cook and A. Krier, Solar EnergyMaterials and Solar Cells, vol. 95 pp. 534-537 (2011) doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2010.08.036

Indium antimonide 56

Indium antimonide

Indium antimonide

Identifiers

CAS number 1312-41-0 [1] 

PubChem 3468413 [2]

ChemSpider 2709929 [3] 

EC number 215-192-3 [4]

UN number 1549

RTECS number NL1105000

Jmol-3D images Image 1 [5]

Properties

Molecular formula InSb

Molar mass 236.58 g mol−1

Exact mass 235.807696372 g mol-1

Appearance Dark grey, metallic crystals

Density 5.775 g cm-3

Melting point 527 °C, 800 K, 981 °F

Band gap 0.17 eV

Electron mobility 7.7 mC s g-1 (at 27 °C)

Thermal conductivity 180 mW K-1 cm-1 (at 27 °C)

Indium antimonide 57

Refractive index (nD) 4.0

Structure

Crystal structure Zincblende

Space group T2d-F-43m

Coordinationgeometry

Tetrahedral

Hazards

GHS pictograms

GHS signal word WARNING

GHS hazard statements H302, H332, H411

GHS precautionary statements P273

EU classification

Xn NR-phrases R20/22, R51/53

S-phrases S61

  (verify) [6] (what is:  / ?)Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)

Infobox references

Indium antimonide (InSb) is a crystalline compound made from the elements indium (In) and antimony (Sb). It is anarrow-gap semiconductor material from the III-V group used in infrared detectors, including thermal imagingcameras, FLIR systems, infrared homing missile guidance systems, and in infrared astronomy. The indiumantimonide detectors are sensitive between 1–5 µm wavelengths. Indium antimonide was a very common detector inthe old, single-detector mechanically scanned thermal imaging systems. Another application is as terahertz radiationsource as it is a strong photo-Dember emitter.

HistoryInSb crystals have been grown by slow cooling from liquid melt at least since 1954.[7]

Physical propertiesInSb has the appearance of dark-grey silvery metal pieces or powder with vitreous lustre. When subjected totemperatures over 500 °C, it melts and decomposes, liberating antimony and antimony oxide vapors.InSb is a narrow-gap semiconductor with an energy band gap of 0.17 eV at 300 K and 0.23 eV at 80 K. The crystalstructure is zincblende with a 0.648 nm lattice constant.[8]

Undoped InSb possesses the largest ambient-temperature electron mobility (78000 cm2/(V*s),[9] electron driftvelocity, and ballistic length (up to 0.7 μm at 300 K)[8] of any known semiconductor, except possibly for carbonnanotubes.Indium antimonide photodiode detectors are photovoltaic, generating electric current when subjected to infrared radiation. InSb's internal quantum efficiency is effectively 100% but is a function of the thickness particularly for near bandedge photons.[10] Like all narrow bandgap materials InSb detectors require periodic recalibrations, increasing the complexity of the imaging system. This added complexity is worthwhile where extreme sensitivity is required, e.g. in long-range military thermal imaging systems. InSb detectors also require cooling, as they have to

Indium antimonide 58

operate at cryogenic temperatures (typically 80 K). Large arrays (up to 2048x2048 pixels) are available.[11] HgCdTeand PtSi are materials with similar use.A layer of indium antimonide sandwiched between layers of aluminium indium antimonide can act as a quantumwell. This approach is studied in order to construct very fast transistors.[12] Bipolar transistors operating atfrequencies up to 85 GHz were constructed from indium antimonide in the late 1990s; field-effect transistorsoperating at over 200 GHz have been reported more recently (Intel/QinetiQ). Some models suggest that terahertzfrequencies are achievable with this material. Indium antimonide semiconductor devices are also capable ofoperating with voltages under 0.5 V, reducing their power requirements.

Growth methodsInSb can be grown by solidifying a melt from the liquid state (Czochralski process), or epitaxially by liquid phaseepitaxy, hot wall epitaxy or molecular beam epitaxy. It can also be grown from organometallic compounds byMOVPE.

Device applications• Thermal image detectors using photodiodes or photoelectromagnetic detectors• Magnetic field sensors using magnetoresistance or the Hall effect• Fast transistors (in terms of dynamic switching). This is due to the high carrier mobility of InSb.

References[1] http:/ / www. commonchemistry. org/ ChemicalDetail. aspx?ref=1312-41-0[2] http:/ / pubchem. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ summary/ summary. cgi?cid=3468413[3] http:/ / www. chemspider. com/ 2709929[4] http:/ / esis. jrc. ec. europa. eu/ index. php?GENRE=ECNO& ENTREE=215-192-3[5] http:/ / chemapps. stolaf. edu/ jmol/ jmol. php?model=%5BIn%5D%23%5BSb%5D[6] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Special%3Acomparepages?rev1=444710832& page2=%3AIndium+ antimonide[7] Avery, D G; Goodwin, D W; Lawson, W D; Moss, T S (1954). "Optical and Photo-Electrical Properties of Indium Antimonide". Proceedings

of the Physical Society Section B 67: 761. doi:10.1088/0370-1301/67/10/304.[8] Properties of Indium Antimonide (InSb) (http:/ / www. ioffe. ru/ SVA/ NSM/ Semicond/ InSb/ index. html)[9] Rode, D. L. (1971). "Electron Transport in InSb, InAs, and InP". Physical Review B 3: 3287. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.3.3287.[10] Avery, D G; Goodwin, D W; Rennie, Miss A E (1957). "New infra-red detectors using indium antimonide". Journal of Scientific

Instruments 34: 394. doi:10.1088/0950-7671/34/10/305.[11] M. G. Beckett "High Resolution Infrared Imaging", PhD thesis, Cambridge University (1995) Chapter 3: Camera (http:/ / www. ast. cam. ac.

uk/ ~optics/ tech/ mgb_phd/ chapter3. htm)[12] 'Quantum well' transistor promises lean computing (http:/ / www. newscientist. com/ article. ns?id=dn6997)

External links• National Compound Semiconductor Roadmap (http:/ / www. onr. navy. mil/ sci_tech/ information/

312_electronics/ ncsr/ materials/ insb. asp) at the Office of Naval Research• Material safety data sheet (http:/ / www. utdallas. edu/ research/ cleanroom/ safety/ msds/ documents/

Indium_Antimonide. pdf) at University of Texas at Dallas

Meglumine antimoniate 59

Meglumine antimoniate

Meglumine antimoniate

Systematic (IUPAC) name

Hydroxy-dioxostiborane; (2R,3R,4R,5S)-6-methylaminohexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol

Clinical data

AHFS/Drugs.com Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information [1]

Pregnancy cat. ?

Legal status ?

Identifiers

CAS number 133-51-7 [2] 

ATC code P01 CB01 [3] QP51 AB01 [4]

PubChem CID 64953 [5]

ChemSpider 58479 [6] 

ChEMBL CHEMBL239129 [7] 

Chemical data

Formula Variable

Mol. mass Variable

SMILES eMolecules [8] & PubChem [9]

(what is this?)   (verify) [10]

Meglumine antimoniate (or meglumine antimonate) is a medicine used for treating leishmaniasis. It ismanufactured by Aventis and sold as Glucantime in France, and Glucantim in Italy. It belongs to a group ofcompounds known as the pentavalent antimonials. It is administered by intramuscular injection.

Meglumine antimoniate 60

References[1] http:/ / www. drugs. com/ cons/ meglumine_antimoniate. html[2] http:/ / www. nlm. nih. gov/ cgi/ mesh/ 2009/ MB_cgi?term=133-51-7& rn=1[3] http:/ / www. whocc. no/ atc_ddd_index/ ?code=P01CB01[4] http:/ / www. whocc. no/ atcvet/ atcvet_index/ ?code=QP51AB01[5] http:/ / pubchem. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ summary/ summary. cgi?cid=64953[6] http:/ / www. chemspider. com/ Chemical-Structure. 58479[7] https:/ / www. ebi. ac. uk/ chembldb/ index. php/ compound/ inspect/ CHEMBL239129[8] http:/ / www. emolecules. com/ cgi-bin/ search?t=ex& q=O%3D%5BSb%5D%28%3DO%29O.

O%5BC%40%40H%5D%28%5BC%40%40H%5D%28O%29%5BC%40H%5D%28O%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28O%29CNC%29CO[9] http:/ / pubchem. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ search/ ?smarts=O%3D%5BSb%5D%28%3DO%29O.

O%5BC%40%40H%5D%28%5BC%40%40H%5D%28O%29%5BC%40H%5D%28O%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28O%29CNC%29CO[10] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Special%3Acomparepages?rev1=462102030& page2=%3AMeglumine+ antimoniate

Pentavalent antimonialPentavalent antimonials (also abbreviated pentavalent Sb or SbV) are a group of compounds used for thetreatment of leishmaniasis. They are also called pentavalent antimony compounds.

TypesThe first pentavalent antimonial used was urea stibamate: first introduced in the 1930s, it fell out of favour in the1950s due to higher toxicity compared to sodium stibogluconate.The compounds currently available for clinical use are:• sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam; manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline; available in US and UK), which is

administered by slow intravenous injection.• meglumine antimoniate (Glucantim; manufactured by Aventis; available in Brazil, France and Italy), which is

administered by intramuscular or intravenous* injection injection.The pentavalent antimonials can only be given by injection: there are no oral preparations available.• Lima EB, Porto C, Motta JCO, Sampaio RNR.Treatment of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. An Bras

Dermatol. 2007;82(2):111-24.

AlternativesIn many countries, widespread resistance to antimony has meant that amphotericin or miltefosine are now used inpreference.[1]

Side effectsCardiotoxity, reversible renal insufficiency, pancreatitis, anemia, leukopenia, rash, headache, abdominal pain,nausea, vomiting, arthralgia, myalgia, thrombocytopenia and transaminase elevation.

References[1] Olliaro P, Guerin P, Gerstl S, (2005). "Treatment options for visceral leishmaniasis: a systematic review of clinical studies done in India,

1980–2004". Lancet Infect Dis 5 (12): 763–774. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70296-6. PMID 16310148.

Sodium stibogluconate 61

Sodium stibogluconate

Sodium stibogluconate

Systematic (IUPAC) name

2,4:2',4'-O-(oxydistibylidyne)bis[D-gluconic acid]

Clinical data

AHFS/Drugs.com International Drug Names [1]

Pregnancy cat. ?

Legal status POM (UK)

Routes IV only

Identifiers

CAS number 16037-91-5 [2] 

ATC code P01 CB02 [3] QP51 AB02 [4]

PubChem CID 16685683 [5]

DrugBank DB05630 [6]

ChemSpider 21106382 [7] 

UNII V083S0159D [8] 

KEGG D00582 [9] 

ChEMBL CHEMBL367144 [10] 

Chemical data

Formula C2H38Na3O26

Mol. mass 910.9

SMILES eMolecules [11] & PubChem [12]

(what is this?)   (verify) [13]

Sodium stibogluconate is a medicine used to treat leishmaniasis and is only available for administration byinjection. It belongs to the class of medicines known as the pentavalent antimonials. Sodium stibogluconate is sold inthe United Kingdom as Pentostam (manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline). Widespread resistance has limited theutility of sodium stibogluconate, and in many parts of the world, amphotericin or miltefosine is used instead.

Sodium stibogluconate 62

DosingSodium stibogluconate is available in the United Kingdom as Pentostam, which comes in 100 ml multi-dose glassbottles manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline. It can be diluted with 5% dextrose if necessary for ease of administration.It is available in the United States on a named-patient basis from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC).The dose of sodium stibogluconate is 20 mg/kg per day given by slow intravenous infusion (at least five minuteswith cardiac monitoring). The injection should be stopped if there is coughing or central chest pain. Thechemotherapeutic index was established by Leonard Goodwin during the Second World War when a treatment wasurgently required for Allied troops during the invasion of Sicily.[14]

The maximum licensed dose is 850 mg per day, but most authorities now agree that there should be no maximum.[15]

The duration of treatment is usually 10 to 21 days and depends on the species of Leishmania and the type ofinfection (cutaneous or visceral). The advice of a specialist should always be sought.

Side effectsSodium stibogluconate is exceedingly phlebotoxic. One of the practical problems is that after a few doses it canbecome exceedingly difficult to find a vein in which to inject the drug. The insertion of a PICC does not prevent theproblem and can instead make it worse: the entire vein along the course of the PICC line can become inflamed andthrombose. The most practical way of administering a large dose of sodium stibogluconate is to dilute it in a largeamount of fluid which then runs through over half an hour or so.Pancreatitis is a common problem and the serum amylase or lipase should be monitored twice weekly; there is noneed to stop treatment if the amylase remains less than four times the upper limit of normal; if the amylase risesabove the cut-off then treatment should be interrupted until the amylase falls to less than twice the upper limit ofnormal, whereupon treatment can be resumed. Cardiac conduction disturbances are less common, but ECGmonitoring while the medicine is injected is advisable and changes quickly reverse after the drug is stopped or theinfusion rate is decreased.The drug can be given intramuscularly but is exceedingly painful when given by this route. It can also be givenintralesionally when treating cutaneous leishmaniasis (i.e., injected directly into the area of infected skin) and again,this is exceedingly painful and does not give results superior to intravenous administration.Sodium stibogluconate can also cause a reduced appetite, metallic taste in mouth, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea,headache, tiredness, joint pains, muscle aches, dizziness, and anaphylaxis.

References[1] http:/ / www. drugs. com/ international/ sodium-stibogluconate. html[2] http:/ / www. nlm. nih. gov/ cgi/ mesh/ 2009/ MB_cgi?term=16037-91-5& rn=1[3] http:/ / www. whocc. no/ atc_ddd_index/ ?code=P01CB02[4] http:/ / www. whocc. no/ atcvet/ atcvet_index/ ?code=QP51AB02[5] http:/ / pubchem. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ summary/ summary. cgi?cid=16685683[6] http:/ / www. drugbank. ca/ drugs/ DB05630[7] http:/ / www. chemspider. com/ Chemical-Structure. 21106382[8] http:/ / fdasis. nlm. nih. gov/ srs/ srsdirect. jsp?regno=V083S0159D[9] http:/ / www. kegg. jp/ entry/ D00582[10] https:/ / www. ebi. ac. uk/ chembldb/ index. php/ compound/ inspect/ CHEMBL367144[11] http:/ / www. emolecules. com/ cgi-bin/ search?t=ex& q=%5BNa%2B%5D. %5BNa%2B%5D. %5BNa%2B%5D.

O%3D%5BSb%5D2%28O%5BSb%5D1%28%3DO%29OC%28%5BC%40H%5D%28O%29CO%29%5BC%40H%5D%28O%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28O1%29C%28%5BO-%5D%29%3DO%29O%5BC%40%40H%5D%28%5BC%40H%5D%28O%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28O2%29C%28%5BO-%5D%29%3DO%29%5BC%40H%5D%28O%29CO[12] http:/ / pubchem. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ search/ ?smarts=%5BNa%2B%5D. %5BNa%2B%5D. %5BNa%2B%5D.

O%3D%5BSb%5D2%28O%5BSb%5D1%28%3DO%29OC%28%5BC%40H%5D%28O%29CO%29%5BC%40H%5D%28O%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28O1%29C%28%5BO-%5D%29%3DO%29O%5BC%40%40H%5D%28%5BC%40H%5D%28O%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28O2%29C%28%5BO-%5D%29%3DO%29%5BC%40H%5D%28O%29CO[13] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Special%3Acomparepages?rev1=401061495& page2=%3ASodium+ stibogluconate

Sodium stibogluconate 63

[14] "Leonard Goodwin - Telegraph" (http:/ / www. telegraph. co. uk/ news/ obituaries/ 4241645/ Leonard-Goodwin. html). The DailyTelegraph. 14 January 2009. . Retrieved 2009-01-18.

[15] Murray HW, Berman JD, Davies CR, Saravia NG (2005). "Advances in leishmaniasis" (http:/ / www. thelancet. com/ journals/ lancet/article/ PIIS0140673605676295/ fulltext). Lancet 366 (9496): 1561–77. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67629-5. PMID 16257344. .

• British National Formulary (http:/ / www. bnf. org)• The Merck Index, 12th Edition. 742

Sodium thioantimoniate 64

Sodium thioantimoniate

Sodium thioantimoniate

Properties

Molecular formula Na3(SbS4)9H2O

Appearance Yellow crystals

Density 1.806 g/cm³, solid

Melting point 87°C (360.15 K)

Related compounds

Other anions Potassium thioantimoniate

Related compounds Antimony(III) sulfide

  (verify) [1] (what is:  / ?)Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)

Infobox references

Sodium thioantimoniate, also known as Schlippe's salt, is an inorganic compound with the formulaNa3SbS4

.9H2O. This sulfosalt is named after K. F. Schlippe (1799-1867). Sodium thioantimoniate is used to make"quinsulfide antimony," Sb2S5. This salt consists of the tetrahedral SbS4

3- anion (rSb-S = 2.33 Å) and sodium cations,which are hydrated.[2] [3] Related salts are known for different cations including ammonium and potassium.

PreparationSodium thioantimoniate is prepared by the reaction of antimony trisulfide, elemental sulfur, and aqueous sulfidesource.

3 Na2S + 2 S + Sb2S3 + 9 H2O → 2 Na3SbS4 • 9 H2OThe sulfide can be generated indirectly by the thermal reaction of elemental sulfur with sodium hydroxide or evencharcoal:

Sb2S3 + 8 NaOH + 6 S → 2 Na3SbS4 + Na2SO4 + 4 H2OIn the latter route, a mixture of sodium sulfate (16 parts) is reduced by fusion with charcoal (4-5 parts) in thepresence of antimony sulfide (13 parts). The melt is extracted into water which is treated with sulfur (4 parts). Uponevaporation of the solution , the salt crystallizes as large tetrahedra, which are easily soluble in water. The anhydroussalt melts easily on heating, and in the hydrated condition, on exposure to moist air becomes coated with a red film.The required antimony(III) sulfide is prepared in the usual way by treatment of virtually any Sb(III) compound withsulfide sources:

2 SbCl3 + 3 H2S → Sb2S3 + 6 HCl

Sodium thioantimoniate 65

ApplicationsThe Schlippes Salt was used to generate antimony(V) sulfide, which was used as an "amplifier" in silver-basedphotography, in matches as a flammable component, and for vulcanizing rubber. It is used in the electrolyticdeposition of zinc.

Related compounds• Antimony (III) sulfide, Sb2S3• "Quinsulfide antimony" or "gold sulfur" Sb2S5

References[1] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Special%3Acomparepages?rev1=415295807& page2=%3ASodium+ thioantimoniate[2] Krebs, B., "Thio- and Seleno Compounds of Main Group Elements - New Inorganic Oligomers and Polymers", Angewandte Chemie, 1983,

volume 95, pages 113-34.[3] K. Mereiter, A. Preisinger and H. Guth “Hydrogen bonds in Schlippe's salt: refinement of the crystal structures of Na3SbS4

.9H2O by X-raydiffraction and Na3SbS4

.9D2O by neutron diffraction at room temperature” Acta Crystallographica 1979, vol. B35, 19-25.doi:10.1107/S0567740879002442.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Schlippe'sSalt". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Stibine 66

Stibine

Stibine

Identifiers

CAS number 7803-52-3 [1]

ChemSpider 8992 [2] 

ChEBI CHEBI:30288 [3] 

Jmol-3D images Image 1 [4]

Properties

Molecular formula H3Sb

Molar mass 124.784 g/mol

Appearance Colourless gas

Density 5.48 g/L, gas

Melting point −88 °C, unknown operator: u'\u2212' K, unknown operator: u'\u2212' °F

Boiling point −17 °C, unknown operator: u'\u2212' K, unknown operator: u'\u2212' °F

Solubility in other solvents Insoluble

Structure

Molecular shape Trigonal pyramidal

Hazards

EU classification Harmful (Xn)Dangerous forthe environment (N)

R-phrases R20/22 R50/53

S-phrases (S2) S61

NFPA 704

Flash point Flammable gas

Related compounds

Related compounds Ammonia,Phosphine,ArsineBismuthineTriphenylstibine

  (verify) [5] (what is:  / ?)Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)

Stibine 67

Infobox references

Stibine is the chemical compound with the formula SbH3. This colourless gas is the principal covalent hydride ofantimony and a heavy analogue of ammonia. The molecule is pyramidal with H–Sb–H angles of 91.7° and Sb–Hdistances of 1.707 Å (170.7 pm). This gas has an offensive smell like hydrogen sulfide (rotten eggs).

PreparationSbH3 is generally prepared by the reaction of Sb3+ sources with H− equivalents:[6]

2 Sb2O3 + 3 LiAlH4 → 4 SbH3 + 1.5 Li2O + 1.5 Al2O34 SbCl3 + 3 NaBH4 → 4 SbH3 + 3 NaCl + 3 BCl3

Alternatively, sources of Sb3− react with protonic reagents (even water) to also produce this unstable gas:Na3Sb + 3 H2O → SbH3 + 3 NaOH

PropertiesThe chemical properties of SbH3 resemble those for AsH3.[7] Typical for a heavy hydride (e.g. AsH3, H2Te, SnH4),SbH3 is unstable with respect to its elements. The gas decomposes slowly at room temperature but rapidly at 200 °C:

2 SbH3 → 3 H2 + 2 SbThe decomposition is autocatalytic and can be explosive.SbH3 is readily oxidized by O2 or even air:

2 SbH3 + 3 O2 → Sb2O3 + 3 H2OSbH3 exhibits no basicity, but it can be deprotonated:

SbH3 + NaNH2 → NaSbH2 + NH3

UsesStibine is used in the semiconductor industry to dope small quantities of antimony via the process of chemicalvapour deposition (CVD). Reports claim the use of SbH3 as a fumigant but its instability and awkward preparationcontrast with the more conventional fumigant phosphine.

HistoryAs stibine (SbH3) is very similar to arsine (AsH3), it is also detected by the Marsh test. This sensitive test detectsarsine generated in the presence of arsenic.[7] This procedure, developed around 1836 by James Marsh, is based upontreating a sample with arsenic-free zinc and dilute sulfuric acid: if the sample contains arsenic, gaseous arsine willform. The gas is swept into a glass tube and decomposed by means of heating around 250 – 300 °C. The presence ofarsenic is indicated by formation of a deposit in the heated part of the equipment. The formation of a black mirrordeposit in the cool part of the equipment indicates the presence of antimony.In 1837 Lewis Thomson and Pfaff independently discovered stibine. It took some time before the properties of thetoxic gas could be determined, partly because a suitable synthesis was not available. In 1876 Francis Jones testedseveral synthesis methods,[8] but it was not before 1901 when Alfred Stock determined most of the properties ofstibine.[9] [10]

Stibine 68

SafetySbH3 is an unstable flammable gas. It is highly toxic, with an LC50 of 100 ppm in mice. Fortunately, SbH3 is sounstable that it is rarely encountered outside of laboratories.

ToxicologyFor the toxicology of other antimony compounds, see Antimony trioxide.

The toxicity of stibine is distinct from that of other antimony compounds, but similar to that of arsine.[11] Stibinebinds to the haemoglobin of red blood cells, causing them to be destroyed by the body. Most cases of stibinepoisoning have been accompanied by arsine poisoning, although animal studies indicate that their toxicities areequivalent. The first signs of exposure, which can take several hours to become apparent, are headaches, vertigo andnausea, followed by the symptoms of hemolytic anemia (high levels of unconjugated bilirubin), hemoglobinuria andnephropathy.

References[1] http:/ / www. commonchemistry. org/ ChemicalDetail. aspx?ref=7803-52-3[2] http:/ / www. chemspider. com/ 8992[3] https:/ / www. ebi. ac. uk/ chebi/ searchId. do?chebiId=30288[4] http:/ / chemapps. stolaf. edu/ jmol/ jmol. php?model=%5BSb%5D[5] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Special%3Acomparepages?rev1=445854534& page2=%3AStibine[6] Bellama, J. M.; MacDiarmid, A. G. (1968). "Synthesis of the Hydrides of Germanium, Phosphorus, Arsenic, and Antimony by the

Solid-Phase Reaction of the Corresponding Oxide with Lithium Aluminum Hydride". Inorg. Chem. 7: 2070–2. doi:10.1021/ic50068a024.[7] Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001[8] Francis Jones (1876). "On stibine". Journal of the Chemical Society 29 (2): 641. doi:10.1039/JS8762900641.[9] Alfred Stock, Walther Doht (1901). "Die Reindarstellung des Antimonwasserstoffes". Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 34 (2):

2339–2344. doi:10.1002/cber.190103402166.[10] Alfred Stock, Oskar Guttmann (1904). "Ueber den Antimonwasserstoff und das gelbe Antimon". Berichte der deutschen chemischen

Gesellschaft 37 (1): 885–900. doi:10.1002/cber.190403701148.[11] Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (INRS), Fiche toxicologique n° 202 : Trihydrure d'antimoine, 1992.

External links• International Chemical Safety Card 0776 (http:/ / www. inchem. org/ documents/ icsc/ icsc/ eics0776. htm)• NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (http:/ / www. cdc. gov/ niosh/ npg/ npgd0568. html)• Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (1992). " Trihydrure d'antimoine. (http:/ / www. inrs. fr/ inrs-pub/

inrs01. nsf/ inrs01_ftox_view/ 6FF38EFEA1841E95C1256CE8005A91B1/ $File/ ft202. pdf)" Fichetoxicologique n° 202. Paris:INRS. (French)

Stibophen 69

Stibophen

Stibophen

Systematic (IUPAC) name

pentasodium 2-(2-oxido-3,5-disulfonatophenoxy)-1,3,2-benzodioxastibole-5,7-disulfonate

Clinical data

Pregnancy cat. ?

Legal status ?

Identifiers

CAS number 23940-36-5 [1]

ATC code P02 BX03 [2]

PubChem CID 16683091 [3]

Chemical data

Formula CH16Na5O16S4

Mol. mass 769.12 g/mol

(what is this?)   (verify) [4]

Stibophen is an anthelmintic. classified as antimony compound and used as treatment of schistosomiasis"intramuscular injection"mechanism of action

inhibits phosphofructokinase enzyme,necessary for glycolysis by combining with the sulfhydryl (SH) on theenzyme,once glycolysis is inhibited, the worms become paralyzed and lose their hold on the wall of mesentric veinsand undergoes hepatic shift,die and phagocytosed by hepatic cells

References[1] http:/ / www. nlm. nih. gov/ cgi/ mesh/ 2009/ MB_cgi?term=23940-36-5& rn=1[2] http:/ / www. whocc. no/ atc_ddd_index/ ?code=P02BX03[3] http:/ / pubchem. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ summary/ summary. cgi?cid=16683091[4] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Special%3Acomparepages?rev1=387475262& page2=%3AStibophen

Titanium yellow 70

Titanium yellowTitanium yellow, also nickel antimony titanium yellow, nickel antimony titanium yellow rutile, CI PigmentYellow 53, or C.I. 77788, is a yellow pigment with the chemical composition of NiO.Sb2O5.20TiO2. Its CASnumber is [8007-18-9 [1]]. It is a complex inorganic compound. Its melting point lies above 1000 °C, and hasextremely low solubility in water. While it contains antimony and nickel, their bioavailability is very low, so thepigment is relatively safe.The pigment has crystal lattice of rutile, with 2-5% of titanium ions replaced with nickel(II) and 9-12% of themreplaced with antimony(V).Titanium yellow is manufactured by reacting fine powders of metal oxides, hydroxides, or carbonates in solid statein temperatures between 1000-1200 °C, either in batches or continuously in a pass-through furnace.Titanium yellow is used primarily as a pigment for plastics and ceramic glazes, and in art painting.

Commercial pigment

External links

• Database of Painting Pigments [2]

• C.I. Pigment Yellow 53 [3]

References[1] http:/ / www. emolecules. com/ cgi-bin/ search?t=ss& q=8007-18-9& c=1& v=[2] http:/ / www. ut. ee/ katsekoda/ pigments/[3] http:/ / www. chem. unep. ch/ irptc/ sids/ OECDSIDS/ 8007189. pdf

Trimethylstibine 71

Trimethylstibine

Trimethylstibine

Identifiers

CAS number 594-10-5 [1] 

PubChem 11656 [2]

ChemSpider 11166 [3] 

EC number 209-824-7 [4]

MeSH trimethylantimony [5]

Jmol-3D images Image 1 [6]

Properties

Molecular formula C3SbH9

Molar mass 166.86 g mol-1

Exact mass 165.974243332 g mol-1

Appearance Colourless liquid

Density 1.523 g cm-3 (at 15°C)

Melting point -62 °C, 211 K, -80 °F

Boiling point 81 °C, 354 K, 178 °F

Thermochemistry

Std enthalpy offormation ΔfH

o298

24-26 kJ mol-1

Std enthalpy ofcombustion ΔcH

o298

-2.896--2.946 MJ mol-1

  (verify) [7] (what is:  / ?)Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)

Infobox references

Trimethylstibine is a chemical compound with the formula Sb(CH3)3. It is a colorless pyrophoric and toxic liquid[8]

. It is produced by anaerobic bacteria in antimony-rich soils[9] .

Trimethylstibine 72

References[1] http:/ / www. commonchemistry. org/ ChemicalDetail. aspx?ref=594-10-5[2] http:/ / pubchem. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ summary/ summary. cgi?cid=11656[3] http:/ / www. chemspider. com/ 11166[4] http:/ / esis. jrc. ec. europa. eu/ index. php?GENRE=ECNO& ENTREE=209-824-7[5] http:/ / www. nlm. nih. gov/ cgi/ mesh/ 2007/ MB_cgi?mode=& term=trimethylantimony[6] http:/ / chemapps. stolaf. edu/ jmol/ jmol. php?model=C%5BSb%5D%28C%29C[7] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Special%3Acomparepages?rev1=424813681& page2=%3ATrimethylstibine[8] Wiberg, Nils; Wiberg, Egon; Holleman, A. F. (2001), Inorganic Chemistry (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=Mtth5g59dEIC&

pg=RA1-PA766& dq=Trimethylstibane), Academic Press, pp. 766, ISBN 0123526515, , retrieved 2009-07-17[9] Craig, P. J. (2003), Organometallic Compounds in the Environment (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=Mtth5g59dEIC& pg=RA1-PA766&

dq=Trimethylstibane) (2 ed.), Wiley and Sons, pp. 295, ISBN 9780471899938, , retrieved 2009-07-17

Triphenylstibine 73

Triphenylstibine

Triphenylstibine

Identifiers

CAS number 603-36-1 [1] 

PubChem 11777 [2]

ChemSpider 11284 [3] 

RTECS number WJ1400000

Jmol-3D images Image 1 [4]

Properties

Molecular formula C18H15Sb

Molar mass 353.07 g/mol

Appearance Colourless solid

Density 1.53 g/cm3

Melting point 52-54 °C

Boiling point 377 °C

Solubility in water insoluble

Structure

Molecular shape trigonal pyramidal

Hazards

R-phrases 20/22-51/53

S-phrases 61

Main hazards mildly toxic

NFPA 704

Related compounds

Related compounds TriphenylphosphineTriphenylarsineStibine

  (verify) [5] (what is:  / ?)Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)

Triphenylstibine 74

Infobox references

Triphenylstibine is the chemical compound with the formula Sb(C6H5)3. Abbreviated SbPh3, this colourless solid isoften considered the prototypical organoantimony compound. It is used as a ligand in coordination chemistry and asa reagent in organic synthesis.Like the related molecules triphenylphosphine and triphenylarsine, SbPh3 is pyramidal with a propeller-likearrangement of the phenyl groups. The Sb-C distances average 2.14-2.17 Å and the C-Sb-C angle are 95°.[6]

SbPh3 was first reported in 1886, being prepared from antimony trichloride by the reaction:[7]

6 Na + 3 C6H5Cl + SbCl3 → (C6H5)3Sb + 6 NaClThe modern method employs the Grignard method, using phenylmagnesium bromide and SbCl3.[8]

References[1] http:/ / www. commonchemistry. org/ ChemicalDetail. aspx?ref=603-36-1[2] http:/ / pubchem. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ summary/ summary. cgi?cid=11777[3] http:/ / www. chemspider. com/ 11284[4] http:/ / chemapps. stolaf. edu/ jmol/ jmol. php?model=c3c%28%5BSb%5D%28c1ccccc1%29c2ccccc2%29cccc3[5] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Special%3Acomparepages?rev1=402701600& page2=%3ATriphenylstibine[6] Adams, E. A.; Kolis, J. W.; Pennington, W. T. "Structure of triphenylstibine" Acta Crystallographica 1990, volume C46, pp. 917-919.

doi:10.1107/S0108270189012862[7] Michaelis, A.; Reese, A. “Ueber die Verbindungen der Elemente der Stickstoffgruppe mit den Radicalen der aromatischen Reihe. Achte

Abhandlung Ueber aromatische Antimonverbindungen” Liebigs Annallen der Chemie volume 233, pages 39-60 (1886). DOI:10.1002/jlac.18862330104.

[8] Hiers, G. S. “Triphenylstibine” Organic Syntheses, Collected Volume 1, p.550 (1941). http:/ / www. orgsyn. org/ orgsyn/ pdfs/ CV1P0550.pdf

Yttrium(III) antimonide 75

Yttrium(III) antimonide

Yttrium(III) antimonide[1]

Identifiers

CAS number 12186-97-9 [2]

PubChem 6335283 [3]

Properties

Molecular formula YSb

Molar mass 210.666 g/mol

Appearance cubic crystals

Density 5.97 g/cm3

Melting point 2310°C

Structure

Crystal structure cubic, cF8

Space group Fm3m, No. 225

Hazards

EU classification not listed

  (verify) [4] (what is:  / ?)Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)

Infobox references

Yttrium(III) antimonide (YSb) is an inorganic chemical compound.

References[1] Lide, David R. (1998), Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87 ed.), Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 4–94, ISBN 0-8493-0594-2[2] http:/ / www. commonchemistry. org/ ChemicalDetail. aspx?ref=12186-97-9[3] http:/ / pubchem. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ summary/ summary. cgi?cid=6335283[4] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Special%3Acomparepages?rev1=414436653& page2=%3AYttrium%28III%29+ antimonide

Zinc antimonide 76

Zinc antimonide

Zinc antimonide[1]

Identifiers

CAS number 12039-35-9 [2]

Properties

Molecular formula ZnSb

Molar mass 187.15 g/mol

Appearance silver-white orthorhombic crystals

Density 6.33 g/cm3

Melting point 565°C

Solubility in water reacts

Structure

Crystal structure Orthorhombic, oP16

Space group Pbca, No. 61

Hazards

EU classification not listed

  (verify) [3] (what is:  / ?)Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)

Infobox references

Zinc antimonide (ZnSb) is an inorganic chemical compound. Like indium antimonide, aluminium antimonide, andgallium antimonide, it is a semiconducting intermetallic compound. It is used in transistors, infrared detectors andthermal imagers, as well as magnetoresistive devices.

References[1] Lide, David R. (1998), Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87 ed.), Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 4–95, ISBN 0-8493-0594-2[2] http:/ / www. commonchemistry. org/ ChemicalDetail. aspx?ref=12039-35-9[3] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Special%3Acomparepages?rev1=333718296& page2=%3AZinc+ antimonide

77

Minerals

Allargentum

Allargentum

Allargentum on carbonate; size 3.2×2.7×1.4 cmGeneral

Category Sulfide mineral

Chemical formula Ag1-xSbx

Strunz classification 02.AA.30

Dana classification 02.02.01.02

Crystal symmetry Hexagonal – dihexagonal dipyramidal, H-M symbol (6/m 2/m 2/m), space group P63/mmc

Unit cell a = 2.945 Å, c = 4.77 Å, Z = 2

Identification

Color Silver gray

Mohs scale hardness 4

Luster Metallic

Diaphaneity Opaque

Specific gravity 10.0 (meas.), 10.12 (calc.)

References [1] [2]

Allargentum is a mineral from the class of antimonides, superclass of sulfides and sulfosalts (sometimes ascribed tothe natural elements and alloys class), with formula written as Ag1-xSbx, where x = 0.09–0.16. This moderately raremineral is found in silver ores and is therefore named from the Greek άλλος ("allos", another) and the Latin'argentum' (silver). Its Vickers hardness is 172–203.[1]

Allargentum 78

References[1] Allargentum (http:/ / www. mindat. org/ min-128. html). Mindat[2] Allargentum (http:/ / webmineral. com/ data/ Allargentum. shtml). Webmineral

Antimonate mineralAntimonate minerals are those minerals containing the antimonate (SbO4

3-) anion group. Both the Dana[1] and theStrunz[2] mineral classifications place the antimonates in with the phosphate minerals.

References[1] Dana system, Webmineral (http:/ / webmineral. com/ danaclass. shtml)[2] Strunz system, Webmineral (http:/ / webmineral. com/ strunz. shtml)

Antimonide mineralAn antimonide mineral is a mineral that contains antimonide for its main anion. The antimonides are structurallysimilar to the sulfides and are grouped with them in both the Dana and Strunz mineral classification systems.[1] [2]

Examples include:• breithauptite• cuprostibite• stibiopalladinite

References[1] http:/ / webmineral. com/ dana/ II-2. shtml#2. 1 Webmineral Dana[2] http:/ / webmineral. com/ strunz/ II. shtml Webmineral Strunz

Aurostibite 79

Aurostibite

AurostibiteGeneral

Category Mineral

Chemical formula AuSb2

Strunz classification 02.EB.05a

Identification

Molar mass 440.47 g/mol

Color White to grey with bornite-like tarnish

Crystal system Isometric

Cleavage Indistinct

Tenacity Brittle

Mohs scale hardness 3

Luster metallic

Diaphaneity Opaque

Specific gravity 9.98

References [1] [2] [3]

Aurostibite is an isometric gold antimonide mineral which is a member of the pyrite group. Aurostibite wasdiscovered in 1952 and can be found in hydrothermal gold-quartz veins, in sulfur-deficient environments that containother antimony minerals. The mineral can be found in Yellowknife in the Northwest Territories of Canada, and theTimiskaming District in Ontario, Canada. Antimonides are rare and are normally placed in the sulfide class bymineralogists.

References[1] Mindat w/ localities (http:/ / www. mindat. org/ min-430. html)[2] Handbook of Mineralogy (http:/ / rruff. geo. arizona. edu/ doclib/ hom/ aurostibite. pdf)[3] Webmineral (http:/ / webmineral. com/ data/ Aurostibite. shtml)

Berthierite 80

Berthierite

Berthierite

BerthieriteGeneral

Category Mineral

Chemical formula FeSb2S4

Strunz classification 02.HA.20

Identification

Color steel grey

Crystal system Orthorhombic

Cleavage poor/indistinct

Mohs scale hardness 2-3

Luster metallic

Diaphaneity opaque

Specific gravity 4.64

Berthierite is a mineral, a sulfide of iron and antimony with formula FeSb2S4. It is steel grey in colour with ametallic lustre which can be covered by an iridescent tarnish. Because of its appearance it is often mistaken forstibnite.It was discovered in France in 1827 and named for the French chemist, Pierre Berthier.

References• Mineral galleries [1]

• Mindat [2]

• Webmineral [3]

References[1] http:/ / mineral. galleries. com/ minerals/ sulfides/ berthier/ berthier. htm[2] http:/ / www. mindat. org/ min-640. html[3] http:/ / www. webmineral. com/ data/ Berthierite. shtml

Biehlite 81

BiehliteBiehlite is an exceptionally rare mineral, an antimony arsenic bearing molybdate with formula [(Sb,As)O]2MoO4. Itcomes from Tsumeb. [1] [2] [3]

References[1] Friese K., Adiwidjaja G., Klaska K.-H., Schlüter J. and Czank M. 2000: Crystal structure and crystal chemistry of biehlite, Sb1.79As0.21MoO6.

Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 215(9), 529; (http:/ / www. xolopo. com/ chemistry/crystal_structure_crystal_chemistry_biehlite_sb1_1293. html)

[2] http:/ / www. mindat. org/ min-7581. html Mindat[3] http:/ / www. handbookofmineralogy. org/ pdfs/ biehlite. pdf Handbook of Mineralogy

Boulangerite 82

Boulangerite

BoulangeriteGeneral

Category Sulfosalt minerals

Chemical formula Pb5Sb4S11

Strunz classification 02.HC.15

Boulangerite is a sulfosalt mineral, lead antimony sulfide, formula Pb5Sb4S11. It was named in 1837 in honor ofFrench mining engineer Charles Boulanger. It forms metallic grey monoclinic crystals.[1] [2] Sometimes the crystalsform a fine feathery mass which has been called plumosite.

References[1] http:/ / webmineral. com/ data/ Boulangerite. shtml Webmineral data[2] http:/ / www. mindat. org/ min-738. html Mindat

Bournonite 83

Bournonite

Bournonite

Bournonite and baryteGeneral

Category Sulfosalt mineral

Chemical formula PbCuSbS3

Strunz classification 02.GA.50

Dana classification 3.4.3.2

Identification

Color Steel-gray to iron-black

Crystal habit Crystals short prismatic to tabular, typically striated; commonly as subparallel aggregates. Also massive, granular tocompact

Crystal system Orthorhombic

Twinning On {110}, commonly forming cross or cogwheel aggregates

Cleavage [010] Imperfect

Fracture Subconchoidal to uneven

Mohs scalehardness

2.5 - 3.0

Luster Brilliant to dull

Streak Steel-gray to iron-black

Diaphaneity Opaque

Specific gravity 5.7 - 5.9

Pleochroism Very weak

References [1] [2]

Bournonite is a sulfosalt mineral species, a sulfantimonite of lead and copper with the formula PbCuSbS3.It was first mentioned by Philip Rashleigh in 1797 as an ore of antimony and was more completely described in 1804by French crystallographer and mineralogist Jacques Louis de Bournon (1751–1825), after whom it was named. Thename given by Bournon himself (in 1813) was endellione, since used in the form endellionite, after the locality inCornwall where the mineral was first found.The crystals are orthorhombic, and are generally tabular in habit owing to the predominance of the basal pinacoid; numerous smooth bright faces are often developed on the edges and corners of the crystals. Usually, however, the crystals are twinned, the twin-plane being a face of the prism (m); the angle between the faces of this prism being

Bournonite 84

nearly a right angIe (86 20), the twinning gives rise to cruciform groups and when it is often repeated the group hasthe appearance of a cog-wheel, hence the name Rdelerz (wheel-ore) of the Kapnik miners. The repeated twinninggives rise to twin-lamellae, which may be detected on the fractured surfaces, even of the massive material.It is a mineral in medium temperature hydrothermal vein deposits. It commonly occurs with galena, tetrahedrite,sphalerite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, stibnite, zinkenite, siderite, quartz, rhodochrosite, dolomite and barite.[1]

It was first described for an occurrence in Wheal Boys in the parish of St Endellion in Cornwall,[3] it was foundassociated with jamesonite, sphalerite and siderite. Later, still better crystals were found in another Cornish mine,namely, Herodsfoot mine near Liskeard, which was worked for argentiferous galena. Fine crystals of large size havebeen found with quartz and siderite in the mines at Neudorf in the Harz, and with sphalerite and tetrahedrite atCavnic near Baia Mare in Romania. It has been reported from a large number of other localities.[4] [1]

References[1] http:/ / rruff. geo. arizona. edu/ doclib/ hom/ bournonite. pdf Handbook of Mineralogy[2] http:/ / webmineral. com/ data/ Bournonite. shtml Webmineral data[3] http:/ / www. mindat. org/ min-741. html Mindat[4] http:/ / www. mindat. org/ show. php?id=741& ld=1#themap Mindat with location data

• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911).Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Breithauptite 85

Breithauptite

Breithauptite

Breithauptite on calcite from the Samson Mine, St Andreasberg, Harz Mountains, Lower Saxony, Germany (Field of view 17 mm)General

Category Antimonide mineral

Chemical formula NiSb

Strunz classification 02.CC.05

Crystal symmetry Hexagonal dihexagonal dipyramidalH-M symbol: (6/m 2/m 2/m)Space group: P 63/mmc

Unit cell a = 3.946 Å, c = 5.148 Å, Z=2

Identification

Color Pale copper-red, may be with violet tint

Crystal habit Crystals rare, thin tabular or needlelike, to 1 mm; arborescent, disseminated,massive

Crystal system Hexagonal

Twinning Twin plane {1011}

Cleavage None

Fracture Subconchoidal to uneven

Tenacity Brittle

Mohs scale hardness 5.5

Luster Metallic

Streak Reddish brown

Diaphaneity Opaque

Specific gravity 7.591–8.23 measured; 8.629 calculated

Pleochroism Very distinct

References [1] [2] [3]

Breithauptite is a nickel antimonide mineral with the simple formula NiSb. Breithauptite is a metallic opaquecopper-red mineral crystallizing in the hexagonal - dihexagonal dipyramidal crystal system. It is typically massive toreniform in habit, but is observed as tabular crystals. It has a Mohs hardness of 3.5 to 4 and a specific gravity of 8.23.It occurs in hydrothermal calcite veins associated with cobalt–nickel–silver ores.

Breithauptite 86

It was first described in 1840 from the Harz Mountains, Lower Saxony, Germany and in 1845 for occurrences in theCobalt and Thunder Bay districts of Ontario, Canada. It was named to honor Saxon mineralogist Johann FriedrichAugust Breithaupt (1791–1873).

References[1] Handbook of Mineralogy (http:/ / rruff. geo. arizona. edu/ doclib/ hom/ breithauptite. pdf)[2] Mindat with location data (http:/ / www. mindat. org/ min-763. html)[3] Webmineral data (http:/ / www. webmineral. com/ data/ Breithauptite. shtml)

• Palache, C., H. Berman, and C. Frondel (1944) Dana’s system of mineralogy, (7th edition), v. I, pp. 238–239

Massive breithauptite with orange-brown nickeline and minor quartzfrom the Cobalt area of Ontario, Canada (9.3 x 4.9 x 3.0 cm)

Chapmanite 87

Chapmanite

Chapmanite

Yellow-green earthy massive chapmaniteGeneral

Category Mineral

Chemical formula Fe2Sb(SiO4)2(OH)

Identification

Color Yellow, green, olive green

Crystal habit Earthy massive; granular

Crystal system Monoclinic-domatic

Cleavage Poor

Fracture Conchoidal to irregular

Mohs scale hardness 2.5

Luster Nonmetallic, dull to adamantine

Streak Yellowish green

Specific gravity 3.69-3.75

Refractive index nα=1.850 nβ=1.950 nγ=1.960

Pleochroism None

Chapmanite is a rare silicate mineral belonging to the nesosilicate group, discovered in 1924, and named in honourof the late Edward John Chapman, a geology professor at the University of Toronto. Chemically, it is an ironantimony silicate, closely related to bismutoferrite, and may contain aluminium impurities. It is closely associatedwith silver mines, most notably the Keeley mine in Ontario, Canada, found in quartz veinlets containing graphite ingneiss. It takes the form of a powdery, yellow-green, semitransparent solid, and leaves a streak of the same colour.Early German texts have referred to the mineral as antimon-hypochlorite.It was recently rediscovered in the southern hemisphere at the abandoned Argent lead mine in Bushveld series rocksof South Africa.

Chapmanite 88

References• Mindat with location data [1]

• Webmineral data [2]

• Handbook of Mineralogy [3] (PDF)• South African discovery Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie-Monatshefte 2000 #2 pages: 85 - 90 [4]

References[1] http:/ / www. mindat. org/ min-970. html[2] http:/ / www. webmineral. com/ data/ Chapmanite. shtml[3] http:/ / www. minsocam. org/ msa/ Handbook/ Chapmanite. PDF[4] http:/ / serials. cib. unibo. it/ cgi-ser/ start/ it/ spogli/ df-s. tcl?prog_art=2547164& language=ITALIANO& view=articoli

Cylindrite 89

Cylindrite

Cylindrite

Trinacria Mine, Callipampa, Poopó Province, Oruro Department, BoliviaGeneral

Category Sulfosalt minerals

Chemical formula Pb3Sn4FeSb2S14

Strunz classification 02.HF.25a

Dana classification 03.01.04.01

Identification

Molar mass 1,844.71

Colour Lead grey, greyish black

Crystal habit Cylindrical

Crystal system Triclinic

Cleavage Perfect on {100}

Tenacity Malleable

Mohs scale hardness 2 ½

Luster Metallic

Streak Black

Diaphaneity Opaque

Specific gravity 5.4 - 5.42

References [1] [2] [3]

Cylindrite is a sulfosalt mineral containing tin, lead, antimony and iron with formula: Pb3Sn4FeSb2S14. It formstriclinic pinacoidal crystals which often occur as tubes or cylinders which are in fact rolled sheets. It has a black tolead grey metallic colour with a Mohs hardness of 2 to 3 and a specific gravity of 5.4.It was first discovered in the Santa Cruz mine, Oruro Department, Bolivia in 1893. The name arises from its curiouscylindrical crystal which it forms almost uniquely among minerals.

Cylindrite 90

References[1] Mineral galleries (http:/ / mineral. galleries. com/ minerals/ sulfides/ cylindri/ cylindri. htm)[2] Webmineral data (http:/ / webmineral. com/ data/ Cylindrite. shtml)[3] Mindat (http:/ / www. mindat. org/ min-1204. html)

Franckeite

Franckeite

Franckeite var. Potosíite, San José Mine, Cercado Province Bolivia. Field of view about 10mm.General

Category Sulfosalt mineral

Chemical formula (Pb,Sn2+)6Fe2+Sn2Sb2S14

Strunz classification 02.HF.25b

Dana classification 03.01.04.02

Identification

Color Grayish black

Crystal habit Typically in spherical, rosette aggregates of thin plates; commonly massive, radiated, or foliated

Crystal system Triclinic - Pinacoidal H-M Symbol (1) Space Group: P1

Twinning Complex

Cleavage {010}, perfect

Tenacity Flexible, inelastic; slightly malleable

Mohs scale hardness 2.5 - 3

Luster Metallic

Streak Grayish black

Diaphaneity Opaque

Specific gravity 5.88 – 5.92

Pleochroism Weak

References [1] [2] [3]

Franckeite, chemical formula Pb5Sn3Sb2S14, belongs to a family of complex sulfide minerals. Franckeite is asulfosalt. It is closely related to cylindrite.It was first described in 1893 for an occurrence in Chocaya, Potosí Department, Bolivia. It is named after the miningengineers, Carl and Ernest Francke.[2] It can be found in Bolivia at Poopó in Oruro and at Las Aminas, southeast ofChocaya, in Potosi. Franckeite has an average density of 5.7 and can be both grayish black, blackish gray in color.

Franckeite 91

It occurs in hydrothermal silver-tin deposits in Bolivia and in contact metamorphosed limestone deposit in theKalkar quarry in California. It occurs with cylindrite, teallite, plagionite, zinkenite, cassiterite, wurtzite, pyrrhotite,marcasite, arsenopyrite, galena, pyrite, sphalerite, siderite and stannite.[1]

References[1] http:/ / rruff. geo. arizona. edu/ doclib/ hom/ franckeite. pdf Handbook of Mineralogy[2] http:/ / www. mindat. org/ min-1592. html Mindat with location data[3] http:/ / webmineral. com/ data/ Franckeite. shtml Webmineral data

Freibergite 92

Freibergite

Freibergite

General

Category Sulfosalt minerals

Chemical formula Cu12Sb4S13

Strunz classification 02.GB.05

Identification

Molar mass 1,929.46 gm

Color Steel gray to Black

Crystal habit massive to well formed crystals

Crystal system Cubic

Cleavage None

Fracture Uneven

Mohs scale hardness 3½ - 4

Luster Metallic

Streak reddish black

Diaphaneity Opaque

Freibergite is a complex sulfosalt mineral of silver, copper, iron, antimony and arsenic with formula(Ag,Cu,Fe)12(Sb,As)4S13. It has cubic crystals and is formed in hydrothermal deposits. It forms one solid solutionseries with tetrahedrite and another with argentotennantite. Freibergite is an opaque, metallic steel grey to black andleaves a reddish black streak. It has a Mohs hardness of 3.5 to 4.0 and a specific gravity of 4.85 - 5. It is typicallymassive to granular in habit with no cleavage and an irregular fracture.The mineral was first described in 1853 from an occurrence in the silver mines of the type locality at Freiberg,Saxony.

Freibergite 93

References• Mineral handbook [1]

• Webmineral [2]

• Mindat [3]

References[1] http:/ / rruff. geo. arizona. edu/ doclib/ hom/ freibergite. pdf[2] http:/ / webmineral. com/ data/ Freibergite. shtml[3] http:/ / www. mindat. org/ min-1605. html

Freieslebenite 94

Freieslebenite

Freieslebenite

Freieslebenite from Hiendelaencina, Spain. Exposed in the Mineralogical Museum, Bonn, GermanyGeneral

Category Sulfosalt minerals

Chemical formula AgPbSbS3

Strunz classification 02.JB.15

Freieslebenite is a rare sulfosalt mineral of antimony, lead and silver with formula AgPbSbS3 and molecular weightof 533.02 g/mol. It is an opaque non-fluorescent mineral which has a hydrothermal origin. It is metallic, with aspecific gravity of 6.3 and a Mohs hardness of 2.5 - about that of a finger nail. It is non-magnetic and is usually grayin colour. It has indistinct cleavage, and is brittle and has a conchoidal fracture. It can have a white or gray streak. Itcrystallizes in the monoclinic system.It was first described in 1773 from an occurrence in Freiberg District, Erzgebirge, Saxony, Germany, and given thecurrent name in 1845 for Johann Karl Freiesleben (1774 - 1846), Mining Commissioner of Saxony, Germany.[1]

References[1] Palache, C., H. Berman, and C. Frondel (1944) Dana’s System of Mineralogy, Wiley (7th edition), v. I, 416–418

• Mindat (http:/ / www. mindat. org/ min-1606. html)• WebMineral (http:/ / www. webmineral. com/ data/ Freieslebenite. shtml)• EuroMineral (http:/ / euromin. w3sites. net/ mineraux/ FREIESLEBENITE. html)

Geocronite 95

Geocronite

Geocronite

Geocronite from Sala, SwedenGeneral

Category Sulfosalt minerals

Chemical formula Pb14(Sb, As)6S23

Strunz classification 02.JB.30a

Geocronite is a mineral, a mixed sulfosalt containing lead, antimony, and arsenic with a formula of Pb14(Sb,As)6S23. Geocronite is the antimony rich endmember of a solid solution series. The arsenic rich endmember isnamed jordanite. It occurs as grey, black, to silvery white monoclinic crystals. It is found in hydrothermal veinsusually associated with other similar minerals, particularly the sulfides of iron and copper.The mineral has been found in Spain, Ireland and Sweden where it was first identified in 1839.

References• Webmineral [1]

• Mindat [2]

• Mineral Galleries [3]

References[1] http:/ / webmineral. com/ data/ Geocronite. shtml[2] http:/ / www. mindat. org/ min-1674. html[3] http:/ / mineral. galleries. com/ minerals/ sulfides/ jordanit/ jordanit. htm

Kermesite 96

Kermesite

Kermesite

General

Category Oxysulfide

Chemical formula (Sb2S2O)

Strunz classification 02.FD.05

Dana classification 02.13.01.01

Identification

Color Red to cherry red

Crystal habit Acicular, fibrous, radial

Crystal system Triclinic Pinacoidal 1

Cleavage Perfect {100}, parting on {010}

Fracture Brittle

Tenacity Sectile

Mohs scale hardness 1 - 2

Luster Adamantine to semimetallic

Streak Brownish red

Diaphaneity Translucent, Opaque

Specific gravity 4.5 - 4.8+

Optical properties Biaxial (+)

Refractive index nα = 2.720 nβ = 2.740 nγ = 2.740

Pleochroism None

References [1] [2] [3]

Kermesite or antimony oxysulfide is also known as red antimony (Sb2S2O) . The mineral’s color ranges fromcherry red to a dark red to a black. Kermesite is the result of partial oxidation between stibnite (Sb2S3) and otherantimony oxides such as valentinite (Sb2O3) or stibiconite (Sb3O6(OH)). Under certain conditions with oxygenatedfluids the transformation of all sulfur to oxygen would occur but kermesite occurs when that transformation is halted.

Kermesite 97

Lustrous, acicular, deep wine-red kermesite crystals, up to 4 cm.long, on massive sulfide matrix,from Pezinok, Malé Karpaty Mts, Bratislava Region, Slovakia.

Mining and specimensDeposits of this mineral have been found all over the world, however notable deposits have been found inBraunsdorf, near Freiberg, Saxony, Germany; Pernek, Pezinok, and Pribram, Czechoslovakia; the Lac Nicolet mine,South Ham Township, Wolfe County, Quebec, Canada; Sombrerete, Zacatecas, Mexico; Santa Cruz and SanFrancisco mines, Poopo, Oruro, Bolivia; Que Que, Zimbabwe; Djebel Haminate, Algeria; Broken Hill, New SouthWales, Australia; Mohave, Kern County, California and Burke, Shoshone County, Idaho.[1] [4]

History and usesKermesite is named after a formerly used red dye, kermes (dye), and was so named because of the grainy reddishcolor the mineral often has. The name dates from 1832. Earlier in English (17th and 18th centuries) certain antimonycompounds were called "kermes mineral" for the same reason.[5]

Kermesite or red antimony has been used as early as the Old Kingdom’s 6th Dynasty in ancient Egypt (c.2345-2181BCE) in lip cosmetics and in the 18th Dynasty Queen Hatshepsut (Maatkare) (1498-1483 BCE) negotiated with theLand of Punt for it s colored antimony deposits. Besides stibnite which was used for eye liner red, antimony is one ofthe oldest minerals used in cosmetics. Further archaeological evidence indicates that antimony levels were higher inancient Egyptian female remains which had exposure to both antimony compounds (Bencze, 1994). Because of itscolor, the precipitate of kermesite was used as a coloring agent and in alchemy. Because of alchemy’s focus onmaterial transformation as evidenced by color, red antimony was used to produce the red state. Kermesite is themineral state for Kermes mineral which was used extensively in the medical field for centuriesPresently, kermesite is collected for the beauty of its crystal metallic structure and not used in either cosmetics or themedical field any longer due to the toxic effects that it shares with antimony; less harmful substitutes have beenfound using both organic and pharamceutical production.

Kermesite 98

References[1] http:/ / www. handbookofmineralogy. com/ pdfs/ kermesite. pdf Handbook of Mineralogy[2] http:/ / webmineral. com/ data/ Kermesite. shtml Webmineral data[3] http:/ / www. mindat. org/ min-2187. html Mindat[4] Palache, C., H. Berman, and C. Frondel (1944) Dana's System of Mineralogy, Wiley, 7th ed., v. I, pp. 279-280[5] A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (year 1901) (http:/ / www. archive. org/ stream/ newenglishdicpt205murruoft#page/ 676/

mode/ 1up).

• Bencze, Koloman. “Antimony” pp. 227–235. Handbook on Metals in Clinical and Analytical Chemistry (ed.)Hans G Seiler (1994) ISBN 0-8247-9094-4

• Sneader, Walter. Drug Discovery: A History (2005). ISBN 0-471-89980-1

External links• Mineral Gallery (http:/ / mineral. galleries. com/ minerals/ sulfides/ kermesit/ kermesit. htm)• Keresite at the Smithsonian (http:/ / hyperphysics. phy-astr. gsu. edu/ hbase/ minerals/ kermesite. html)

KobelliteKobellite (Pb22Cu4(Bi,Sb)30S69) is a gray, fibrous, metallic mineral, a sulfide of antimony, bismuth, and lead. It is amember of the izoklakeite - berryite series with silver and iron substituting in the copper site and a vaying ratio ofbismuth, antimony, and lead. It crystallizes with orthorhombic dipyramidal crystals. Locations include Hvena,Sweden; Ouray, Colorado; and Wake County, North Carolina, USA. Named after Wolfgang Franz von Kobell(1803-1882), German mineralogist.

References• Mindat.org [1]

• Webmineral.com [2]

References[1] http:/ / www. mindat. org/ min-2233. html[2] http:/ / webmineral. com/ data/ Kobellite. shtml

Miargyrite 99

Miargyrite

Miargyrite

Miargyrite, Flint district, IdahoGeneral

Category Mineral

Chemical formula AgSbS2

Strunz classification 02.HA.10

Identification

Crystal system Monoclinic

Mohs scale hardness 2-2.5

Streak red

Specific gravity 5.2

Miargyrite is a mineral, a sulfide of silver and antimony with the formula AgSbS2. It is a dimorph of Cuboargyrite.Originally discovered in the Freiberg district of Germany in 1824, it has subsequently been found in many placeswhere silver is mined. It usually occurs in low temperature hydrothermal deposits. and forms black metallic crystalswhich may show a dark red internal reflection. The streak is also red.Miargyrite is named from the Greek meyon, "smaller" and argyros, "silver," as its silver content is lower than mostsilver sulfides.

Miargyrite 100

References• Webmineral (http:/ / webmineral. com/ data/ Miargyrite. shtml)• Mindata (http:/ / www. mindat. org/ min-2702. html)

Miargyrite, San Genaro Mine,Castrovirreyna District, Peru. Size

6.1 x 4.2 x 2.7 cm.

Nadorite 101

Nadorite

Nadorite

General

Category Halide mineral

Chemical formula PbSb[O2|Cl]

Strunz classification 03.DC.30

Identification

Color Brown, brownish-yellow, yellow

Crystal system Orthorhombic

Twinning On {101}, nearly perpendicular (91°45'), common

Cleavage On {010}, perfect

Fracture Uneven

Mohs scale hardness 3½ - 4

Luster Adamantine, Resinous

Streak White, yellow to yellowish white

Diaphaneity Translucent

Density 7

Refractive index nα = 2.300 nβ = 2.340 - 2.350 nγ = 2.360 - 2.400

Birefringence δ = 0.060 - 0.100

Dispersion Strong

References [1] [2]

Nadorite is a mineral with the chemical formula PbSb[O2|Cl].[1] It crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal systemand is brown, brownish-yellow or yellow in colour, with a white or yellowish-white streak.[1]

Nadorite is named after Djebel Nador in Algeria, where it was first identified in 1870.[1] Djebel Nador and DjebelDebbar (both in the Constantine Province of Algeria) are its co-type localities.[1]

Nadorite 102

References[1] "Nadorite" (http:/ / www. mindat. org/ min-2827. html). Mindat.org. . Retrieved 2008-04-16.[2] Nadorite data at Webmineral (http:/ / www. webmineral. com/ data/ Nadorite. shtml)

Polybasite

Polybasite

Locality: Arizpe, Sonora, Mexico. Scale bar is one inch (2.5 cm.)General

Category Sulfosalt minerals

Chemical formula [(Ag,Cu)6(Sb,As)2S7][Ag9CuS4]

Strunz classification 02.GB.15

Identification

Colour steel black

Crystal system monoclinic

Cleavage poor on (001)

Fracture uneven

Mohs scale hardness 1.5-2

Luster metallic, adamantine or glimmering

Streak black with reddish tint

Specific gravity 6-6.2

References [1] [2] [3] [4]

Polybasite is a sulfosalt mineral of silver, copper, antimony and arsenic. Its chemical formula is[(Ag,Cu)6(Sb,As)2S7][Ag9CuS4].It forms black monoclinic crystals (thin, tabular, with six corners) which can show dark red internal reflections. Ithas a Mohs hardness of 2.5 to 3. It is found worldwide and is an ore of silver. The name comes from the number ofbase metals in the mineral.

Polybasite 103

References[1] Polybasite: mindat.org (http:/ / www. mindat. org/ min-3256. html)[2] Webmineral.com (http:/ / www. webmineral. com/ data/ Polybasite. shtml)[3] Handbook of Mineralogy (http:/ / www. handbookofmineralogy. com/ pdfs/ polybasite. pdf)[4] Rudolf Dǔd'a and Luboš Rejl (1990). Minerals of the World. Arch Cape Press. p. 40. ISBN 0-517-68030-0.

Unusual polybasite specimen from Mayo MiningDistrict, Yukon Territory, Canada. Size 3.0 x 2.2

x 1.3 cm.

Pyrargyrite 104

Pyrargyrite

Pyrargyrite

General

Category Sulfosalt

Chemical formula Ag3SbS3

Strunz classification 02.GA.05

Identification

Color dark red to red-black

Crystal habit Include prismatic crystals with rhombohedral and scalenohedral faces forming terminations. There is no perpendicularmirror plane and therefore a hemimorphic crystal can be seen, in some rare examples, with differing terminations at the topand bottom of the crystal. Typical crystals are poorly formed and modified heavily by secondary faces. Also found massive.

Crystal system trigonal; 3m

Cleavage Sometimes distinct in three directions forming rhombohedrons

Fracture conchoidal

Mohs scale hardness 2.5

Luster adamantine

Streak dark cherry red

Specific gravity approximately 5.8

Refractive index translucent to nearly opaque

Othercharacteristics

darkens upon exposure to light; crystals are frequently striated

Pyrargyrite is a sulfosalt mineral consisting of silver sulfantimonide, Ag3SbS3. Known also as dark red silver ore orruby silver, it is an important source of the metal.It is closely allied to, and isomorphous with, the corresponding sulfarsenide known as proustite or light red silverore. Ruby silver or red silver ore (German Rotgiiltigerz) was mentioned by Georg Agricola in 1546, but the twospecies so closely resemble one another that they were not completely distinguished until chemical analyses of bothwere made.Both crystallize in the ditrigonal pyramidal (hemimorphic-hemihedral) class of the rhombohedral system, possessingthe same degree of symmetry as tourmaline. Crystals are perfectly developed and are usually prismatic in habit; theyare frequently attached at one end, the hemimorphic character being then evident by the fact that the obliquestriations on the prism faces are directed towards one end only of the crystal. Twinning according to several laws isnot uncommon. The hexagonal prisms of pyrargyrite are usually terminated by a low hexagonal pyramid or by adrusy basal plane.The color of pyrargyrite is usually greyish-black and the lustre metallic-adamantine; large crystals are opaque, but small ones and thin splinters are deep ruby-red by transmitted light, hence the name, from the Greek pyr and

Pyrargyrite 105

argyros, "fire-silver" in allusion to color and silver content, given by E. F. Glocker in 1831. The streak ispurplish-red, thus differing markedly from the scarlet streak of proustite and affording a ready means ofdistinguishing the two minerals. The Mohs hardness is 2.75, and the specific gravity 5.85. The refractive indices(nω=3.084 nε=2.881) and birefringence (δ=0.203) are very high. There is no very distinct cleavage and the fractureis conchoidal. The mineral occurs in metalliferous veins with calcite, argentiferous galena, native silver, nativearsenic, &c. The best crystallized specimens are from Sankt Andreasberg in the Harz, Freiberg in Saxony, andGuanajuato in Mexico. It is not uncommon in many silver mines in the United States, but rarely as distinct crystals;and it has been found in some Cornish mines.

Pyrargyrite silver ore from the Comstock Lode, Storey Co., Nevada,USA

Although the red silver ores afford a good example ofisomorphism, they rarely form mixtures; pyrargyriterarely contains as much as 3% of arsenic replacingantimony, and the same is true of antimony in proustite.Dimorphous with pyrargyrite and proustite respectivelyare the rare monoclinic species pyrostilpnite orfireblende (Ag3SbS3) and xanthoconite (Ag3AsS3):these four minerals thus form an isodimorphous group.

References

• Mindat [1]

• Webmineral data [2]

• Amethyst Galleries' Mineral Gallery [3]

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911).Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

References[1] http:/ / www. mindat. org/ min-3313. html[2] http:/ / www. webmineral. com/ data/ Pyrargyrite. shtml[3] http:/ / www. galleries. com/ minerals/ sulfides/ pyrargyr/ pyrargyr. htm

Samsonite 106

Samsonite

Samsonite

Samsonite crystal from its type locality Samson Mine, St. Andreasberg, Harz, GermanyGeneral

Category Sulfide minerals

Chemical formula Ag4MnSb2S6

Strunz classification 02.GA.15

Crystal symmetry 2/m - Prismatic

Unit cell a = 10.3861(6) Å, b = 8.1108(7) Å, c = 6.663(7) Å β = 92.639(12)°, Z = 2

Identification

Color Black

Crystal system Monoclinic

Mohs scale hardness 2½

Luster Metallic

Diaphaneity Opaque

Specific gravity 5.461 (calculated)

References [1]

Samsonite is a silver manganese antimony sulfosalt mineral with formula Ag4MnSb2S6. It crystallizes in themonoclinic crystal system with a typical slender radiating prismatic habit. It is metallic black to steel black with nocleavage and a brittle to conchoidal fracture. In thin fragments it appears reddish brown in transmitted light and alsoleaves a red streak. It is soft, Mohs hardness of 2.5, and has a specific gravity of 5.51.It was first named in 1910 after an occurrence in the Samson Vein of the Sankt Andreasberg silver mines, HarzMountains, Germany.

Samsonite 107

References[1] Mindat.org (http:/ / www. mindat. org/ min-3516. html)

• Palache, C., H. Berman, and C. Frondel (1944) Dana’s system of mineralogy, (7th edition), v. I, pp. 393–395• Webmineral data (http:/ / www. webmineral. com/ data/ Samsonite. shtml)• Mineral Data Publishing - PDF (http:/ / rruff. geo. arizona. edu/ doclib/ hom/ samsonite. pdf)

Stephanite 108

Stephanite

Stephanite

Stephanite single crystal perched on Calcite (size: 0.7 mm)General

Category Sulfosalt mineral

Chemical formula Ag5SbS4

Strunz classification 02.GB.10

Dana classification 03.02.04.01

Identification

Color Lead grey to black

Crystal habit Tabular, pseudo-hexagonal crystals; massive

Crystal system Orthorhombic - pyramidal (mm2)

Twinning Common on [110] repeated, forms pseudohexagonal groupings

Cleavage Imperfect on {010}, poor on {021}

Fracture Subconchoidal

Tenacity Brittle

Mohs scale hardness 2.0 - 2.5

Luster Metallic

Streak Iron black

Diaphaneity Opaque

Specific gravity 6.26

Optical properties Anisotropic in polished section

Pleochroism Very weak - white to pale pink

References [1] [2] [3]

Stephanite is a silver antimony sulfosalt mineral with formula: Ag5SbS4 It is composed of 68.8% silver, andsometimes is of importance as an ore of this metal.[4]

Stephanite 109

HistoryUnder the name Schwarzerz it was mentioned by Georgius Agricola in 1546, and it has been variously known as"black silver ore" (German Schwarzgultigerz), brittle silver-ore (Sprödglanzerz), etc. The name stephanite wasproposed by W Haidinger in 1845 in honour of the Archduke of Austria Stephan Franz Victor of Habsburg-Lorena(1817-1867). French authors use F. S. Beudant's name psaturose (from the Greek ψαθυρός, fragile).[4]

PropertiesIt frequently occurs as well-formed crystals, which are orthorhombic and occasionally show indications ofhemimorphism: they have the form of six-sided prisms or flat tables terminated by large basal planes and oftenmodified at the edges by numerous pyramid-planes. Twinning on the prism-planes is of frequent occurrence, givingrise to pseudo-hexagonal groups like those of aragonite. The colour is iron-black, and the lustre metallic andbrilliant; on exposure to light, however, the crystals soon become dull.[4]

OccurrenceStephanite occurs as a late-stage mineral with other ores of silver in hydrothermal veins.[4] Associated mineralsinclude proustite, acanthite, native silver, tetrahedrite, galena, sphalerite and pyrite.[1] Localities which have yieldedgood crystallized specimens are Freiberg and Gersdorf near Rosswein in Saxony, Chañarcillo in Chile, andexceptionally Cornwall. In the Comstock lode in Nevada massive stephanite and argentite are important ores ofsilver.

References[1] http:/ / rruff. geo. arizona. edu/ doclib/ hom/ stephanite. pdf Handbook of Mineralogy[2] http:/ / webmineral. com/ data/ Stephanite. shtml Webmineral data[3] http:/ / www. mindat. org/ min-3764. html Mindat.org[4] Spencer 1911, p. 880.

Attribution• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Spencer, Leonard James (1911).

"Stephanite". In Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 880.

Stibiconite 110

Stibiconite

Stibiconite

General

Category Oxide minerals

Chemical formula Sb3+Sb+62O6(OH)

Strunz classification 04.DH.20

Crystal symmetry Isometric hexoctahedralH-M symbol: (4/m 3 2/m)Space group: F d3m

Unit cell a = 10.27 Å; Z = 8

Identification

Molar mass 478.25

Color Pale yellow to yellowish white, reddish white, orange; gray, brown, black when impure

Crystal habit Massive, botryoidal, as incrustations, powdery

Crystal system Isometric

Cleavage None

Fracture Clay-like

Mohs scale hardness 4-5

Luster Vitreous - dull

Streak light yellow

Diaphaneity Transparent to translucent

Specific gravity 4.1 - 5.8, Average = 4.94

Optical properties Isotropic

Refractive index n=1.6-1.97

References [1] [2] [3]

Stibiconite is an antimony oxide mineral with formula: Sb3O6(OH). Its name originates from Greek "stibi"(antimony) and "konis" (powder), alluding to its composition and habit.[1] [2] [3] It is a member of the pyrochloresuper group.

Stibiconite 111

Discovery and occurrenceIt was first described in 1862 for an occurrence in the Brandholz - Goldkronach District, Fichtelgebirge, Franconia,Bavaria.[2]

It occurs as a secondary alteration product of other hydrothermal antimony minerals such as stibnite. It occurs inassociation with cervantite, valentinite, kermesite, native antimony and stibnite.[3]

References[1] "Stibiconite" (http:/ / webmineral. com/ data/ Stibiconite. shtml). Webminerals. . Retrieved 2009-06-06.[2] "Stibiconite" (http:/ / www. mindat. org/ min-3776. html). Mindat. . Retrieved 2009-06-06.[3] Handbook of Mineralogy (http:/ / rruff. geo. arizona. edu/ doclib/ hom/ stibiconite. pdf)

StibiopalladiniteStibiopalladinite is a mineral containing the chemical elements palladium and antimony. Its chemical formula isPd5Sb2. It is a silvery white to steel grey opaque mineral crystallizing in the hexagonal crystal system.[1]

It was first described in 1929 for an occurrence in the Bushveld igneous complex of South Africa.[2]

References[1] http:/ / www. mindat. org/ min-3758. html Mindat[2] http:/ / webmineral. com/ data/ Stibiopalladinite. shtml Webmineral data

Emsley, John. Nature's Building Blocks. Oxford, 2001. ISBN 0-19-850341-5

Stibnite 112

Stibnite

Stibnite

Stibnite in the Carnegie Museum of Natural HistoryGeneral

Category Sulfide mineral

Chemical formula Sb2S3

Strunz classification 02.DB.05a

Crystal symmetry Orthorhombic dipyramidalH-M symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m)Space group: Pbnm

Unit cell a = 11.229 Å, b = 11.31 Å,c = 3.8389 Å; Z = 4

Identification

Color Lead-gray, tarnishing blackish or iridescent; in polished section, white

Crystal habit Massive, radiating and elongated crystals. Massive and granular

Crystal system Orthorhombic

Twinning Rare

Cleavage Perfect and easy on {010}; imperfect on {100} and {110}

Fracture Subconchoidal

Tenacity Highly flexible but not elastic; slightly sectile

Mohs scale hardness 2

Luster Splendent on fresh crystals surfaces, otherwise metallic

Streak Similar to color

Diaphaneity Opaque

Specific gravity 4.63

Solubility decomposed with hydrochloric acid

Other characteristics Anisotropism: Strong

References [1] [2] [3]

Major varieties

Metastibnite Earthy, reddish deposits

Stibnite, sometimes called antimonite, is a sulfide mineral with the formula Sb2S3. This soft grey materialcrystallizes in an orthorhombic space group. It is the most important source for the metalloid antimony.[4] The nameis from the Greek stibi through the Latin stibium as the old name for the mineral and the element antimony.[1] [2]

Stibnite 113

Structure

Crystals from Henan Province, China(size: 16.8×5.4×5.4 cm)

Stibnite has a structure similar to that of arsenic trisulfide, As2S3. The Sb(III)centers, which are pyramidal and three-coordinate, are linked via benttwo-coordinate sulfide ions. It is grey when fresh, but can turn superficially blackdue to oxidation in air.

Uses

Pastes of Sb2S3 powder in fat[5] or in other materials have been used since 3000BC as eye cosmetics in the Middle East and farther afield; in this use, Sb2S3 iscalled kohl. It was used to darken the brows and lashes, or to draw a line aroundthe perimeter of the eye.

Antimony trisulfide finds use in pyrotechnic compositions, namely in the glitterand fountain mixtures. Needle-like crystals, "Chinese Needle", are used in glittercompositions and white pyrotechnic stars. The "Dark Pyro" version is used inflash powders to increase their sensitivity and sharpen their report. It is also acomponent of modern safety matches. It was formerly used in flashcompositions, but its use was abandoned due to toxicity and sensitivity to staticelectricity.[6]

The natural sulfide of antimony, stibnite, was known and used in Biblical times,as a medication and in Islamic/pre-Islamic times as a cosmetic. The Sunan Abi

Dawood reports, “prophet Muhammad said: 'Among the best types of collyrium is antimony (ithmid) for it clears thevision and makes the hair sprout.'”[7]

Occurrence

Needles of stibnite within a transparent crystal ofcalcite (size: 4.5×3.5×1.8 cm)

Stibnite occurs in hydrothermal deposits and is associated with realgar,orpiment, cinnabar, galena, pyrite, marcasite, arsenopyrite, cervantite,stibiconite, calcite, ankerite, barite and chalcedony.[1]

Small deposits of stibnite are common, but large deposits are rare. Itoccurs in Canada, Mexico, Peru, Japan, China, Germany, Romania,Italy, France, England, Algeria, and Kalimantan, Borneo. In the UnitedStates it is found in Arkansas, Idaho, Nevada, California, and Alaska.

As of May 2007, the largest specimen on public display (1000 pounds)is at the American Museum of Natural History.[8] [9] The largestdocumented single crystals of stibnite measured ~60×5×5 cm andoriginated from different locations including Japan, France andGermany.[10]

Stibnite 114

References[1] Stibnite (http:/ / rruff. geo. arizona. edu/ doclib/ hom/ stibnite. pdf). Handbook of Mineralogy[2] Stibnite (http:/ / www. mindat. org/ min-3782. html). Mindat.org[3] Stibnite (http:/ / www. webmineral. com/ data/ Stibnite. shtml). Webmineral[4] Sabina C. Grund, K. Hanusch, H. J. Breunig, H. U. Wolf, “Antimony and Antimony Compounds” in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial

Chemistry 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a03 055.pub2[5] Priesner, Claus and Figala, Karin, ed (1998) (in German). Alchemie. Lexikon einer hermetischen Wissenschaft. München: C.H. Beck.

ISBN 3406441068.[6] Pyrotechnic Chemical Guide (http:/ / www. pyrouniverse. com/ chem. htm). PyroUniverse.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-14.[7] Sunan Abu-Dawud (Ahmad Hasan translation). Book 32, Number 4050 (http:/ / www. muslimaccess. com/ sunnah/ hadeeth/ abudawud/ 032.

html). .[8] "American Museum of Natural History, Spectacular Stibnite" (http:/ / www. amnh. org/ science/ papers/ stibnite. php). American Museum of

Natural History. . Retrieved 2007-05-27.[9] "Chinese stibnite crystal on display in US" (http:/ / www. cctv. com/ program/ cultureexpress/ 20070406/ 100505. shtml). . Retrieved

2009-06-06.[10] P. C. Rickwood (1981). "The largest crystals" (http:/ / www. minsocam. org/ ammin/ AM66/ AM66_885. pdf). American Mineralogist 66:

885–907. .

External linksChisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Stibnite". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Tetrahedrite 115

Tetrahedrite

Tetrahedrite

A sample of grey tetrahedrite, with white quartzGeneral

Category Sulfosalt mineral

Chemical formula (Cu,Fe)12Sb4S13

Strunz classification 02.GB.05

Crystal symmetry Cubic 43m - hextetrahedral

Unit cell a = 10.39(16) Å; Z = 2

Identification

Color Steel gray to iron-gray

Crystal habit Groups of tetrahedral crystals; massive, coarse to fine compact granular

Crystal system Cubic

Twinning Contact and penetration twins on {111}

Cleavage None

Fracture Uneven to subconchoidal

Tenacity Somewhat brittle

Mohs scale hardness 3½ - 4

Luster Metallic, commonly splendent

Streak Black, brown to dark red

Diaphaneity Opaque, except in very thin fragments

Specific gravity 4.97

Optical properties Isotropic

Refractive index n greater than 2.72

References [1] [2]

Tetrahedrite is a copper antimony sulfosalt mineral with formula: (Cu,Fe)12Sb4S13. It is the antimony endmemberof the continuous solid solution series with arsenic bearing tennantite. Pure endmembers of the series are seldom ifever seen in nature. Of the two, the antimony rich phase is more common. Other elements also substitute in thestructure, most notably iron and zinc along with less common silver, mercury and lead. Bismuth also substitutes forthe antimony site and bismuthian tetrahedrite or annivite is a recognized variety. The related, silver dominant,mineral species freibergite, although rare, is notable in that it can contain up to 18% silver.

Tetrahedrite 116

Tetrahedrite crystals with chalcopyrite andsphalerite from the Casapalca Mine, Peru (size:

8.2 x 6.4 x 4.7 cm)

Tetrahedrite gets its name from the distinctive tetrahedron shapedcubic crystals. The mineral usually occurs in massive form, it is a steelgrey to black metallic mineral with Mohs hardness of 3.5 to 4 andspecific gravity of 4.6 to 5.2.

It occurs in low to moderate temperature hydrothermal veins and insome contact metamorphic deposits. It is a minor ore of copper andassociated metals. It was first described in 1845 for occurrences inFreiberg, Saxony, Germany.

References[1] Handbook of Mineralogy (http:/ / rruff. geo. arizona. edu/ doclib/ hom/ tetrahedrite.

pdf)[2] Mindat.org (http:/ / www. mindat. org/ min-3924. html)

• Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., Wiley, ISBN 0-471-80580-7• Mineral galleries (http:/ / mineral. galleries. com/ minerals/ sulfides/ tetrahed/ tetrahed. htm)• Webmineral data (http:/ / www. webmineral. com/ data/ Tetrahedrite. shtml)

Ullmannite 117

Ullmannite

Ullmannite

General

Category Sulfosalt mineral

Chemical formula NiSbS

Strunz classification 02.EB.25

Crystal symmetry Isometric tetartoidalH-M symbol: 2 3Space group: P213

Unit cell a = 5.91(2) Å; Z = 4

Identification

Color Steel-gray to tin white

Crystal system Cubic

Twinning Penetration twins about [110]

Cleavage Perfect on {001}

Fracture Uneven

Tenacity Brittle

Mohs scale hardness 5-5.5

Luster metallic

Diaphaneity Opaque

Specific gravity 6.65 - 6.85

References [1] [2] [3]

Ullmannite is a nickel antimony sulfide mineral with formula: NiSbS. Considerable substitution occurs with cobaltand iron in the nickel site along with bismuth and arsenic in the antimony site. A solid solution series exists with thehigh cobalt willyamite.

Ullmannite 118

Physical propertiesUllmannite is steel-gray to tin white in color with a metallic luster, has a Mohs hardness of 5 to 5.5 and a specificgravity of 6.65. Initially thought to be of two species, tetrahedral and cubic, it was later confirmed that both samplesconformed to the 23 point group of the isometric crystal class and typically exhibits cubic, octahedral, orpyritohedral forms although euhedral crystals are rare.[4]

Variance in its chemical composition has been shown to be responsible for loss of symmetry and variations instriation patterns.[5]

Ullmannite crystals are usually less than 2 mm, however larger have been identified in especially antimony richenvironments.[6] Ullmannite commonly displays interpenetration twins as well as enantiomorphic twinning along[110].[1]

Occurrence

Ulmanite crystals from the Masaloni Mine, SanVito, Cagliari Province, Sardinia, Italy (size: 5.4

x 3.3 x 2.1 cm)

It is a member of the cobaltite group and forms a series with willyamite((Co,Ni)SbS). It occurs with nickeline, gersdorffite, pentlandite,chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, galena, tetrahedrite and dyscrasite inhydrothermal deposits.[1]

Principal localities are in Germany, it is also found in Austria,Australia, France, England, and Wales.

It was first described in 1843 for an occurrence in the Storch undSchöneberg Mine, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.[3]

Specimens of ullmannite were found at Sarrabus, Sardinia, Italy in1887. The crystals of the specimens from Sarrabus were described ashemihedral with parallel faces, whereas specimens from Lölling in

present-day Austria were hemihedral with inclined faces.[7]

Origin of nameUllmannite was named for German chemist and mineralogist, Johann Christoph Ullmann (1771–1821), one of thefathers of systematic mineralogy. Ullmann established a mineral collection (now the basis for the internationallyrenowned Museum of Mineralogy in Marburg[8])and authored Ein Systematisch-Tabellarische Übersicht derMineralogisch einfachen Fossilien, one of the first attempts to provide a structured organization to the observedminerals of the day.

References[1] Handbook of Mineralogy (http:/ / rruff. geo. arizona. edu/ doclib/ hom/ ullmannite. pdf)[2] Webmineral data (http:/ / webmineral. com/ data/ Ullmannite. shtml)[3] Mindat with location data (http:/ / www. mindat. org/ show. php?id=4086& ld=1& pho=)[4] Miers, A.H. (1891). "The Tetardohedrism of Ullmannite.". Mineralogical Magazine (London: Mineralogical Society of Great Britain) 9:

211-213.[5] Takeuchi, Y. (1957). "The Absolute Structure of Ullmannite, NiSbS." (http:/ / www. journalarchive. jst. go. jp/ english/ jnlabstract_en.

php?cdjournal=minerj1953& cdvol=2& noissue=2& startpage=90). Mineralogical Journal (Tokyo: Mineralogical Society of Japan) 2:90-102. .

[6] Zhu, Y.; An,F. (2010). "Native Antimony in the Baogutu gold deposit( West Junggar, NW China): Its occurrence and origin". Ore GeologyReviews 37: 214-223.

[7] Klein, C.; P. Jannasch (1888). "Ullmannite from Lölling and from Sarrabus. (Jahrb. F. Min., 1887, ii, Mem., 169-173)" (http:/ / books.google. com/ books?id=ldY4AAAAMAAJ& pg=PA31& dq=Sarrabus& hl=en& ei=t8kSTeWrLoeTnwektZjgDQ& sa=X& oi=book_result&ct=result& resnum=1& ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage& q=Sarrabus& f=false). Journal of the Chemical Society. Part I. Abstracts.(London: Gurney & Jackson) 54: 31. . Retrieved December 23, 2010.

Ullmannite 119

[8] http:/ / www. uni-marburg. de/ fb19/ minmus

• Palache, C., H. Berman, and C. Frondel (1944) Dana’s system of mineralogy, (7th edition), v. I, 301–302.

Valentinite

Valentinite

A sample of valentinite from Algeria (size: 6.9 x 4.4 x 3.3 cm)General

Category Oxide minerals

Chemical formula Sb2O3

Strunz classification 04.CB.55

Crystal symmetry Orthorhombic (2/m 2/m 2/m) dipyramidal

Unit cell a = 4.91 Å, b = 12.46 Å, c = 5.42 Å; Z = 4

Identification

Color Colorless, snow-white, pale yellow, pink, gray to brownish

Crystal habit Prismatic crystals, sometimes flattened, fan-shaped or stellate aggregates of crystals; lamellar, columnar, granular, massive.

Crystal system Orthorhombic

Cleavage {110}, perfect; {010}, imperfect

Tenacity Brittle

Mohs scale hardness 2.5–3

Luster Adamantine, pearly on cleavages

Streak White

Diaphaneity Transparent to translucent

Specific gravity 5.76

Optical properties Biaxial (-)

Refractive index nα = 2.180 nβ = 2.350 nγ = 2.350

Birefringence δ = 0.170

2V angle Very small

References [1] [2] [3]

Valentinite is an antimony oxide mineral with formula Sb2O3. Valentinite crystallizes in the orthorhombic system and typically forms as radiating clusters of euhedral crystals or as fibrous masses. It is colorless to white with occasional shades or tints of yellow and red. It has a Mohs hardness of 2.5 to 3 and a specific gravity of 5.76.[4]

Valentinite occurs as a weathering product of stibnite and other antimony minerals. It is dimorphous with the

Valentinite 120

isometric antimony oxide senarmontite.[1]

Valetinite with pyrite from the San José Mine,Oruro City, Bolivia (size: 3.9 x 2.8 x 1.5 cm)

Historical data

A mineral named in the middle of the 19th century in honour ofBasilius Valentinus, a writer on alchemy. He is the supposed author ofthe first book to give a detailed description of antimony and itscompounds. From the contents of the book it is also obvious thatValentinus was familiar with the synthetic preparation of antimonytrioxide, which was called 'the antimony flower'.

Valentinite was first described in 1845 for an occurrence in the LesChalanches Mine, Allemont, Isère, Rhône-Alpes, France.[2] The firstdescription of its occurrence in the region of Pribram in Bohemiacomes roughly from the same time. This particular locality at one timeproduced the very best crystals of this mineral. The largest crystalsfound there measured up to 3 cm. Grouped in rich druses, theydeveloped in vein cavities with galena.

OccurrenceValentinite is a weathering product of hydrothermal antimony bearing veins, where it forms as a seondary mineralthrough oxidation in the upper parts of the deposits. It occurs associated with stibnite, native antimony, stibiconite,cervantite, kermesite and tetrahedrite.[1]

A rich deposit of valentinite has been found in the Constantine province of Algeria. This is the only deposit where itis mined as an ore, with 83% antimony. In all other locations it occurs in negligible quantities.

References[1] Handbook of Mineralogy (http:/ / rruff. geo. arizona. edu/ doclib/ hom/ valentinite. pdf)[2] Mindat with location data (http:/ / www. mindat. org/ show. php?id=4135& ld=1& pho=)[3] Webmineral data (http:/ / webmineral. com/ data/ Valentinite. shtml)[4] Pradyot Patnaik. Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw-Hill, 2002, ISBN 0070494398

Zinkenite 121

Zinkenite

Zinkenite

Zinkenite, Fargo mine, Stevens County, WashingtonGeneral

Category Sulfosalt minerals

Chemical formula Pb9Sb22S42

Strunz classification 02.JB.35a

Zinkenite is a steel-gray metallic sulfosalt mineral composed of lead antimony sulfide Pb9Sb22S42. Zinkenite occursas acicular needle-like crystals.[1]

It was first described in 1826 for an occurrence in the Harz Mountains, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany and named after itsdiscoverer, German mineralogist and mining geologist, J. K. L. Zincken (1790–1862).[2] [3]

References[1] http:/ / webmineral. com/ data/ Zinkenite. shtml Webmineral data[2] http:/ / rruff. geo. arizona. edu/ doclib/ hom/ zinkenite. pdf Handbook of Mineralogy[3] http:/ / www. mindat. org/ min-4417. html Mindat

122

Miscellany

AntimonialAntimonials, in pre-modern medicine, were remedies principally containing antimony, used chiefly for emeticpurposes. They might also have qualified for cathartic, diaphoretic, or simply alterative uses. Such treatments wereconsidered unparalleled in their strength.

References•  This article incorporates content from the 1728 Cyclopaedia, a publication in the public domain. Antimonials

[1].• The following passage from Oliver Twist, published between 1837—1839, illustrates the use of the word

antimonial to mean emetic in common (as well as medical) terms:Bumble shook his head, as he replied, "Obstinate people, Mr. Sowerberry; very obstinate. Proud, too, I'mafraid, sir."

"Proud, eh?" exclaimed Mr. Sowerberry with a sneer. "Come, that's too much."

"Oh, it's sickening," replied the beadle. "Antimonial, Mr. Sowerberry!"

References[1] http:/ / digicoll. library. wisc. edu/ cgi-bin/ HistSciTech/ HistSciTech-idx?type=turn& entity=HistSciTech000900240149& isize=L

Antimonial cup 123

Antimonial cup

Seventeenth-century antimonial cups

An antimonial cup was a small half-pint mug or cup cast in antimonypopular in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries. They were alsoknown under the names "pocula emetica," "calices vomitorii," or"emetic cups", as wine that was kept in one for a 24 hour period gainedan emetic or laxative quality. The tartaric acid in the wine acted uponthe metal cup and formed tartarised antimony.[1] [2]

History

Roman banquets of antiquity had goblets of specially preparedantimony-doctored wine. The antimonial cup would be employed inorder to facilitate repeated doses of gluttony by a follow up ofpurging.[3] Antimonial cups were used in England and America fromearlier part of the 17th century and well into the 18th century. Thespelling at the time was "Antimonyall Cupps." The meaning of theword "antimony" seems to have come from Basil Valentine and the name "Antimoine" meaning "against monks".[4]

The cups were common in monasteries.[5]

Antimonial cups are extremely rare as only six are known in Great Britain, all in London, two in the Netherlands(Amsterdam and Leiden), one in Basel, Switzerland, one in Italy in the former papal palace in Ariccia and anotherone in London believed to have belonged to Captain James Cook, the English navigator. It is in the NationalMaritime Museum at Greenwich, London. The reason he had an antimonial cup is mostly of speculation, anythingfrom stomach problems to scurvy. The provenance shows that it was acquired on loan in 1983 from Lady Rowley,daughter of the 8th Viscount Galway, Governor General of New Zealand. The family regarded it as a pewtercommunion cup and had owned it for many years. Lady Rowley's ancestor, General Robert Monckton, was GeneralJames Wolfe's second in command at Quebec. Cook was involved in the St Lawrence Expedition of 1759 under thejoint command of Admiral Sir Edward Saunders and General Wolfe. The antimonial cup may have been bought bythe 5th Viscount Galway (William George Monckton-Arundell) between 1815 and 1830 amongst Cook relics from asale of the effects of Rear Admiral Isaac Smith, a nephew and companion of Mrs Elizabeth Cook (widow of JamesCook).[2]

The resurrection of the antimonial cup may have occurred because of the prohibition of antimony in 1566 by an Actof Parliament. As a method to circumvent the law, metal tin cups were made with antimony as one of itsingredients.[6] When wine was allowed to stand in one for approximately 24 hours the wine became impregnatedwith tartrate of antimony, from the action of the tartar contained in the wine upon the metal of the film of oxideformed upon its surface.[7] This resulting alcoholic drink was attractive to sick patients as a medicine by purging thebody. The family antimonial cup gathered increased powers of suggestion with years of being handed down fromgeneration to generation.[5]

Antimonial cup 124

DescriptionThe 1728 Cyclopaedia by Ephraim Chambers says it was made either of glass of antimony or of antimony preparedwith saltpeter. The liquid obtained from the resultant wine or liquor left in it for 24 hours was not dissoluble by thestomach. The infused liquid containing antimony would give a cathartic or emetic effect.[8]

There is an antimonical cup at the Geological Museum that has an inscription on the shield of the small ornamentallid that reads, Du bist ein Wunder der Natur und aller Menschen sichere Cur ("You are a wonder of nature and forall people a certain cure"). These pictured display cups may be "plate pewter" consisting of 89 per cent tin and 7 percent antimony. It could, however, be "triple pewter" containing less tin and as much as 15 per cent antimony.[5]

The size of those used in England and America from the 17th century were about two inches high and about two indiameter. They held about four ounces of wine. Although there were other kinds of emetics in this time periodavailable, many households possessed an antimonial cup of their own.[9] The instructions typically were to fill theantimonial cup at 6 p. m. the night before use with white wine. Then you were to take all this wine at 7 a.m. the nextmorning and it would induce vomiting. A child was instructed to take just half this amount. If it had not inducedvomiting within a couple of hours, then they were to take the other half of the liquid. This method of using wine togather a small portion of the metallic part of antimony was crude as it was dependent on the acidity of the wine. Ifthe wine had a lot of acid in it, then the concoction could become too strong for the body. It was toxic, not safe anddeaths did occur.[9]

References[1] The Technologist, p. 393[2] Captain James Cook's Antimony Cup (http:/ / www. bium. univ-paris5. fr/ ishm/ vesalius/ VESx2001x07x02x062x064. pdf)[3] Mauder, p. 228[4] The Technologist, Volume 1, p. 388[5] Antimonyall Cupps: Pocula Emetica or Calices Vomitorii (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pmc/ articles/ PMC1948687/ pdf/

procrsmed00439-0127. pdf)[6] Antimony cup with leather case, Europe, 1601-1700 (http:/ / www. sciencemuseum. org. uk/ broughttolife/ objects/ display. aspx?id=4925)[7] Antimony cup, Europe, 1501-1700 (http:/ / www. sciencemuseum. org. uk/ broughttolife/ objects/ display. aspx?id=5086)[8] Chambers, p. 109[9] Account of an Antimonial Cup , p. 582

Sources• Account of an Antimonial Cup, from The Gentleman's Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, Volume 102, Part 1,

E. Cave, 1832• Chambers, Ephraim, Cyclopædia, or, An universal dictionary of arts and sciences : containing the definitions of

the terms, and accounts of the things signify'd thereby, in the several arts, both liberal and mechanical, and theseveral sciences, human and divine : the figures, kinds, properties, productions, preparations, and uses, of thingsnatural and artificial : the rise, progress, and state of things ecclesiastical, civil, military, and commercial : withthe several systems, sects, opinions, &c : among philosophers, divines, mathematicians, physicians, antiquaries,criticks, &c : the whole intended as a course of antient and modern learning. (1728)

• Mauder, Andrew, Victorian crime, madness and sensation, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2004, ISBN 0754640604• The Technologist, Volume 1, Kent & Co., 1861

Glass of antimony 125

Glass of antimonyGlass of antimony, vitrum antimonii, is a transparent glass created from a preparation of antimony, historicallyused as an emetic. It was created using crude antimony, ground and calcined by a vehement fire, in an earthencrucible, until it no longer fumed, indicating that its sulfur was evaporated. The remaining substance (calx) was thenvitrified in a wind furnace, upon which it became transparent, ruddy, and shining.It has been considered the strongest emetic of any preparation of antimony. Yet, if dissolved in spirit of urine, itceased to be either emetic or cathartic.

Organoantimony chemistryOrganoantimony chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing a carbon to antimony (Sb) chemical bond.Relevant oxidation states are Sb(V) and Sb(III). The toxicity of antimony[1] limits practical application in organicchemistry.[2]

Organoantimony(V) chemistryAntimony compounds of the type R5Sb (stiboranes) can be synthesised from trivalent Sb precursors:

Ph3Sb + Cl2 → Ph3SbCl2Ph3SbCl2 + 2 PhLi → Ph5Sb

Asymmetric compounds can also be obtained through the stibonium ion:R5Sb + X2 → [R4Sb]+[X][R4Sb]+[X] + R'MgX → R4R'Sb

Just as in the related organobismuth compounds (same group 15), organoantimony(V) compounds form oniumcompounds and ate complexes.Pentaphenylantimony decomposes at 200 °C to triphenylstibine and biphenyl. It forms a trigonal bipyramidalmolecular geometry. In the related Me5Sb all methyl protons are equivalent at -100 °C in proton NMR. Compoundsof the type R4SbX tend to form dimers.

Organoantimony(III) chemistryCompounds of the type R3Sb (stibines) can be accessed by reaction of antimony trichloride with organolithiumcompounds or Grignards.

SbCl3 + 3 RLi (or RMgCl) → R3SbTypical reactions are:

R3Sb + Br2 → R3SbBr2R3Sb + O2 → R3SbOR3Sb + Na + NH3 → R2SbNaR3Sb + B2H6 → R3Sb.BH3

Stibanes are weak Lewis acids and therefore ate complexes are not encountered. On the other hand they have gooddonor properties and are therefore widely used in coordination chemistry. R3Sb compounds are more air-sensitivethan the R5Sb counterparts.Antimony Metallocenes are known as well:

Organoantimony chemistry 126

14SbI3 + 3 (Cp*Al)4 → [2Cp*Sb]+[AlI4]- + 8Sb + 6 AlI3The Cp*-Sb-Cp* angle is 154°.The cyclic compound stibole, a structural analog of pyrrole, has not been isolated, but substituted derivatives knownas stiboles are known.

Organoantimony(II) chemistryDistibines have a Sb-Sb single bond and are of some interest as thermochromic materials. For exampletetramethyldistibine is a colorless as a gas, yellow as a liquid, red as solid just below the melting point of 18.5 °C andagain yellow well below the melting point. [3]

References[1] Filella, M.. "Alkyl derivatives of antimony in the environment". Metal ions in life sciences (Cambridge: RSC publishing) 7: 267–301.

ISBN 9781847551771..[2] C. Elschenbroich, A. Salzer Organometallics : A Concise Introduction (2nd Ed) (1992) from Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. ISBN 3-527-28165-7[3] Organoantimony compounds with element-element bonds H.J. Breunig, R. Rosler Coordination Chemistry Reviews 163 (1997) 33-53

Article Sources and Contributors 127

Article Sources and ContributorsAntimony  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=463845650  Contributors: 28bytes, 4twenty42o, A2Kafir, A8UDI, AManWithNoPlan, AWP1012933, AXRL, Aerion, AerobicFox,Ahoerstemeier, Alansohn, Anagnorisis, AnakngAraw, Anclation, Andre Engels, Andres, Anna Lincoln, Antandrus, Anthony, Anwar saadat, Apm963, Apterygial, Aramgutang, Archimerged,Ashumaloz, Atif.t2, Aussie Alchemist, AxelBoldt, Axl, Badagnani, Beetstra, Benbest, Bender235, Benjah-bmm27, Bentu, Bezking, BillC, Bladeofgrass, Blanchardb, Blind cyclist, BlueEarth,Bluerasberry, Borislav.dopudja, Branddobbe, Branden, Brian0918, Brice one, Bryan Derksen, Buddy431, CYD, Cacahueten, CalicoCatLover, Carnildo, Cerebrith, Charles Matthews,Chemicalinterest, Chemkid1, Chris.urs-o, Cjmnyc, Clappingsimon, ColinFine, CombatCraig, Conical Johnson, Conversion script, Corpx, Cpt Adham, Crag, Cwkmail, Cybercobra, Cyrek,Daevatgl, Daniel2500, Danny B-), Darrien, Davidryan168, Deflective, Dejvid, Delta G, Dmichaelharris, Dogcow, DrFO.Jr.Tn, Drc79, Dreish, DrewT2, Dtgm, EPO, Earin, Edgar181, Edward, ElC, Emperorbma, Encyclopedia77, Enemenemu, Epbr123, Erik Zachte, EthanL, Evda, Everyking, Femto, Fiveless, FlyingPenguins, FocalPoint, France3470, Freestyle-69, Freywa,FullMetalJacket, GB fan, GRAHAMUK, Gaius Cornelius, Gene Nygaard, Giftlite, GoingBatty, Goudzovski, GregorB, Grendelkhan, Greyhood, Grunkhead, Gurps npc, Hadlock, Hairy Dude,Hannibal (usurped), Hans Dunkelberg, Harish2k1vet, Haydonnoel, Hdante, Headbomb, Hellbus, HenryLi, Henrygb, HeroGiant, Heron, Hhaithait, Hurmata, Icairns, Ino5hiro, Ioeth, Iorsh, Itub,Ixfd64, J G Campbell, J.delanoy, J8079s, Jagged 85, James A. Stewart, Jaraalbe, Jedager1243, Jerryjackson42, Jerzy, Jmundo, Joanjoc, John, John Abbe, John254, Jorfer, Jose77, Joshuaali,Jovianeye, KageTora, Kbrose, Keenan Pepper, Keithpickering, King of Hearts, Kjkolb, Kmeggison, Koavf, Kopely, Koyaanis Qatsi, Krashlandon, Kukini, Kumorifox, Kurykh, Kwamikagami,LA2, Leyo, LilHelpa, Lmatt, Logan, Lon of Oakdale, Looxix, Lsaper, Lu123man, Lusanaherandraton, Lvl, M.e, Mailer diablo, Manasij, Mandel, Maretchin, Materialscientist, Mattbaileyisneat,Mav, Mboverload, Megan1967, Mentifisto, Mervyn, Mhardcastle, Mikespedia, Miltonhowe, Minesweeper, Mirv, Mmarko, Mousepad99, Mydoctor93, Nabokov, Namangwari, NawlinWiki,NellieBly, Nergaal, NewEnglandYankee, Nick Number, Nicknicknickandnick, Nickptar, Nihiltres, Nlu, Nunquam Dormio, Oliphaunt, Optiguy54, Osplace, Otterwiki, PP Jewel, Palica, Parsival,Paul Stansifer, Pax:Vobiscum, Pcb21, PerfectlyInsane, PeterJeremy, Peterindelft, Peterlewis, Phantomsteve, Piano non troppo, PlatinumX, Pmanderson, Poolkris, Potosino, Power.corrupts, Pras,Prejosh, Pskjk3, Quadell, R'n'B, R6144, RTC, Reaper Eternal, Remember, Reuvenk, RexNL, Reyk, Reza kalani, Rjanag, Rjboyer, Rjstott, Rjwilmsi, Robert McClenon, Roberta F., Romanm,Rosser1954, Rursus, Sambc, Sanctu, Santăr, Saperaud, SassyLee, Sceder, Schneelocke, Schzmo, Scorpion451, Scottydude, Scyrene, Sengkang, Seresin, Shaddack, Shadowin, Shafik, Shirt58,Skatebiker, SkyLined, Sl, Smartse, Smokefoot, Soliloquial, SpaceFlight89, Spencer, SpuriousQ, Squids and Chips, Srleffler, Srnec, SteinbDJ, Stifynsemons, Stillnotelf, Stone, Strickja,Syncategoremata, Tetracube, The 1 venin, Thricecube, Thumperward, Tide rolls, Tlaquepaque, Topquark22, Uncle Dick, Verne Equinox, Vsmith, WackyBoots, Walton One, Warut, Watch37264,Wereon, WhatamIdoing, Wik, Wiki alf, Will Beback, Wolf364, WolfmanSF, Xiaoyu of Yuxi, Xuanji, Yahya Abdal-Aziz, YellowMonkey, Yyy, Zibem, Ziggy Sawdust, Zoeperkoe, Zoicon5, 360anonymous edits

Isotopes of antimony  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=451793458  Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Femto, Headbomb, Limulus, Rjwilmsi, XinaNicole

Algarot  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=427121338  Contributors: Benjah-bmm27, Brian0918, BryanFrazar, CRKingston, Chem-awb, Grm wnr, Jerry, Johnny Sumner,Jrockley, Rifleman 82, Tetracube, Where next Columbus?, Woohookitty, 6 anonymous edits

Aluminium antimonide  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=404025747  Contributors: 2bonkers, ArglebargleIV, Beetstra, Chem-awb, Chemicalinterest, Dr. Helix, Firsfron,Jaraalbe, JaredAllred, Jrockley, Ksbrown, Materialscientist, Michael Hardy, Optigan13, Polonium, R!SC, Rifleman 82, Thricecube, Watch37264, 8 anonymous edits

Antimonide  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=364871745  Contributors: Beetstra, Chem-awb, Chemicalinterest, Ctdunstan, Danny, Percy Snoodle, Plasmic Physics, Polonium,Walkerma, 4 anonymous edits

Antimonite  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=415410929  Contributors: 2T, Axiosaurus, Chem-awb, Chemicalinterest, Chris.urs-o, Christian75, CommonsDelinker, LeonardG., Magnus Manske, Mikespedia, Physchim62, Saperaud, Wilhelmina Will, 3 anonymous edits

Antimony pentafluoride  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=441020860  Contributors: A2Kafir, Albmont, Ali@gwc.org.uk, Aussie Alchemist, Axiosaurus, Bbi5291, Beetstra,Benjah-bmm27, BlueFire7, Chem-awb, Chemicalinterest, Dougher, Drphilharmonic, EdJohnston, Eeee, Ekotkie, Evan Robidoux, Hugo-cs, Michael Devore, Mild Bill Hiccup, Physchim62,Puppy8800, Rich Farmbrough, Scigatt, Shaddack, Smokefoot, Soakologist, Sprited Spheniscidae, Tetracube, Thricecube, 10 anonymous edits

Antimony trifluoride  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=443394854  Contributors: Andel, Auntof6, Axiosaurus, Beetstra, Benjah-bmm27, Chem-awb, Chemicalinterest, EvanRobidoux, Fivemack, Itub, Jfire, Kinostx1, Materialscientist, Plasmic Physics, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Smokefoot, St3vo, Stone, Thricecube, Tsiaojian lee, V8rik, 2 anonymous edits

Antimony pentachloride  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=461503463  Contributors: Albmont, Amigo7, Axiosaurus, Beetstra, Benjah-bmm27, Brichcja, Chem-awb,Chemicalinterest, Chiu frederick, Fences and windows, FrozenMan, Kukini, Lamro, Physchim62, Rifleman 82, Rjwilmsi, Shoy, Smokefoot, Stone, Tetracube, Thricecube, Tsiaojian lee, Xuanji, 7anonymous edits

Antimony pentasulfide  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=438644241  Contributors: An427, Anypodetos, Arcadian, Beetstra, Bobby1011, Cheminterest, Edgar181, Fansico,Leyo, Murtasa, Myasuda, Qmwne235, Rifleman 82, Scientific29, Smokefoot, Thricecube, 1 anonymous edits

Antimony pentoxide  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=442805638  Contributors: Beetstra, Benjah-bmm27, Chem-awb, Chemicalinterest, Denelson83, Finalius, KeenanPepper, M97uzivatel, Megapixie, Murtasa, Peripitus, Rifleman 82, Thricecube, 2 anonymous edits

Antimony tetroxide  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=434226759  Contributors: Axiosaurus, Beetstra, Chem-awb, Itub, Leyo, Materialscientist, Smokefoot, Thricecube,William Avery

Antimony tribromide  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=435064409  Contributors: Albmont, Beetstra, Chem-awb, Chemicalinterest, Cheminterest, Keenan Pepper, MagnusManske, Materialscientist, Megapixie, Rifleman 82, Rory096, Shoy, Thricecube, 3 anonymous edits

Antimony trichloride  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=457133646  Contributors: Amigo7, Autkm, Beetstra, Brian0918, CRKingston, Calvero JP, Cancun771, Chem-awb,Chemicalinterest, Chiu frederick, Davehi1, Ephemeronium, Idolescent, Jehaga, Keenan Pepper, Materialscientist, MiPe, Nielmo, Oxymoron83, Physchim62, Plasmic Physics, Smokefoot,Thricecube, YellowMonkey, 12 anonymous edits

Antimony triiodide  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=403784014  Contributors: Alchemy Heels I, Beetstra, BradBeattie, Chem-awb, Chemicalinterest, Keenan Pepper, LovaFalk, Materialscientist, Megapixie, PDH, PedroDaGr8, Plasmic Physics, Pol098, Rory096, Rpyle731, Smokefoot, Stone, Thricecube, Tomaxer

Antimony trioxide  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=452862017  Contributors: Afluegel, Albmont, Axiosaurus, Badagnani, Beetstra, Benbest, Benjah-bmm27, Carlacap,Chem-awb, Chemicalinterest, Chris.urs-o, Chrumps, Conscious, Craxyxarc, Darth Panda, DeadEyeArrow, Edgar181, Finalius, I2a anja, J Hill, James52, Japanese Searobin, Jsorr, Keenan Pepper,Kvdv1, Lamro, Leyo, Mandel, Miaow Miaow, Pashihiko, Physchim62, Rifleman 82, Saga City, Shaddack, Shoy, Smalljim, Smokefoot, Snagglepuss, Stone, Tetracube, Thricecube, Trickstar,YOSF0113, 25 anonymous edits

Antimony triselenide  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=456444376  Contributors: Angusmclellan, Beetstra, BradBeattie, Chem-awb, Chemicalinterest, DGG, Ephemeronium,Keenan Pepper, Lamro, Materialscientist, Megapixie, PDH, Rory096, Smokefoot, Thricecube, 2 anonymous edits

Antimony(III) acetate  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=429853293  Contributors: Beetstra, Benjah-bmm27, Chem tom, Chem-awb, Cheminterest, DMacks, Edgar181,Liveste, Plasmic Physics, Thejoester69, Thricecube, YOSF0113, 4 anonymous edits

Fluoroantimonic acid  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=459446222  Contributors: 99bluefoxx, ArturoWu, Ary29, Bbi5291, Beetstra, Benjah-bmm27, Bird man022,Bobby1011, Cevlakohn, Chem-awb, Chiu frederick, Coralmizu, David Latapie, DerHexer, Epbr123, Eugenlou, Explodo-nerd, Fabiolucas, Flopster2, Frank-Wilcox, GregorB, Hqb, Hstarkuzz,Hyenaste, Icedemon, Iridescent, Itub, Jrockley, Ju5t1n 0w 1, Keenan Pepper, Kingpin13, LipeFontoura, M1ss1ontomars2k4, M97uzivatel, Madboys, Marek69, MattTracy, Member, Mikespedia,Mikker, Naveregnide, Nehalem, Neitherday, Nirmos, OlEnglish, Omicronpersei8, Oosh, PGWG, Parent5446, Pavan.maddamsetti, Plasmic Physics, Polonium, Prashanthns, Raphaeljstone,Rifleman 82, SR Pipster, Sbharris, Scottthezombie, Sir Lewk, Smokefoot, Sprited Spheniscidae, Sébastien Bruneau, Talon Artaine, Terrancommander, Tetracube, Torqueing, Tree BitingConspiracy, Ugen64, Wayne Slam, Wikiguylolcat, Wyattwong, YOSF0113, Ynhockey, Zee Zee Chicken, 97 anonymous edits

Gallium antimonide  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=454845472  Contributors: Axiosaurus, Beetstra, Chem-awb, Chrumps, Femto, Jaraalbe, Jim Swenson, Jrockley,Materialscientist, Sbyrnes321, Stemonitis, Thricecube, 8 anonymous edits

Gallium indium arsenide antimonide phosphide  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=445174153  Contributors: Kj cheetham, Materialscientist, WOSlinker, 1 anonymous edits

Article Sources and Contributors 128

Indium antimonide  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=451323154  Contributors: Beetstra, Belovedfreak, Chem-awb, CommonsDelinker, Ctdunstan, Dhc529, DmitTrix, Icairns,Ivan Bilenjkij, Jaraalbe, Jim Swenson, Jrockley, Leyo, Materialscientist, Mikespedia, Physchim62, Plasmic Physics, RJFJR, Rifleman 82, S. Randall, Sbyrnes321, Shaddack, Thricecube, Tim Q.Wells, Tom harrison, 22 anonymous edits

Meglumine antimoniate  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=462150940  Contributors: Anypodetos, Arcadian, Beetstra, Bonadea, Crazydingdong88, Edgar181, Fvasconcellos,Gak, JavierMC, Louisajb, Medicaltrade, Nirmos, 1 ,حسن علي البط anonymous edits

Pentavalent antimonial  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=442320858  Contributors: Alpha1337Saint, Arcadian, Chowbok, DragonflySixtyseven, Eastlaw, Gaius Cornelius,Gak, Rjwilmsi, ThreeofFour, 1 anonymous edits

Sodium stibogluconate  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=456950474  Contributors: Abanima, Anypodetos, Arcadian, Beetstra, Carlo Banez, Chowbok, David Underdown,DragonflySixtyseven, Dreadstar, Edgar181, Fvasconcellos, Gak, Gene Nygaard, Jeff Dahl, Louisajb, Nirmos, Pashihiko, Peryeat, Physchim62, Rich Farmbrough, 3 ,حسن علي البط anonymous edits

Sodium thioantimoniate  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=419367898  Contributors: 0612, Bob Burkhardt, Chem-awb, Eastlaw, Element16, Keenan Pepper, Kjkolb,Pinethicket, Rifleman 82, Smokefoot, Stone, VPliousnine, 6 anonymous edits

Stibine  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=454407839  Contributors: After Midnight, Axiosaurus, Beetstra, Benjah-bmm27, CSWarren, CWenger, Chem-awb, Conscious,Denelson83, Edgar181, Finalius, Frietjes, Gene Nygaard, Groyolo, Jaraalbe, Lightmouse, LilHelpa, MZaplotnik, Neodop, Okyea, Peteritism, Physchim62, Plasmic Physics, Puppy8800, R8R Gtrs,Regardless143, Rifleman 82, RyanJones, Shaddack, Shinkolobwe, Smokefoot, Stone, TangParadise, Tetracube, Walkerma, Xuanji, 6 anonymous edits

Stibophen  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=448218302  Contributors: Anypodetos, Arcadian, Edgar181, 2 ,حسن علي البط anonymous edits

Titanium yellow  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=449602270  Contributors: Bluezy, Bobrayner, Chris the speller, Cquan, Ebe123, FK1954, Keraunos, Shaddack, 3anonymous edits

Trimethylstibine  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=456636519  Contributors: Nirmos, Plasmic Physics, Shoy

Triphenylstibine  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=402703266  Contributors: Beetstra, Chem-awb, Rifleman 82, Smokefoot, Tetracube, حسن علي البط

Yttrium(III) antimonide  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=433120598  Contributors: Beetstra, Canis Lupus, Chem-awb, Christian75, Ebe123, Gap9551, Keenan Pepper,Materialscientist, Megapixie, Pichpich, Shoy, Thricecube, Wimvandorst

Zinc antimonide  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=447218407  Contributors: Bearcat, Beetstra, Canis Lupus, Chem-awb, Keenan Pepper, Kisch, Materialscientist, Megapixie,Rory096, Shoy, Thricecube, Watch37264, 1 anonymous edits

Allargentum  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=455004806  Contributors: Eudialytos, Kenilworth Terrace, Kleopatra, Materialscientist, Schmloof, Vsmith

Antimonate mineral  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=454643669  Contributors: Riffsyphon1024, Vsmith, 1 anonymous edits

Antimonide mineral  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=410853070  Contributors: Avicennasis, Benbest, Vsmith, 1 anonymous edits

Aurostibite  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=410349844  Contributors: 25, Benbest, Chris.urs-o, DIUZOMA, Flowerparty, Garybrennan, Gil Gamesh, Jaraalbe, Kleopatra,Ligulem, Longhair, Nowhither, Shmoppy, Vsmith, 3 anonymous edits

Berthierite  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=434600846  Contributors: Chris.urs-o, Jaraalbe, Kleopatra, Ping, Tillman, Vsmith, 1 anonymous edits

Biehlite  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=398997264  Contributors: Eudialytos, Kleopatra, Materialscientist, Strickja, Vsmith, Xezbeth

Boulangerite  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=457434068  Contributors: Al99999, Birczanin, Chris.urs-o, CommonsDelinker, GeeJo, Jaraalbe, Lego872, Ping, Vsmith, 2anonymous edits

Bournonite  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=457328816  Contributors: Albedo, Archaeodontosaurus, Chris.urs-o, DuncanHill, Felix Folio Secundus, GeeJo, Jaraalbe,Materialscientist, Miaow Miaow, Rhadamante, Sbisolo, Sirbogdan, Slawojarek, Stan Shebs, Strickja, Vsmith, 2 anonymous edits

Breithauptite  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=447305857  Contributors: Alchemist-hp, Archaeodontosaurus, Berichard, Brandon5485, Chris.urs-o, Kleopatra,Lanthanum-138, Vsmith

Chapmanite  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=434609436  Contributors: Aramgutang, Chris.urs-o, Gil Gamesh, Kleopatra, Ligulem, Vsmith, 3 anonymous edits

Cylindrite  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=435282414  Contributors: Chris.urs-o, Danim, Jaraalbe, Kleopatra, Metaknowledge, Ping, Rhanyeia, Vsmith, 1 anonymous edits

Franckeite  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=434226096  Contributors: Axem Titanium, Clerks, Droll, Eagleamn, Emersoni, Ian Pitchford, Jaraalbe, Kleopatra, Lego872,Ra'ike, Tillman, Vsmith, 2 anonymous edits

Freibergite  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=410353548  Contributors: Archaeodontosaurus, Chris.urs-o, Interwikis, Jaraalbe, Kevmin, Kleopatra, Ping, Thue, Vsmith, 2anonymous edits

Freieslebenite  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=409967992  Contributors: Bencherlite, Bob Burkhardt, Chris.urs-o, Clerks, DVD R W, Für eine Enziklopädie ohne Entlínkt,Gene Nygaard, Gil Gamesh, Gogo Dodo, Jaraalbe, Jfurr1981, Kleopatra, Malo, Ra'ike, Redvers, Sleeym uo hllim, SpLoT, Vsmith, 1 anonymous edits

Geocronite  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=409967576  Contributors: Chris.urs-o, Jaraalbe, Kleopatra, Ping, Ra'ike, Vsmith

Kermesite  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=434226696  Contributors: ArielGold, CalicoCatLover, Cephal-odd, Chris.urs-o, GeeJo, Gil Gamesh, Jadepearl, Leopardfur,Ligulem, Masamage, Ospalh, Seanwal111111, That Guy, From That Show!, Tillman, Vsmith, Woohookitty, 4 anonymous edits

Kobellite  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=398996047  Contributors: Andre Engels, Clerks, Conversion script, Holdens2, Jaraalbe, Kleopatra, Ktsquare, Msh210, Vary,Vsmith, 1 anonymous edits

Miargyrite  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=434228161  Contributors: Chris.urs-o, Jaraalbe, Ligulem, Mdebets, Ping, Rhanyeia, Richardcavell, Tillman, Vsmith,Woohookitty, 1 anonymous edits

Nadorite  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=410003202  Contributors: Chris.urs-o, DuncanHill, Materialscientist, Tillman, Ukexpat, Vsmith

Polybasite  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=434224860  Contributors: 99of9, Albedo, Chris.urs-o, GeeJo, Jaraalbe, Kleopatra, Pablomartinez, Ping, Sbisolo, Tillman,Unyoyega, Vsmith, 1 anonymous edits

Pyrargyrite  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=446279239  Contributors: Bromador, Chris.urs-o, Deineka, EnBob08, Garybrennan, GeeJo, Gil Gamesh, Jaraalbe, Jeekc,Ligulem, Reno Chris, Sbisolo, Shell Kinney, Stan Shebs, Stanzilla, Unyoyega, Vsmith, Woohookitty, 2 anonymous edits

Samsonite  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=461399489  Contributors: Bermicourt, Chris.urs-o, Danim, Everyking, Garybrennan, Kleopatra, Lilac Soul, Ra'ike, Rhanyeia,Vsmith, 8 anonymous edits

Stephanite  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=460373278  Contributors: Archaeodontosaurus, Bromador, Calliopejen1, Chris.urs-o, Clerks, Dalf, Danim, GeeJo, Jaraalbe,Kosigrim, Leondumontfollower, Philip Baird Shearer, Ra'ike, Rhanyeia, Sbisolo, Suslindisambiguator, Tagishsimon, Tavilis, Vsmith, 2 anonymous edits

Stibiconite  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=440035369  Contributors: Atlantia, Chris.urs-o, Kleopatra, Materialscientist, Smokefoot, Vsmith

Stibiopalladinite  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=433270863  Contributors: Kleopatra, Orci, Origamikid, Stone, Vsmith

Article Sources and Contributors 129

Stibnite  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=455513537  Contributors: Arch dude, Art LaPella, Aviemet, Benbest, Bladeofgrass, CRKingston, Calvero JP, Chemicalinterest,Chmee2, Chris 73, Chris.urs-o, Dlloyd, Dogcow, Edgar181, EvilStorm, Filll, Fiveless, Flowerparty, Gil Gamesh, Gnusbiz, IanOsgood, Infrogmation, Jaraalbe, JohnCD, Kevmin, Kleopatra,Leondumontfollower, Ligulem, Ludvig14, Mac Davis, Materialscientist, Mervyn, Michael Hardy, Mike Shepherd, Neodop, PBS-AWB, Qfl247, Rhanyeia, Rydia, Securiger, Shaddack, SkyLined,Smokefoot, Tetracube, Vsmith, 28 anonymous edits

Tetrahedrite  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=431414623  Contributors: Archaeodontosaurus, Atlantia, Basilicofresco, Chris.urs-o, Colonies Chris, Danim, EffeX2,Erzengel13, Fr33Lanc3r, Garybrennan, GeeJo, Jaraalbe, Kevmin, Reno Chris, Rhadamante, Rhanyeia, SoCalSuperEagle, Stepp-Wulf, Vsmith, 9 anonymous edits

Ullmannite  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=463758373  Contributors: Brian0918, Chris.urs-o, Clerks, Dlloyd, Eastmain, Garybrennan, Greyweather, Gsturdevant, Jaraalbe,LilHelpa, Michał Sobkowski, Physchim62, Ra'ike, Rhanyeia, S142968, Vsmith, 4 anonymous edits

Valentinite  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=447172839  Contributors: Adam Bishop, Atlantia, Canman53, Carrionluggage, Charles Matthews, Chris.urs-o, Clerks, GeeJo,Gene Nygaard, LilHelpa, Nogwa, Palica, Rhanyeia, Sam Hocevar, Smokefoot, Thricecube, Tigga en, Unyoyega, Vsmith, 4 anonymous edits

Zinkenite  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=409967316  Contributors: Chris.urs-o, Jaraalbe, Kleopatra, Maximus Rex, Ra'ike, Rhanyeia, Rjwilmsi, Saga City, Versus22,Vsmith, Zzyzx11, 2 anonymous edits

Antimonial  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=450344609  Contributors: Brian0918, Bryan Derksen, Eastlaw, Gaius Cornelius, Tonywalton

Antimonial cup  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=456233614  Contributors: (aeropagitica), Art LaPella, Brian0918, Circeus, Doug Coldwell, DragonflySixtyseven, EdChem,Em Mitchell, Gaius Cornelius, Hmains, Johnbod, NawlinWiki, Philip Trueman, Scientific29, Yoninah, Zazgodagomb95, 13 anonymous edits

Glass of antimony  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=363003018  Contributors: 1ForTheMoney, Afluegel, Aunt Entropy, Betacommand, Brian0918, Edgar181, R'n'B, 1anonymous edits

Organoantimony chemistry  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=427121389  Contributors: Headbomb, Itub, Kupirijo, Lfh, Petergans, Shoy, V8rik, حسن علي البط

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 130

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributorsfile:Antimony-4.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Antimony-4.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 1.0 Generic  Contributors: unknownFile:Loudspeaker.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Loudspeaker.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bayo, Gmaxwell, Husky, Iamunknown, Mirithing,Myself488, Nethac DIU, Omegatron, Rocket000, The Evil IP address, Wouterhagens, 16 anonymous editsFile:antimony-symbol.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Antimony-symbol.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: ReuvenkFile:Antimon.PNG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Antimon.PNG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Ondřej ManglFile:Antimony massive.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Antimony_massive.jpg  License: Public domain  Contributors: Aram Dulyan (User:Aramgutang)File:SbAs lattice.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SbAs_lattice.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: MaterialscientistFile:Antimony (mined)2.PNG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Antimony_(mined)2.PNG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: BloodIce, MddFile:Antimony - world production trend.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Antimony_-_world_production_trend.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: LeyoFile:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370 Recode by cs:User:-xfi- (code), User:Shizhao (colors)File:Flag of South Africa.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: Adriaan, Anime Addict AA, AnonMoos,BRUTE, Daemonic Kangaroo, Dnik, Duduziq, Dzordzm, Fry1989, Homo lupus, Jappalang, Juliancolton, Kam Solusar, Klemen Kocjancic, Klymene, Lexxyy, Mahahahaneapneap, Manuelt15,Moviedefender, NeverDoING, Ninane, Poznaniak, Przemub, SKopp, ThePCKid, ThomasPusch, Tvdm, Ultratomio, Vzb83, Zscout370, 34 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Bolivia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Bolivia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:SKoppFile:Flag of Russia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Russia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of Tajikistan.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Alex Spade, Anime Addict AA, Apatomerus,EugeneZelenko, Fry1989, Homo lupus, Johnny Rotten, Klemen Kocjancic, Mattes, Nameneko, Neq00, Nightstallion, OAlexander, Rinkio, Zscout370, Умед Джайхони, 3 anonymous editsImage:Antimony-pentafluoride-monomer-3D-balls.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Antimony-pentafluoride-monomer-3D-balls.png  License: Public Domain Contributors: Benjah-bmm27Image:Antimony oxychloride solid.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Antimony_oxychloride_solid.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: ChemicalinterestFile:Yes check.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Yes_check.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieImage:X mark.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:X_mark.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:GmaxwellImage:PD-icon.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:PD-icon.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Alex.muller, Anomie, Anonymous Dissident, CBM, MBisanz,Quadell, Rocket000, Strangerer, Timotheus Canens, 1 anonymous editsImage:Aluminium-antimonide-unit-cell.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aluminium-antimonide-unit-cell.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Originaluploader was JaredAllred at en.wikipediaImage:Antymonit5 Rumunia,S Spirifer.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Antymonit5_Rumunia,S_Spirifer.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike3.0 Unported  Contributors: KlukaFile:Antimony-pentafluoride-2D.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Antimony-pentafluoride-2D.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Benjah-bmm27File:Antimony-pentafluoride-monomer-3D-balls.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Antimony-pentafluoride-monomer-3D-balls.png  License: Public Domain Contributors: Benjah-bmm27File:Antimony-trifluoride-2D.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Antimony-trifluoride-2D.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Benjah-bmm27File:Antimony-trifluoride-molecule-in-xtal-3D-vdW.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Antimony-trifluoride-molecule-in-xtal-3D-vdW.png  License: Public Domain Contributors: Ben MillsImage:Antimony-trifluoride-unit-cell-1970-CM-3D-ellipsoids.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Antimony-trifluoride-unit-cell-1970-CM-3D-ellipsoids.png  License:Public Domain  Contributors: Ben MillsFile:Antimony-pentachloride-3D-balls.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Antimony-pentachloride-3D-balls.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Benjah-bmm27File:SbCl5-dimensions-by-ED-from-CRC-91-2D.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SbCl5-dimensions-by-ED-from-CRC-91-2D.png  License: Public Domain Contributors: Ben MillsImage:Hazard_F.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hazard_F.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: PhroodImage:Antimony-pentoxide-xtal-1979-3D-balls.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Antimony-pentoxide-xtal-1979-3D-balls.png  License: Public Domain Contributors: Ben MillsFile:Antimony-pentoxide-xtal-1979-Sb-coord-3D-balls-O.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Antimony-pentoxide-xtal-1979-Sb-coord-3D-balls-O.png  License:Public Domain  Contributors: Ben MillsFile:Antimony-pentoxide-xtal-1979-O1-coord-B-3D-balls.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Antimony-pentoxide-xtal-1979-O1-coord-B-3D-balls.png  License:Public Domain  Contributors: Ben MillsFile:Antimony-pentoxide-xtal-1979-O2&3-coord-B-3D-balls.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Antimony-pentoxide-xtal-1979-O2&3-coord-B-3D-balls.png License: Public Domain  Contributors: Ben MillsImage:Sb2O4 structure.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sb2O4_structure.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: MaterialscientistImage:BSbBr3structure.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BSbBr3structure.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: MaterialscientistImage:SbCl3.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SbCl3.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SmokefootImage:Antimony-trichloride-3D-balls.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Antimony-trichloride-3D-balls.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Benjah-bmm27File:Antimony trichloride solution.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Antimony_trichloride_solution.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: ChemicalinterestImage:SbIstructure.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SbIstructure.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: MaterialscientistImage:Antimoon kwalitatieve analyse.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Antimoon_kwalitatieve_analyse.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0  Contributors: Dr.TImage:Antimony trioxide.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Antimony_trioxide.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Benjah-bmm27, WalkermaFile:Sb4O6-molecule-from-senarmontite-xtal-2004-3D-balls-B.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sb4O6-molecule-from-senarmontite-xtal-2004-3D-balls-B.png License: Public Domain  Contributors: Ben MillsFile:Antimony(III)-oxide-senarmontite-xtal-2004-3D-balls.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Antimony(III)-oxide-senarmontite-xtal-2004-3D-balls.png  License:Public Domain  Contributors: Ben MillsFile:Antimony(III)-oxide-valentinite-xtal-2004-3D-balls.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Antimony(III)-oxide-valentinite-xtal-2004-3D-balls.png  License: PublicDomain  Contributors: Ben MillsImage:Sb2Se3 structure.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sb2Se3_structure.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:MaterialscientistImage:Antimony acetate.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Antimony_acetate.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Edgar181File:Antimony(III)-acetate-xtal-1980-CM-3D-balls.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Antimony(III)-acetate-xtal-1980-CM-3D-balls.png  License: Public Domain Contributors: Ben MillsFile:Fluoroantimonic acid.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Fluoroantimonic_acid.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: YOSF0113File:Fluoroantimonic-acid-3D-vdW.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Fluoroantimonic-acid-3D-vdW.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Benjah-bmm27,Ephemeronium

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 131

Image:Reaction of HF with SbF5.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Reaction_of_HF_with_SbF5.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Rifleman 82Image:Sphalerite-unit-cell-3D-balls.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sphalerite-unit-cell-3D-balls.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Benjah-bmm27,Cdang, Ephemeronium, Matthias M., PopnoseImage:Indium antimonide.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Indium_antimonide.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors:Alchemist-hp. Original uploader was Alchemist-hp at de.wikipediaImage:GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Torsten HenningImage:GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Torsten HenningImage:Hazard_X.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hazard_X.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: BLueFiSH.as, Herbythyme, Leyo, MarianSigler, MatthiasM., Phrood, Sarang, Sertion, W!B:, 6 anonymous editsImage:Hazard_N.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hazard_N.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: BLueFiSH.as, Cwbm (commons), Guérin Nicolas,MarianSigler, Matthias M., Phrood, W!B:, 9 anonymous editsfile:Meglumine antimoniate major component 3D.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Meglumine_antimoniate_major_component_3D.png  License: Public Domain Contributors: Fvasconcellos 16:34, 19 July 2007 (UTC)file:Sodium Stibogluconate.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sodium_Stibogluconate.png  License: Public domain  Contributors: Jeff Dahl at en.wikipediaFile:Stibine.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stibine.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Benjah-bmm27, ShaddackFile:Stibine-3D-vdW.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stibine-3D-vdW.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Benjah-bmm27file:Stibophen.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stibophen.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Edgar181File:Pigment Yellow 53.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pigment_Yellow_53.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: FK1954Image:Trimethylstibine annotated.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Trimethylstibine_annotated.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: ShoyImage:Triphenylphosphine-3D-sticks.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Triphenylphosphine-3D-sticks.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Ben MillsImage:NaCl polyhedra.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:NaCl_polyhedra.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Solid StateImage:ZnSbstructure.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ZnSbstructure.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Materialscientist aten.wikipediaFile:Allargentum-d32a.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Allargentum-d32a.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Ra'ikeFile:Berthierite.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Berthierite.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Tillman at en.wikipediaFile:Bournonite 2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bournonite_2.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: Didier DescouensFile:Breithauptite-229669.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Breithauptite-229669.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: -File:Breithauptite-Nickeline-47289.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Breithauptite-Nickeline-47289.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: -File:Chapmanite.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chapmanite.jpg  License: Public domain  Contributors: Aram Dulyan (User:Aramgutang)File:Cylindrite-37943.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cylindrite-37943.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: -File:Franckeite-119411.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Franckeite-119411.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: -File:Freibergite.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Freibergite.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0  Contributors: Didier DescouensFile:Freieslebenit - Mineralogisches Museum Bonn (7267).jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Freieslebenit_-_Mineralogisches_Museum_Bonn_(7267).jpg  License:Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: Raymond - Raimond SpekkingFile:Geokronit - Sala, Schweden.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Geokronit_-_Sala,_Schweden.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike)File:Mineraly.sk - kermezit.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mineraly.sk_-_kermezit.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Helix84, Ra'ike, SaperaudFile:Kermesite-223878.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kermesite-223878.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: -File:Miargyrite inquartz Silver antimony sulfide flint district, idaho 2806.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Miargyrite_inquartz_Silver_antimony_sulfide_flint_district,_idaho_2806.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Dave Dyethttp://www.shutterstone.com http://www.dyet.comFile:Miargyrite-rare08-07a.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Miargyrite-rare08-07a.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Ra'ikeFile:Nadorite.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nadorite.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Andrew Silver, USGSFile:Polybasite - Arizpe, Sonora, Mexico.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Polybasite_-_Arizpe,_Sonora,_Mexico.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Rock CurrierFile:Polybasite-tmu16a.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Polybasite-tmu16a.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Ra'ikeFile:Mineraly.sk - pyrargyrit.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mineraly.sk_-_pyrargyrit.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Helix84, SaperaudImage:pyragyrite09.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pyragyrite09.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Reno Chris at en.wikipediaFile:Samsonite-MA1232092002.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Samsonite-MA1232092002.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Ra'ikeFile:Stephanite on Calcite - Chanarcillo, Copiapo Province, Atacama Region, Chile.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stephanite_on_Calcite_-_Chanarcillo,_Copiapo_Province,_Atacama_Region,_Chile.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors:Maurizio DiniFile:Stibiconite.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stibiconite.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Andrew Silver, USGSFile:Stibnite.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stibnite.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:pepperedjaneFile:Stibnite-150558.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stibnite-150558.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: -File:Stibnite-Calcite-203075.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stibnite-Calcite-203075.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: -File:Tetrahedrite, Hübnerite, Quartz - 176605.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tetrahedrite,_Hübnerite,_Quartz_-_176605.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution 3.0  Contributors: Carles MillanFile:Tetrahedrite-Chalcopyrite-Sphalerite-251531.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tetrahedrite-Chalcopyrite-Sphalerite-251531.jpg  License: unknown Contributors: -File:Ullmannit - Monte Narba, Sardinien.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ullmannit_-_Monte_Narba,_Sardinien.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Ra'ikeFile:Ullmannite-rare08-61a.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ullmannite-rare08-61a.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: -File:Valentinite-205948.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Valentinite-205948.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: -File:Pyrite-Valentinite-rare-09-34b.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pyrite-Valentinite-rare-09-34b.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: -File:Zinkenite 2 w- sphalerite Lead antimony sulfide Fargo mine Stevens County Washington 1971.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Zinkenite_2_w-_sphalerite_Lead_antimony_sulfide_Fargo_mine_Stevens_County_Washington_1971.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Dave Dyet http://www.shutterstone.com http://www.dyet.comFile:Antimonyall Cupps.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Antimonyall_Cupps.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: BMJ Publishing Group

License 132

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