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Università degli Studi di Messina Antigen processing and presentation Guido Ferlazzo SIICA School of Immunology

Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

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Page 1: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Università degli Studi di Messina

Antigen processing and presentation

Guido Ferlazzo

SIICA

School of

Immunology

Page 2: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

PAMP: Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern

PRR: Pattern Recognition Receptors

PRR-PAMP interactions

Activation of Innate Immunity

Cosa induce l’attivazione dell’immunità acquisita

(cellule T e cellule B)?

Gli antigeni

Page 3: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Un antigene e’ una sostanza che, introdotta in un

organismo, e’ capace di reagire specificamente con

anticorpi e/o recettori di membrana dei linfociti T o B

Un antigene e’ immunogenico se induce una

reazione immunologica.

Page 4: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Un antigene e’ una sostanza che, introdotta in un organismo, e’ capace

di reagire specificamente con anticorpi e/o recettori di membrana linfocitari

Un antigene e’ immunogenico se induce una reazione immunologica

Peso molecolare, solubilita’, capacita’ di essere fagocitato

Dose e via di ingresso/somministrazione

Estraneita’ (non-self)

Proteine

Polisaccaridi

Lipidi

Acidi nucleici

Natura chimica

degli antigeni

I linfociti non riconoscono ne’ interagiscono con l’intera molecola immunogenica, ma

riconoscono dei siti limitati chiamati epitopi o determinanti antigenici, che si legano

a recettori linfocitari di membrana oppure ad anticorpi secreti.

Page 5: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

B cell receptor T cell receptor

Recettori linfocitari per l’antigene

Page 6: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Confronto fra il riconoscimento dell’antigene effettuato

dal linfocita B e dal linfocita T

Caratteristiche Linfocita B Linfocita T

Interazione con Processo binario Processo ternario

l’antigene tra Ig ed Ag tra TCR, Ag, MHC

Legame di antigeni Si No

solubili

Coinvolgimento di Non necessario Necessita presentazione

molecole MHC dell’antigene

Natura chimica Proteine, lipidi, Principalmente proteine,

degli antigeni polisaccaridi a volte lipidi presentati da

molecole MHC-simili

Proprieta’ Accessibile Peptidi interni lineari

dell’ epitopo aa sequenziali e prodotti dalla processazione

non sequenziali dell’antigene

Page 7: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

I linfociti B riconoscono determinanti conformazionali ed esterni dell’antigene

Epitopi B: formati da aa localizzati

in punti diversi della catena amino

acidica ed avvicinati dal ripiegamento

della molecola

Epitopi T: aa in seguenza

Page 8: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Confronto fra il riconoscimento dell’antigene effettuato

dal linfocita B e dal linfocita T

Caratteristiche Linfocita B Linfocita T

Interazione con Processo binario Processo ternario

l’antigene tra Ig ed Ag tra TCR, Ag, MHC

Legame di antigeni Si No

solubili

Coinvolgimento di Non necessario Necessita presentazione

molecole MHC dell’antigene

Natura chimica Proteine, lipidi, Principalmente proteine,

degli antigeni polisaccaridi a volte lipidi presentati da

molecole MHC-simili

Proprieta’ Accessibile Peptidi interni lineari

dell’ epitopo aa sequenziali e prodotti dalla processazione

non sequenziali dell’antigene

Page 9: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Confronto fra il riconoscimento dell’antigene effettuato

dal linfocita B e dal linfocita T

Caratteristiche Linfocita B Linfocita T

Interazione con Processo binario Processo ternario

l’antigene tra Ig ed Ag tra TCR, Ag, MHC

Legame di antigeni Si No

solubili

Coinvolgimento di Non necessario Necessita presentazione

molecole MHC dell’antigene

Natura chimica Proteine, lipidi, Principalmente proteine

degli antigeni polisaccaridi a volte lipidi presentati da

molecole MHC-simili

Proprieta’ Accessibile Peptidi interni lineari

dell’ epitopo aa sequenziali e prodotti dalla processazione

non sequenziali dell’antigene

Page 10: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left
Page 11: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Subsets di linfociti T

Citotossici (CD8)

Helper (CD4)

HLA class I-ristretti

HLA class II-ristretti

Page 12: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

HLA di classe I e’ espresso su tutte le cellule

HLA di classe II e’ espresso costitutivamente sulle

cellule presentanti l’antigene “professionali”

(APC = Antigen Presenting Cells)

Dopo attivazione alcune cellule possono esprimere bassi livelli

di HLA II (fibroblasti, glia, linfociti T ed NK, endotelio)

Espressione delle molecole di MHC

Page 13: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Cellule presentanti l’antigene (APC) (professionali)

Dendritic cell Macrophage B cell

Page 14: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left
Page 15: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Confronto fra il riconoscimento dell’antigene effettuato

dal linfocita B e dal linfocita T

Caratteristiche Linfocita B Linfocita T

Interazione con Processo binario Processo ternario

l’antigene tra Ig ed Ag tra TCR, Ag, MHC

Legame di antigeni Si No

solubili

Coinvolgimento di Non necessario Necessita presentazione

molecole MHC dell’antigene

Natura chimica Proteine, lipidi, Principalmente proteine

degli antigeni polisaccaridi a volte lipidi presentati da

molecole MHC-simili

Proprieta’ Accessibile Peptidi interni lineari

dell’ epitopo aa sequenziali e prodotti dalla processazione

non sequenziali dell’antigene

Page 16: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Processazione dell’antigene

Page 17: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Le proteine devono essere ubiquitinate per essere digerite dal proteasoma

Page 18: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Processazione dell’antigene

Page 19: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

La via di processazione per le proteine endogene: il proteasoma

Page 20: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Il complesso MHC/peptide si forma nel Reticolo Endoplasmatico Rugoso

La via di processazione per le proteine endogene

Page 21: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Processazione dell’antigene

Page 22: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

La via di processazione per le proteine esogene

Page 23: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

La via di processazione per gli antigeni esogeni

Page 24: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Processazione dell’antigene

Page 25: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Le due vie di processazione dell’antigene

Antigeni endogeni

Antigeni esogeni

Page 26: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Confronto fra il riconoscimento dell’antigene effettuato

dal linfocita B e dal linfocita T

Caratteristiche Linfocita B Linfocita T

Interazione con Processo binario Processo ternario

l’antigene tra Ig ed Ag tra TCR, Ag, MHC

Legame di antigeni Si No

solubili

Coinvolgimento di Non necessario Necessita presentazione

molecole MHC dell’antigene

Natura chimica Proteine, lipidi, Principalmente proteine

degli antigeni polisaccaridi a volte lipidi presentati da

molecole MHC-simili

Proprieta’ Accessibile Peptidi interni lineari

dell’ epitopo aa sequenziali e prodotti dalla processazione

non sequenziali dell’antigene

Page 27: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Processazione dell’antigene e presentazione

mediante molecole MHC-simili

NKT cells

Page 28: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Cellule presentanti l’antigene (APC) (professionali)

Dendritic cell Macrophage B cell

Page 29: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

To

Ralph M. Steinman

"for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity".

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011

Page 30: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left
Page 31: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

IFN alpha

TNF

IL-1

DC PRECURSOR

IMMATURE DC

MATURE DC

GM-CSF

IL-3

IL-4

Viruses

pathogens, e.g. LPS, bacterial DNA

cytokines, e.g. TNF, GM-CSF

T cells, e.g.CD40L

viral dsRNA

Cellule NK

ANTIGEN PRESENTATION

ANTIGEN CAPTURE

High intracellular MHC II

Endocytosis

Phagocytosis

High CCR1, CCR5, CCR6

Low CCR7

Low CD54, 58, 80, 86

Low CD40

Low CD83, No DC-LAMP

High surface MHC II

Low endocytosis

Low phagocytosis

Low CCR1, CCR5, CCR6

High CCR7

High CD54, 58, 80, 86

High CD40

High CD83, high DC-LAMP, high p55

CYTOKINE RELEASE

Page 32: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Élie Metchnikoff (1845–1916)

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908

For his discovery of Phagocytosis (Messina 1882)

Page 33: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left
Page 34: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Gli antigeni devono raggiungere gli organi linfoidi secondari

per attivare l’immunita’ acquisita

Page 35: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Struttura di un linfonodo

Page 36: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Immunofluorescenza

per cellule dendritiche

(Anti-DEC205)

Immunofluorescenza

per macrofagi

(Anti-DC-SIGN)

Page 37: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Chemokine Receptors on Dendritic Cells

Page 38: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

DCs travel to lymph nodes

via afferent lymphatic vessels

Peripheral Tissues

Lymphatic circulation

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Adapted from Janeway and Travers

Veiled cells

Page 39: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Analyzing DCs in human afferent lymph: a complex task

Page 40: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

The surgical removal of axillary nodes corresponds to a physical interruption of

lymphatic vessels draining lymph from interstitial spaces: as a result, afferent lymph

accumulates.

Axillary nodes dissection induce an accumulation of serous fluids

named “seroma”

Montalto et al, IMLET 2010

Page 41: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

BloodSeroma

Seroma can be considered as an accumulation of afferent lymph

Montalto et al. IMLET, 2010

Barbara Morandi

Characterization of afferent lymph

dendritic cells in humans

Blood

Seroma

CCR7

CD

3

Page 42: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

FSC-A

SSC

-A

0 200 400 600 800 1000

0

200

400

600

800

1000

HLA-DR bright

HLA-DRdim

T

HLA-DR

bright

HLA-DRdim T

HLA-DRdim

10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4

10 0

10 1

10 2

103

10 4

HL

A-D

R

CD14

0 200 400 600 800 1000

FSC-A

0

200

400

600

800

1000

SS

C-A

10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4

10 0

10 1

10 2

10 3

10 4

LineageHL

A-D

R

HLA-DRbright

HLA-DRdim

10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4

0

20

40

60

80

100

% o

f M

ax

Langherin10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4

10 0

10 1

10 2

10 3

10 4

HL

A-D

R

CD1a

CD1a

LC

Identification of DCs in human afferent lymph from seroma

fluids.

(CD3, CD19,

Nkp46 and

BDCA-2)

Morandi et al. J.Immunol. 2013

Page 43: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Phenotype of afferent lymph DC subsets

Costimulatory receptors and DC markers

HLA-DRbrightCD14neg DCs displayed a mature phenotype, as they expressed significant

higher levels of costimulatory molecules and DC hallmarks such as DEC205

HLA-DRdim HLA-DRbright

CD80

CD83

CD86

CD40

DEC205

DC SIGN

Page 44: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Phenotype of afferent lymph DC subsets

Inhibitory receptors and inflammatory chemokine receptors

HLA-DRdim HLA-DRbright

PDL1

PDL2

CCR1

CCR5

CCR7

Morandi et al. J.Immunol. 2013

Page 45: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

20 4

751HL

A-D

R

CD14

88 2

91HL

A-D

R

CD14

Clinical

status

Surgery Post-surgical

tissue

inflammation

Healed tissue

Time from

SurgeryDay 0 Day 7 Day 49

Drained

DCs

Not

available

HLA-DRbrightCD1a+ DCs continuously migrate

from peripheral tissues to secondary lymphoid organs in steady state

Page 46: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left
Page 47: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Lavoro seroma

P.Parham

The Immune System

EdiSES, 4°ed., 2015

Page 48: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left
Page 49: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Immunoproteasome subunits are similarly expressed

in both DC subsets of human afferent lymph

Morandi et al. J.Immunol. 2013

Page 50: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Morandi et al. J.Immunol. 2013

Afferent lymph DCs spontaneously release TGFb and induce T regs

Page 51: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Processazione dell’antigene

Page 52: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Apoptotic (or necrotic)

cells in peripheral tissues

DC migration to

draining lymph node

Mature DC stimulate

Virus/tumor-specific CTLs

Il fenomeno del “Cross-priming”:

un eccezione delle cellule dendritiche alle vie classiche di presentazione

Page 53: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Cross-dressing vs Cross-presentation

Campana et al IMLET, 2015

Page 54: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Cross-dressing occurs via different mechanisms

of MHC transfer

Page 55: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Plasmacytoid DCs can present exogenous antigens via cross-dressing

Bonaccorsi et al. J.Immunol. 2014

Page 56: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Bonaccorsi et al. J.Immunol. 2014

Page 57: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Processazione dell’antigene

Page 58: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

As the autophagosome forms, it engulfs cellular contents, such as damaged proteins

and organelles. Finally, it fuses with the lysosome, where the contents are degraded

into smaller constituents. This process provides the cell with nutrients and building

blocks for renewal.

Autophagy

Page 59: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

To

Yoshinori Ohsumi

"for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy"

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016

Page 60: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

In yeast (left panel) a large compartment called the vacuole corresponds to the

lysosome in mammalian cells. Ohsumi generated yeast lacking vacuolar degradation

enzymes. When these yeast cells were starved, autophagosomes rapidly accumulated

in the vacuole (middle panel). His experiments identified 15 genes that are essential for

autophagy.

Ohsumi studies

Page 61: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Autophagosome formation

Page 62: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Regulation of intra- and extracellular antigen processing

for MHC class II presentation by macroautophagy

Munz C., Front. Immunol. 2012

Page 63: Antigen processing and presentation...Yoshinori Ohsumi "for his discovery of mechanisms for autophagy" The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 Nobel-Prize-Medal In yeast (left

Summary

Antigen processing and presentation are essential for the

development of adaptive immune response via activation of T cells.

The system is tightly regulated for an efficient activation of both

Helper and Cytotoxic T cell compartments.

Antigen presentation by DCs continuosly migrating in steady state

from periphery is also critical for the maintenance of peripheral

tolerance

Many dogmatic assumptions are however challenged by a series of

exceptions in antigen processing and presentation:

cross-priming: presentation of exogenous antigens on MHC class I

cross-dressing: acquisition of foreign antigens w/o processing

outcomes of autophagy: presentation of endogenous antigens on

MHC class II