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Anticipatory Set 9-15-11. Anticipatory Set 9-21-11 L2&3. Cellular Transport. Selective Permeability. Selective permeability- the cell membrane’s ability to allow some substances to enter/ exit but not all. Two processes that allow substances to enter/exit: - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Anticipatory Set 9-15-11
Anticipatory Set 9-21-11 L2&3
Cellular Transport
Selective Permeability⌂ Selective permeability- the cell
membrane’s ability to allow some substances to enter/ exit but not all.
⌂ Two processes that allow substances to enter/exit:• Passive transport – energy from
kinetic energy and concentration gradient.
• Active transport-ATP
Diffusion⌂ Process depends on concentration gradient.
• Particles will never stop moving, but when equilibrium is reached there will be no net change in their concentration.
• Movement of particles is from [high] to [low] concentration.
• Dependent on four factors: diameter, temperature, electrical charge (when applicable), and the concentration gradient.
• Majority of materials enter cell through diffusion…energy conservation for other processes.
Cell Membrane & Diffusion⌂ diffusion animation
Osmosis⌂ Diffusion of water.
⌂ Water always travels from hypotonic to hypertonic
⌂ Solute always travels in opposite direction of water.
⌂ Osmosis Animation
Isotonic Solutions⌂ Isotonic solutions-
the same amount of solute exists inside and outside the cell.
⌂ Water moves in and out at the same rate.
Hypertonic Solutions⌂ Hypertonic
solutions- have more solutes in solution than inside the cell.
⌂ Water moves out of the cell to achieve equilibrium.
Hypotonic Solutions⌂ Hypotonic solutions-
have less solutes in them than inside the cell.
⌂ Water will enter the cell to try and achieve equilibrium.
⌂ Cells may lyse if too much water enters.
⌂ Plants combat this risk with their cell wall, and turgor pressure results.
Data Set 9
Level 1 and 1
Level 1 & 2
Level 1, 1, 2
Osmoregulation-water control
⌂ Turgid- enough water, plant cell rigid
⌂ Flaccid- lacking water, plant cell limp
⌂ Plasmolysis- cell membrane is ripped from cell wall
.
Animalcell
Lysed
H2O H2O H2O
Normal
Hypotonic solution Isotonic solution Hypertonic solution
H2O
Shriveled
H2OH2OH2OH2OPlantcell
Turgid (normal) Flaccid Plasmolyzed
Water Potential- water’s ability to do work when going through the C.M.
⌂ Pressure Potential• Positive pressure is
the cell being pushed
• Negative Pressure- the cell being pulled (eg transpiration)
⌂ Solute Potential- based on solute concentration
Positive Pressure Potential
Positive Pressure Potential
Negative Pressure Potential
Negative Pressure Potential
Solute Potential
ΨS = -iCRT
-i (ionization constant) C (molar concentration) R (pressure constant) T (temperature in Kelvin)
Turgor pressure is ~100psi, much more than a tire. The pressure is so great that plant cells would detach from one another if not for adhesive molecules known as pectins.
Facilitated Diffusion with Channel Proteins
⌂ Facilitated diffusion- within the cell membrane are channel proteins that allow materials to pass into the cell.
⌂ Aquaporins- channel proteins that allow water to pass through, in addition to simple diffusion.• In kidneys and plants
where water is essential• Channel Protein Animation
FD with Ion Channel Proteins⌂ Channel protein let in ions.⌂ When the protein shape changes, the gate
will open.⌂ Ions pass through based on size and
charge.⌂ Can be ligand gated or voltage gated.⌂ Voltage gated channels depend on two
things:• Concentration gradient of K
Concentration of K (usually higher inside cell)• Membrane potential due to charge imbalance.
Anticipatory Set 9-22-11Level 3
Facilitated Diffusion with Carrier Proteins
⌂ Carrier proteins transport polar substances like amino acids and sugars.
⌂ When the carrier proteins become saturated the rate of diffusion is maxed out.
⌂ Animation: How Facilitated Diffusion Works
Figure 5.12 A Carrier Protein Facilitates Diffusion (Part 1)
Filtration⌂ Filtration- pressure
driven system that pushes water and nutrients across cell membranes.
⌂ This is how urine is produced
⌂ Does not require energy.
Active Transport
Active Transport is Directional⌂ Active transport always works against
the concentration gradient. Going from a lower to higher concentration.
⌂ Requires energy.⌂ Two types: primary and secondary
active transport.
Membrane Proteins associated with Active Transport
⌂ Cell Pumps:⌂ Uniports move a single substance in one direction.⌂ Symports – move two substances in the same
direction.⌂ Antiports - move two substances in opposite
directions. One into the cell, and one out of the cell.• e.g. NaK pump
• Coupled transporters are those that move two substances. Which of these are coupled?
Figure 5.13 Three Types of Proteins for Active Transport
Primary Active Transport
⌂ ATP is hydrolyzed and drives the movement of ions against the concentration gradient.
⌂ Sodium potassium pump is an example of 1AT. Because the ions move against the concentration gradient. (Na leaves cell, although more Na outside cell, same with K more in cell, but K still enters)
⌂ NaK Pump located in all animal cells; antiport; coupled transporter
⌂ NaK Pump Simple Animation⌂ Na K Pump Animation
Figure 5.14 Primary Active Transport: The Sodium–Potassium Pump
Membrane Potential⌂ Membrane Potential aka Voltage
Gradient allows the cell to do work.
⌂ DNA is negative inside cell(-), NaK pumps extra Na out of the cell (+).
⌂ Difference in charge allows molecules to be transported using ATP.
⌂ E.g. glucose enters through because of membrane potential
⌂ Secondary AT Animation
H Pumps ⌂ Most important pump for
cell respiration and photosynthesis.
⌂ H+ pumped out of cell, and ions can now diffuse in
⌂ Pumping H requires little energy, and they help sugars enter the cell by AT
What if the macromolecules are too large, charged, or polar to enter through the membrane?
⌂ Is this a good problem or not?⌂ Which organelle is responsible for
substance transport?
Endocytosis⌂ Processes that bring
substances into the cell such as macromolecules and smaller cells.
⌂ Three types of endocytosis:• Phagocytosis• Pinocytosis• Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Figure 5.16 Endocytosis and Exocytosis (A)
Phagocytosis
• Cell eating• Part of cell membrane engulfs particles/cells• Phagosome fuses with a lysosome and digestion occurs
Endocytosis⌂ Phagocytosis- process fairly nonspecific⌂ Only a few cells can do this ex. WBC
• Must be able to change shape and form pseudopodia.
• WBC will attach to bacteria engulf bacteria with pseudopodia lysosomes with enzymes digest it residual waste is exocytosed.
• Pinocytosis- same process just with liquids. Also fairly nonspecific.
• WBC and Phagocytosis Animation
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis⌂ Specific process that utilizes integral
membrane proteins to bind to specific molecules in the cell’s environment.
⌂ Receptor proteins are substance specific, aka coated pits. Coated with protein , formed by CM depressions.
⌂ When a ligand binds to the receptor protein, it invaginates and forms a vesicle.
⌂ E.g. cholesterol uptake in mammals rd. 113-114
Figure 5.17 Formation of a Coated Vesicle (Part 1)
Figure 5.17 Formation of a Coated Vesicle (Part 2)
Receptors will form a new vesicle and be recycled back to plasma membrane.
Exocytosis⌂ Anything that comes in must
go out. ⌂ Materials are packaged into
vesicles, which fuse with the cell membrane via a membrane protein.
⌂ The two membranes fuse, contents expelled, and the CM incorporates vesicle membrane.
Endocytosis and Exocytosis Animation
Hyper,Hypo,Iso
Other Cell Membrane Functions
⌂ Some organelle membranes help transform energy.
⌂ Some membrane proteins organize chemical reactions.
⌂ Some membrane proteins process information.
Plasmolysis⌂ Net loss of a cell’s volume
due to a hypertonic environment.
⌂ Plasmolysis Animation
Water Potential⌂ Tendency of water to leave one place in favor of
another.⌂ Always moves from higher to lower water potential.⌂ Affected by pressure and solute⌂ Water potential () = pressure potential (p) + solute
potential (s)⌂ Solute Potential = s=–iCRT
• i = The number of particles the molecule will make in water; for NaCl this would be 2; for sucrose or glucose, this number is 1
• C = Molar concentration (from your experimental data) • R = Pressure constant = 0.0831 liter bar/mole K • T = Temperature in degrees Kelvin = 273 + °C of solution
Water Pot. and Plasmolysis
Lab: Plasmolysis⌂ Perform a serial dilution of salt (100,
50, 25, 0% solution)⌂ Predict which solution will yield the
fastest plasmolysis results.⌂ Perform Experiment with each solution
and time results.
Lab: Water Potential⌂ Perform a serial dilution of sugar
( 100, 50, 25, 0). Label solutions.⌂ Core equal lengths of 2 vegetables.⌂ Record lengths, mass, and vegetable
type in table.⌂ Predict what will happen to length
and mass by tomorrow.
Anticipatory Set 10-10-11 Level 2