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Antibody-DrugConjugateBioanalyticalAssayDevelopment:ImmunogenicityChallenges
November16,2016
PresentedbyCorinnaFiorotti,Ph.D.
2
PresentationOverview
ADCOverview
ADCAssays
ADCImmunogenicityØ RiskAssessments
Ø TestingStrategy
NeutralizingAntibodyDevelopment&Validation
Ø CriticalReagents
Conclusions
3
AntibodyDrugConjugates:WhatareThey?
• Monoclonalantibodiescovalentlyboundtocytotoxicsmall-moleculedrugs viastablelinkerswithlabilebonds
• Designedtoprovidetargetedcancertherapybypreferentiallybindingantigensover-expressedontumorcells,whileatthesametime,minimizingsystemictoxicity
• ADCtherapeuticinvivoisacomplexandchangingmixture
Anunderstandingofthismixture,includingtheprevalentDARspecies,isnecessaryforthedevelopmentofbioanalyticalassayswhichareusedtodetermineoverallsafety,efficacyandtoxicityofthetherapeutic
ConjugationChemistryØ Lysine,Cysteine-basedØ Engineeredcysteineresidues
Ø DeterminestheinitialprevalentDARspecies(importantforADAandlabeling)
Ø Caninhibit/enhancethebindingpropertiesofthemAb
Ø Canaffecttertiarystructure
Ø Canpotentiallyinduceananti-therapeuticantibodyresponse
LinkersØ Importantdeterminantofsafety,specificity,potencyand
activityofADCs
Ø Designedtobestableinthebloodstream
Ø CandeconjugateinvivoresultingincomplexDARspecies
Ø Chemicallycleavablelinkers
Ø Enzymaticallycleavablelinkers
Ø Non-cleavable linkers
Ø Playsaroleinimmunogenicity(neo-epitope)
ConjugationChemistryand Linkers
WhyDoesItMatter?
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ImmunogenicityConsiderations
Biologicaltherapeuticshavethepotentialtoelicitanti-drugantibodies(ADAs)andgenerateunwantedimmunogenicity
Ø Non-neutralizingantibodies(NNab)
Ø Neutralizingantibodies(Nab)
ADAscanresultinarangeofeffectsfrombenignandasymptomatictoalteredpharmacokineticsand/orpharmacodynamicsandadverseclinicalsequelae
Immunogenicityriskmanagementisapivotalpartofthedrugdevelopmentprocess
Majorconcernsfromaclinicalperspective:
Crossreactwithendogenousproteintoinduceadverseaffects
Effectbioavailability,alterPK/PD(increasedordecreasedrateofclearance);NeutralizebiologicaleffectsandcompromisefurthertherapySAFETY EFFICACY
Anti-DrugAntibodies
Ø Separatelydivide&characterizefactorsthatcanaffectthelikelihood andmagnitudeofADAresponsesfromthesubsequentconsequences ofthatresponse
[Howmanypatientsarelikelytomountanimmuneresponse?] X[Whathappenstothepatientiftheymountanimmuneresponse?]
Ø Identifyriskfactorstoclassifythetherapeuticintohigherorlowerriskcategories
Ø ChallengesarisefromtheheterogeneousnatureofADCsandtheircomplexinvivobehavior
Ø ImmunogenicitystrategiesforADCsshouldincludearisk-basedassessmentandassaysthatareconsistentwithindustrybestpracticesandguidancedocumentsbutwithmodificationandadditionalcharacterizationtobetterunderstandtheADAspecificity
AssessingImmunogenicityRisk
Intrinsic:Product-relatedü Degreeofhomologywithendogenouscounterpart(s)ü Presenceofnon-humanaminoacidsequenceü Posttranslationmodification(glycosylationdifferences)ü Alterationstothemolecularstructure(aggregation,oxidation,deamidation)ü Modificationsthatintroduceuniqueepitopesü Prevalenceofpre-existingADAorcross-reactiveantibodiesthatcouldelicita
rapidrecallü Manufacturingprocess(impurities)ü Formulationü Doseandfrequencyoftherapy
Ø Hydrophobicity ofthecytotoxicdrug
Ø InternalizationofimmunecomplexescontainingADAandthecytotoxicdrugbynontargettissuescouldresultintoxicity
Ø Priorexposuretoatherapeuticcontainingthesamelinkerorsmallmoleculedrug
Ø Conjugationofahapten-likelinkerandsmall-moleculedrugisauniquepotentialimmunogenicityriskitself
Ø Epitopespreadeffectingdomainimmunetolerance
Ø CouplingatoxinviaalinkertoanmAbmayinduceneo-epitopesatthesiteofattachment
Ø Immunosuppressed oncologypatientpopulation
Ø Intravenousrouteofadministration
Ø ADAnotexpectedtocross-react withendogenousimmunoglobulinmolecules
Ø ADAsagainstthemAb maybemorelikelytoaffectefficacy;anti-cytotoxin ADAs,onceinternalized,areacidifiedandcatabolizedwithinthelysosomeandareexpectedtolosetheirneutralizingpotential
ImmunogenicityRiskAssessmentforADCs
Extrinsic:Patient/Treatment-relatedü Hostimmunecompetenceü Concomitant-medsü Previousexposuretosimilarproductsü Geneticpredispositionü Ageofpatientü Routeofadministration
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ThelimiteddataonimmunogenicityofADCscomefromthetwoADCsontheUSmarket,Adcetris®(brentuximabvedotin)andKadcyla ®(ado-trastuzumabemtansine)andtheonediscontinuedADC,Mylotarg ®(gemtuzumabozogamicin)
ADAincidence:Ø 5.3%foradotrastuzumabemtansinewithADAsprimarilyagainstlinker-drugand/orneoepitopesinthemAb.
NodatahavebeenreportedontheneutralizingactivityoftheADAs.Ø 37%forbrentuximabvedotinallADAsdirectedagainstthechimericmAbcomponentoftheADC
Neutralizingantibodiesweredetectedin62% oftheADA-positivepatients.
Forgemtuzumabozogamicin,ADAswerenotdetectedinanypatientsenrolledinPhaseIIclinicalstudies.TwopatientsinaPhaseIstudydevelopedantibodiesagainstthecalicheamicin/linkerdomain.
ClinicalImmunogenicityDataforADCs
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Anti-ADCAntibodyAssay:KeyConsiderations
Ø Onceappropriatereagentsbecomeavailable,domainspecificityassayscanbeimplemented
Ø Laterindevelopment,thefocuscanbeonclinicallyrelevantmeasurements
Ø Considerlinker(pH-labilelinker)ifanacid-dissociationpretreatmentimplemented
Ø Twopositivecontrolswithspecificitytoeithertheunconjugatedantibodyorthecytotoxin portionsØ Initially,reagentavailabilitylimitationsmayallowonlythemeasurementofADAforthewholemolecule
ImmunogenicitycouldincludeADAtotheantibody,linker,drugorepitopesinvolvingmultipleADCcomponents
TotalADAAssaysØ ScreenØ Confirm(Igdepleteand/or
excessdrug)Ø Quasi-quantitative
CharacterizationØ DomainspecificityØ IsotypeØ Subclass
NeutralizingAssaysØ Quasi-quantitativeor
qualitative
TieredImmunogenicityTestingStrategyforAnti-DrugAntibodiesAgainstADCs
NAbAssayPrinciple
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Anti-ADCNeutralizingAntibodyAssay:EffectsofNAbonCellularResponse
CompetitiveLigandBindingELISA NeutralizingAntibodyBioassay
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ThedomainsoftheADCmaybeinvolvedinsequentialstepsofthedrugfunctionalpathwayleadingtoitsfinalactivity (bindingtotargetfollowedbyinternalizationanddrugdeliverytocytosolicmicrotubules).
Selectionofalatestepofthedrugsignalcascade(celldeath)astheNAbassayreadoutwouldallowdetectionoftheapparentpotencyofallthedomainsinvolved.
TheinhibitoryeffectofNAbswouldthenindicatebindingtooneormoreofthedomains.
Asingleassaythereforecouldbesufficientforassessingalldomainspecificanti-drugNAbactivity.
Ø Generally,theuseofasingleNAbassayispreferredunlessamoredetailedevaluationofdomainspecificNAbisjustified.
InformationfromADAanalysisincludingdomainspecificitymaybeutilizedwhendeterminingtheneedfordomainspecificNAbactivityanalysis.
EvaluationofNAbsAgainstADCs
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Availabilityofcriticalreagentsisofkeyimportanceforestablishingarobustandreliableperformanceofthebioanalyticalassay
Creatinganti-idiotypeantibodies againstthecarrierantibodyorthecytotoxicdrug
Conjugationwithkeyholelimpethemocyanin(KLH)oranadjuvantmayberequiredforantibodycreation
LabelingofADCsforcaptureand/ordetectionposeschallenges
ADC:CriticalReagentConsiderations
Obtainwell-characterizedreagentsorcharacterizethemin-housetoensurelot-tolotconsistencyandlong-termsupply
Securesufficientquantitiesofthelotsothatthereagentinventorycancovertheentirestudy
Establishandimplementanappropriatewayofassessingandbridgingdifferentreagentlots
Characterizationofreagentsshouldinclude:
Ø Anearlyassessmentofbindingproperties(cross-reactivitytomatrixcomponents)
Ø Bindingkineticsandanyalteredbindingissues(labelingorstorage)
Ø Biophysicalcharacterizationofreagentsshouldincludeidentity,concentration,storageconditionsandstabilityinformation
ü Isthedrugahigh-riskmolecule?
ü Chooseassayformat(s)ü UnderstanddrugMOA
biology,structureü Identifymeasurable
assayoutputrepresentingMOA(late/early)
ü Testspeciesserumthatrepresentsthematrixofthebiologicalsamples
ü Reagentidentification/resupply
ü Cellbanks/mycoplasmaü Drugdoseinmatrixü Chosedrugandligand
concentrationsü ObtainNabPCü ChoseNabPC
concentrationü Plateeffectü Cellpassagetestingü DOEfactorialusedto
optimizeconditions
ü MRDusingindividualsera
ü Cutpointassessmentü Matrixinterferenceü Sensitivityassessmentü Intra-/Interassay
precisionofcontrolsü DrugToleranceü Solubletarget
interferenceü Robustness
ü Reportwritingü Transfermeetingwith
CROü Criticalreagents
transferredü Transferexperimentsü ValidationatCROü Sponsorsupportto
CROü Datareviewü Sampleanalysisü Reports
ResearchPhase
Feasibility/Development
Qualification/Validation Transfer
LifecycleofaCell-BasedNAbAssay
ü Drugdose
ü Effectofmatrixü Cellpassagenumberü Cellcultureincubationtimeandconfluence
ü Optimalcellnumber/wellü Pre-platedvs.freshlyplatedcells
ü FBSselection/HIü BufferSelectionü Incubationtimeandtemperature
ü Trypsinizationü Washingsteps
ü Samplepreparation/pre-treatmentü Useoffactorialsforrobustnesstest
BioanalyticalMethod
ResponseMeasures(Y)S/NRatio,%recovery,EC50,backgroundsignal,%CV
ControllableFactors(X)cellnumber,[serum],
incubationtime
Factorialdesignallowsexperimentationonmanyfactorssimultaneously:
Ø Statisticalsoftwareforanalysis
Ø Interactionsoffactorsareidentified
Aseriesoftestsinwhichpurposefulchangesaremadetoinputfactorstoidentifycausesforsignificantchangesintheoutputresponses
DesignofExperiments(DOE)forNAbBioassayOptimization
ParameterEvaluationandSelection
CutPointDeterminationü Establishedusingsamplesfromtreatment-naïvesubjectsü 30samplestestedon3differentdaysbytwoanalysts,
usingsuitablestatisticalmethodsü 1%false-positiverateisacceptable
AssaySensitivityü Purifiedpositivecontrol
AssaySpecificityü DrugshouldbeblockedbyaspecificNAbresponse,versus
alternativestimuli,whichshouldnotbeblockedbyaspecificNAbresponse
ü Addtestmatrixdirectlytothebioassayintheabsenceofdrug
Precision
ü Intra/Inter-assayprecisionofpositiveandnegativecontrolsü Inter-analystprecisionofpositiveandnegativecontrols
Robustnessü Useoffactorialsforrobustnesstest(pushthesystem)
Reproducibility
ValidationConsiderationsforBioassays
DrugToleranceü Dependonthesurrogatepositivecontrol
MatrixInterference/Selectivityü Severalindividualmatrixsamples,(spiked/unspiked)ü Robustsignaltonoiseinthepresenceoftestmatrix
PCDilutionalLinearity/Prozone
StabilityAssessmentsü Mocksamples(PCspikedintomatrix)ü Cellline
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TheConclusionsTherearedistinctchallengestothebioanalyticaldevelopmentofADCassaysrequiringsmallmoleculeandantibodybioanalyticalmethodsimplementedinparallel
Ø TheassayformatsandassayreagentsforADCbioanalysismayevolveasADCdrugcandidatesprogressfromearlytolatestagesofdrugdevelopment
ImmunogenicityassaysshouldbecapableofdetectingantibodiesdirectedagainstalldomainsØ DomaincharacterizationmaybehelpfulinunderstandingtheimmuneresponseelicitedbyADCs
andinformthedesignoffuturebiotherapeutics
Cell-basedassaysarewell-suitedfordetectingNAbsbecausetheymimicthemechanismbywhichtheNAbsandthedruginteractinvivo
EachNAbassayisuniqueandcomplex, andacarefulandthoroughassessmentandvalidationofmultiplefactorsincludingreagents,assaycontrols,matrixinterferenceandconditionswillhelptoensureasensitive,specificandrobustassay
Thecriticalreagentsarecrucialfactors;sufficientleadtimeandeffortmustbefactoredintomeetingprojectmilestones
CollectionofclinicaldatawillincreaseourunderstandingofADCsandhelptoidentifythemainspeciesinfluencingPKandimmunogenicbehavior
ThankYou!
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Anti-ADCAssay:ScreeningandSpecificityAssays
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Anti-ADCAssay:DomainCharacterizationStrategies
DrugResponsiveCellLineü Potencyassaycelllineisastartingpointü Shouldyieldaspecificresponsetothedrugü Maybenaturaloranengineeredestablishedcelllineü Cellculturingconditionsareanimportantparameterü Robustsignaltonoiseinthepresenceoftestmatrixü Canthecellsbefrozeninplatesü Randomization(template)ü Monitorpassage#andperformanceü DifferentlotsofFBSandassayperformanceü Serumdeprivation/definedmedium
DrugConcentrationü Shouldbeaconcentrationthatyieldsaround60-
70%maxresponse
PositiveControlAntibodiesü Generallypurifiedfromhyper-immunizedanimalantiseraü Shouldneutralizethebiologicalactivityofthetherapeuticü Specificitytoeithertheunconjugatedantibodyorthe
cytotoxinportions
DevelopmentConsiderationsforNeutralizingAntibodyBioassay
MRDassessmentandmatrixinterferenceAssayshouldbereproducible,specific,robust,andresultseasilyinterpretableTechnologyreadilyavailableatCRO
AssayEndpointü Measurableandrelevantassayendpoint
Ø Responseshouldassesssomeaspectofdrug’sMOAØ UtilizeearlyorlatesignalingeventtriggeredbythedrugØ Specificresponsetodrug
Reagentsü Therapeuticü Endogenousprotein(ifapplicable)ü Positivecontrolthatneutralizesdrugactivityü Reagentresupplyandcharacterization
AssayMethodology:SolidPhaseExtractionandAcidDissociation
SerumsampleorPositivecontrol
1.
Incubateserumsamplewithbiotinylateddrug
2.
TransfersampletoblockedSAplate
3.
Addacidtodissociateantibodies
Transfertoneutralizationplate
4.
Immunecomplex
ADA
Streptavidin
Biotinylateddrug
AssayMethodology:Dialysis
NeutralizedSample DialyzeagainstAssaybuffer
Restoresconditionstoallowforsampletobeusedincell-basedbioassays