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Antibiotics
Ch 37
Definition
Medications to treat bacterial infections
Ideally, culture of suspect area should be done BEFORE starting antibiotic
Classifications
Sulfonamides Penicillins Cephalosporins Tetracyclines Macrolides Aminoglycosides Quinolones
Uses
Treatment of exisiting infection Prevention of infection
Responses
Therapeutic – decrease in s/s of infection Subtherapeutic – s/s of infection do not
improve Superinfection Antibiotic resistance Allergic reactions
Actions
Bactericidal = kill bacteria Bacteriostatic – slow or interfere with growth
of bacteria
Sulfonamides
Bacteriostatic Treat: utis Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) URIs Otitis media Often in combinatiion
Bactrim, Septra, Pediazole, Gantrisin
Sulfonamide Side Effects
Anemia, thrombocytopenia Photosensitivity
Avoid tanning beds Avoid sunlight
N-V-D uriticaria
Penicillins
Natural Penicilllin G Penicillin V
Aminopenicillins Amoxicillin Ampicillin
Penicillinase-resistant Oxacillin Nafcillin
PCN Adverse Effects
Allergy Rash, swelling, itching
Cephalosporins
Semisynthetic Related to penicillin Bactericidal 4 generations
Cephalosporin Uses
Surgical prophylaxis URIs Otitis media
Cephalosporin Examples
Ancef Kefzol Mefoxin Ceftin Rocephin – also used to tx meningitis
Cephalosporin Side Effects
Similar to PCN
Macrolides
Erythromycin Zithromax Biaxin
Macrolide Uses
Strep infections Mild-to-moderate URIs Lyme disease STDs
Macrolide Side Effects
GI N-V-D Hepatotoxicity Flatulence anorexia
Tetracyclines
Tetracycline Vibramycin Minocycline
Bacteriostatic action
Tetracycline Uses
Syphilis Lyme disease Pleural & pericardial effusions
Tetracyclines
Effectiveness reduced by Dairy products Antacids Iron
Will discolor teeth May slow fetal skeletal development
Tetracycline Side Effects
N-V-D Superinfection Pseudomembranous colitis
Aminoglycosides
Gentamicin Kanamycin Neomycin Streptomycin amikin
Aminoglycosides
Poor oral absorption No oral forms, only IV TOXICITY cautions
Nephro oto
Bactericidal action
Aminoglycosides
Pseudomonas E.coli Klebsiella
Often used along with other antibiotics
Quinolones
Cipro Floxin Levaquin Tequin
Quinolones
Excellent oral absorption Antacids interfere with absorption
bactericidal
Quinolones
Lower respiratory tract infections Bone & joint infections Infectious diarrhea UTIs Skin infections STDs Anthrax
Quinolone Side Effects
HA N-V-D Allergic reaction
Others
Vancomycin Tx of MRSA Must monitor blood levels Caution: oto & nephro-toxic
Nursing
Instruct pt to take meds for full length of time – do not stop when feeling better
Assess for s/s of superinfection All oral antibiotics are better absorbed if
taken with a minimum of 6 – 8 ounces of water