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Anthropomorphic Epistemology: When a Dialogue with Objects Starts* Yutaka Sayeki Aoyama Gakuin University, Japan Aoyama Gakuin University, Japan *Original Sources: *Original Sources: Sayeki, Y. 1978 Knowing and Learning by Imagination. Tokyo: Toyokan, Japan. (in Japanese) Sayeki, Y. 1981 ‘Body analogy’ and the cognition of rotated figures. The Quarterly Newsletter of the Laboratory of C ti H C iti 3 36 40 Comparative Human Cognition, 3, 3640. 1

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Anthropomorphic Epistemology:When a Dialogue with Objects Starts*

Yutaka SayekiAoyama Gakuin University, JapanAoyama Gakuin University, Japan

*Original Sources:*Original Sources:Sayeki, Y.  1978  Knowing and Learning by Imagination. Tokyo: 

Toyo‐kan,  Japan. (in Japanese)   y , p ( p )Sayeki, Y.  1981  ‘Body analogy’ and the cognition of rotated 

figures.  The Quarterly Newsletter of the Laboratory of C ti H C iti 3 36 40Comparative Human Cognition, 3, 36‐40.

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Webster defines anthropomorphism as “an interpretation of what is not human or ppersonal in terms of human or personal characteristics ” and it is usually regarded as acharacteristics,  and it is usually regarded as a primitive or childish way of understanding t l h Hnatural phenomena. However, we propose 

that anthropomorphism underlies people’s understandings of their environment, in all stages of development.g p

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In other words, anthropomorphism is considered as a tacit or unconscious activity yunderlying our understandings of the environment by extending our empathy intoenvironment by extending our empathy into objects; for example, I try to imitate the 

b di t f bj t f th i id dembodiment of an object from the inside and simultaneously imitate some other agents acting upon the object from the outside.

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To See a Teacup from the “Inside”To See a Teacup from the  Inside

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• When we see an object there are two ways ofWhen we see an object, there are two ways of looking at it: one is to see it from the “outside” and the other is to see it from theoutside  and the other is to see it from the “inside.”L t i i th t th i J t• Let us imagine that there is a Japanese teacup (“yunomi”) here. What would it mean to see th t f th “ t id ?” T ththe teacup from the “outside?” To see the teacup from the “outside” is to examine and 

i i h l i hto appreciate its shape, coloring, touch, fissures, textures, weight, and so on. We could l h halso appraise whether it is a Kutani ware or a Hagi ware, and its value as an antique.

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• You could also view the cup from the “inside.” pTo see the cup from the “inside” is to project your whole “being” into the “being” of theyour whole  being  into the  being  of the cup itself, to feel the “weight” of that being as th it lf d t t t b t itthe cup itself, and to retrospect about its history from birth till the present, as well as prospect about its future. You might reject the idea of having the cup’s features labeled in g pone way or another; instead preferring to just sit back be still and pleasantly savor itssit back, be still, and pleasantly savor its “being” without uttering a single word.

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• Naturally, you will feel as if you’ve been transposed in the condensed time and space oftransposed in the condensed time and space of the cup’s ontogeny, i.e., both its generation and development: a lump of clay selected from a claydevelopment: a lump of clay selected from a clay stratum, shaped on the potter’s wheel,  and gradually transformed into a perfectly formed and balanced teacup, with proper thickness, and so on, including the potter’s pursuit of the ideal—repeated glazing and baking in a kiln to produce arepeated glazing and baking in a kiln to produce a “grown‐up” of a teacup in the living world; being handed over to various people, having tea pouredhanded over to various people, having tea poured into, being drunk from, and then washed, dried, put away, dropped, cracked, disposed of, thrown out with other trash, intermingled with soil and remaining deep in the soil for years to come…

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• Thus, when you throw yourself into the teacup and “examine” it from the “inside,” what you actually see is not the cup itself. Rather, you see the things, the people, and the environmental surroundings of the cup in the outside, along with ll h f l d ball the transformational processes experienced by the cup itself. The feelings of the teacup are those f “b i ” th i ti ith thof “being” the existing cup, with the same 

certainty as our own “bodies” existing here and no The e periences o ha e d ring the co rsenow. The experiences you have during the course of its ontogenetic development might be those of joy sadness grief and anguish just as real as thejoy, sadness, grief, and anguish, just as real as the experiences of our own body.

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• Let us return to the way of viewing the cup from “outside.” But this time, you see what the “outside” sees from the perspective of the “inside” of the cup itself. Then, you may experience a sense of either appreciation or d f h d ff hsadness for the different ways the teacup was 

treated regarding its shape, coloring, texture, and h dli F l ill f l t f l if thhandling. For example, you will feel grateful if the cup was treated with good care, or you might lament if the c p as not treated ith care or iflament if the cup was not treated with care, or if there was a failure to notice its precious points or important value You may even spontaneouslyimportant value. You may even spontaneously desire to proclaim your “feelings” about the variety of ways in which the cup had been treatedvariety of ways in which the cup had been treated.

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• Moreover, you might feel the gaze and treatment of the “outside” towards the cup, with a particular judgment and handling; you now acknowledge the existence of these external “things” outside the cup as being there with 

d l lsome necessities and contextual relations.• You might discover certain things, events, and people actively interacting with each other around the cup, with some relational engagements with the cup itself. All of these environmental things and people might seem “ h bl ” d i i h“approachable,” ready to communicate with you at any time.

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• After “becoming” the things (or people) that exist “outside” the cup judgments about the cup’soutside  the cup, judgments about the cup s shape, coloring, texture, and ways of being treated might be experienced differently. Fortreated might be experienced differently. For example, painful feelings for the cup’s mistreatment before might now be felt rather amiably. One might even discover the cup as becoming a different “self.” Even a small crack may cause you to recollect the event that causedmay cause you to recollect the event that caused the crack and tell a bit of the cup’s history (or experiences). Thus, even evaluations given fromexperiences). Thus, even evaluations given from the “outside” might be different from the self evaluation of the cup itself, and they might be warmly accepted as from a variety of views from the many people encountered by the cup.

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• Then, the world you see would be far beyond theThen, the world you see would be far beyond the view of the teacup; it would be a world in which the various things events and people are seenthe various things, events, and people are seen through the eyes of the teacup. There, you would be able to entertain a variety of dialogues withbe able to entertain a variety of dialogues with the things you encounter in the environment. You 

ld l j t “ ” th t b t ldwould no longer just “see” the teacup, but could have intimate dialogue with the teacup itself. You 

ld lk h d h ld dcould talk to the cup, and the cup would respond with its views of the world, through its history from birth to now, including its own perspectives of future interactions with the world.

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THEORY• Let us propose that we see, understand, and 

b di hi i i l ll dreason by dispatching imaginary selves, called kobitos (which means “imaginary little people” in Japanese) into things: Kobitos are offshoots ofJapanese), into things: Kobitos are offshoots of the Self, extensions of the body of the Self, thrown into another person or another thing. A p gsingle person dispatches (or throws into) a number of kobitos to form a “society” of kobitos, 

h f hi h diff leach of which assumes a different role. • There are three basic activities of kobitos, to be i t t d l t th h d i ti iti tintegrated later through dynamic activities, to form the totality of the knowledge of an object (a thing or a person):thing or a person):

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(1) Throwing in(1) Throwing‐in

• This involves putting or throwing your Self inside the object in order to generate a variety j g yof activities. Your entire body image is transformed into the object and you becometransformed into the object, and you becomethe object. You feel the intention, tendency, or efforts of the object to engage in a particularefforts of the object to engage in a particular activity under the constraints of the object and the environment.

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(2) Acting out(2) Acting out• This involves acting out or mimicking the g gimaginary behaviors that the object might show. You may feel like an agent or a cause of such b h i f l th i lbehavior, or you may feel, rather passively, as a patient or as something being affected, caused, or forced to behave in one way or anotheror forced to behave in one way or another, reacting to the forces which come from the outside. You may explore or move around, either y pwithin the existing world in the environment (strictly following the constraints in the reality) or in a possible world generated by modifying somein a possible world generated by modifying some of the existing constraints.

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(3) Feeling about(3) Feeling aboutH l th ti f f th bj t d• Here, you explore the entire surface of the object and feel whatever information comes through your senses from the outside, thus realizing the boundaries , gbetween the inside and the outside. You may see, touch, and feel, with your transformed body, the environmental constraints that are significant andenvironmental constraints that are significant and relevant to the current activity, and the object you have been thrown into. You may discover or apprehend a new goal or new disposition that the object should have, in order to suitably respond to external forces or constraints You feel what would be on the outside andconstraints. You feel what would be on the outside and the significance and relevance of those constraints and forces of the object’s current activities from the inside.

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Mental Rotation ExperimentsMental Rotation Experiments

• The example presented below shows that in a new version of the traditional “mentalnew version of the traditional  mental‐rotation task” (Shepard & Metzler, 1971), the 

i i j d h fi i fcognitive judgments on the configuration of an object are greatly facilitated by “becoming the object.”

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Mental Rotation

・Shepard, R. N., & Metzler, J.  1971  Mentalp , , ,rotation of three‐dimensional objects.Science, 171, 701‐703., ,

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• In a standard mental rotation task (Shepard &• In a standard mental rotation task (Shepard & Metzler, 1971), a pair of figures is presented at each trial: The left figure (the standard) is a three‐dimensional configuration of nine cubes, gand the right figure (varying at each trial, presented at various rotation degrees) is thepresented at various rotation degrees) is the same configuration as the standard one or its mirror image The subjects’ task is to judgemirror image. The subjects  task is to judge whether the right figure, which is presented at each trial, is the same as or different (mirror image) from the left, the standard figure. 

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Standard Figure and Its Mirror ImageStandard Figure and Its Mirror Image

Standard Figure

Mirror ImageFigure Image

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Same or Different: An Easy VersionSame or Different: An Easy Version

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How about this?How about this?

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Result• The result usually shows that the reaction time for the judgment is proportional to theproportional to the angular disparity of configuration between fi h i lfigures at each trial. Subjects are supposed to “rotate” (mentally)to  rotate  (mentally) the right figure in order to align it with the left onethe left one.

Angular Disparity (degrees)

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Sayeki’s ExperimentSayeki s Experiment• , Sayeki (1981) conducted a similar experiment, except h i t d d ifi fi ti f th t d dhe introduced a specific configuration of the standard figure: a standard block configuration with a “head” in the “body” position; in other words the configurationthe  body  position; in other words, the configuration of the blocks may appear to be a human body, sitting on a chair, extending the right arm. g g

Subjects watched one slide of the configuration for aboutthe configuration for about one minute with no instruction; then theyinstruction; then, they underwent the standard mental rotation experimentmental rotation experiment.

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Then the task is now so easy!Then, the task is now so easy!

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The resultSayeki’s results reveal that watching the head‐attachedwatching the head attached configuration of blocks once produced no effects of the angular disparity between the stimulus figures, (2) l talmost no error responses throughout the experiment, (3) small reaction time (about(3) small reaction time (about one second) through all the trials, and (4) almost no learning effects, that is, stable and constant reaction time from the beginning to the Angular Disparity (degrees)from the beginning to the end.

Angular Disparity (degrees)

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Suzuki’s Experiment*p• Furthermore, Suzuki (1989) conducted an experiment 

i il t S ki’ d i hi t t M Pl ksimilar to Sayeki’s during his stay at Max Planck Institute. His participants included a Young Group (age 20s) and an Old Group (age 60s to 80s) and his results20s) and an Old Group (age 60s to 80s) and his results were similar to Sayeki’s. Moreover, in Suzuki’s experiment, the Old Group enjoyed participating in the p p j y p p gexperiment and their reaction times were similar to those of the Young Group—flat and correct, except for l (t i ) ti ti H i t d dlonger (twice) reaction times. However, in a standard experiment such as the one conducted by Shepard and Metzler the Old Group showed delayed confused andMetzler, the Old Group showed delayed, confused, and erroneous responses at each trial.

*Suzuki, T. (1989). A preliminary experiment on mental‐rotation task by ‘body , ( ) p y p y yanalogy.’  Unpublished manuscript at Max Planck Institute for Human Development and Education. 27

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Results of Suzuki’s ExpResults of Suzuki s Exp.

Suzuki (1989)

Shepard & Metzler (1971) 

( )

Subjects in Suzuki’s jexp. : Male, Age 80s

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Scientific Understandings 

Example shows how scientific punderstandings can be obtained by 

situating oneself into the world of the object one wishes to know. 

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S i d f (1)Spring and force (1)If h i h h d h l f d f h iIf the weight hanged at the left end of the spring was 0 gram, the length of the spring will be 10cm.

0 g

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S i d f (2)Spring and force (2)If h i h h d h l f d f h iIf the weight hanged at the left end of the spring was  50 gram, the length of the spring will be 15cm.

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Spring and force (3)How long will the length of the spring be, if  50gr weight is hanged at each of the both ends?

(a) 10cm(a) 10cm(b) 15cm(c) 20cm(c) 20cm

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Spring and force (3)

C t A (b)

(a) 10cm

Correct Answer: (b)

(a) 10cm(b) 15cm(c) 20cm(c) 20cm

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Spring and force (4)

• Dispatch your three kobitoes as below, and “feel” hwhat you get.

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The Case of Albert EinsteinThe Case of Albert Einstein

Becoming the lightBecoming the light

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• The so‐called "Relativity Theory" was conceived by Einstein in y y y1905, in order to account for the negative result of the Michelson‐Moreley experiment in 1887.M‐M Hypothesis: If the light signal sent out in the direction in which the earth was moving, the speed would appear slower in this direction And if the observer move away from thein this direction. And if the observer move away from the signal sent out in the opposite direction, the speed would then appear faster.then appear faster.

• The result: No difference was observedNewtonian time and space could not explain this.p p

• Einstein's special relativity theory: The speed of light is p y y p ginvariably the same regardless of whether the observer is at rest or in motion.

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Michael Polanyi wrote that Einstein had speculated the Special Theory of Relativity (1905) at the age of sixteen *Special Theory of Relativity (1905)   at the age of sixteen.*“After ten years’ reflection…from a paradox upon 

which I had already hit at the age of sixteen: If I pursuewhich I had already hit at the age of sixteen: If I pursue a beam of light with the velocity c (velocity of light in a vacuum), I should observe such a beam of light asvacuum), I should observe such a beam of light as spatially oscillatory electromagnetic field at rest. However, there seems to be no such thing, whether on , g,the basis of experience or according to Maxwell’s equations. From the very beginning it appeared to me intuitively clear that, judged from the standpoint of such an observer, everything would have to happen according to the same laws as for an observer whoaccording to the same laws as for an observer who, relative to the earth, was rest.”**

* Polanyi, M. Personal Knowledge. Chicago, Ill: The University of Chicago Press, 1962, p. 10.y , g g , y g , , p**Schilpp, P. A. (Ed.)  Albert Einstein, Philosopher‐Scientist, 1st Edition. Evanston, Ill: Library of Living Philosophers, 1949, p. 53. 37

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The Case of Barbara McClintock

Becoming the ChromosomesBecoming the Chromosomes

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Barbara McClintock, the winner of the a ba a cC toc , t e e o t e1983 Nobel Prize, characterized her scientific research as getting “a feeling for th i ”the organism.” She said, “I found that the more I worked with them (chromosomes) the bigger and bigger [they] got, and when I was really working with them I wasn’t outside I was downwith them I wasn t outside, I was down there. I was part of the system. I was right down there with them, and everything got big. I even was able to see the internal parts of the chromosomes—actually everything was there It surprised meeverything was there. It surprised me because I actulally felt as if I were right down there and these were my friends.” 

Keller, E. F. (1983) A Feeling for the Organism: The Life and Work of B b M Cli t k N Y k NY(Keller, 1983, p. 117) Barbara McClintock. New York, NY: Owl Books.

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Jane Martin’s “Schoolhome”Jane Martin s  Schoolhome

Martin proposes the change of “knowledge”: Knowledge is notknowledge : Knowledge is not detached, objective, language (or symbol)‐represented one.(or symbol) represented one. Rather, it should be emotionally driven, intimately related, driven, intimately related,personally involved one.

Martin, J. R.  The schoolhome: Rethinking schools for changing f ili H d U i it Pfamilies. Harvard University Press, 1995 40

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“Caring for Objects”By

Nel NoddingsNel Noddings

ddi C i i i h hi dNoddings, N. Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education. University of California Press, 1984, 2003.

Noddings N The Challenge to Care in Schools: An AlternativeNoddings, N. The Challenge to Care in Schools: An Alternative to Education. Teachers College Press, 1992.

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What is ‘Caring’?What is  Caring ?

• Caring = Giving Something Good• Caring = Total Receptivity• Caring  = Total Receptivity

• Noddings’ notion of ‘caring’ comes from ’ “ f ”Simone Weil’s “love of neighbors”

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• Simone Weil (1909‐1943), a French philosopher,  social ti i t ki f th F h R i tactivist, working for the French Registance.‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

“A f f h ll i ld b b d h ll i i“Any proof of the syllogism would be absurd. The syllogism is, to put it briefly, nothing but a rule of language to avoid contradiction: at bottom the principle of non‐contradiction iscontradiction: at bottom the principle of non‐contradiction is a principle of grammar.”

—La Pesanteur et la grâce (1947, p. 78)La Pesanteur et la grâce (1947, p. 78)“One can never really give a proof of the reality of anything; reality is not something open to proof, it is something y g p p , gestablished. It is established just because proof is not enough. It is this characteristic of language, at once indispensable and 

d h h h h l f h l ld “inadequate, which shows the reality of the external world. “— La Pesanteur et la grâce (1947, p. 72‐3)

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Noddings cited Weil as her foundation of her concept of “caring.”

I th fi t l d f th G il it i id th t thIn the first legend of the Grail, it is said that the Grail (the miraculous vessel that satisfies all hunger by virtue of the consecrated Host)hunger by virtue of the consecrated Host) belongs to the first comer who asks the guardian of the vessel, a king three‐quarters paralyzed by , g q p y ythe most painful wound, "What are you going through? (Quel est tontourment?)"The love of our neighbor in all its fullness 

simply means being able to say to him: "What are you going through?“*you going through? *

*Weil Simone Attente de Diew Fayard 1966 pp 96‐97Weil, Simone. Attente de Diew, Fayard, 1966, pp. 96 97.

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The Cared ForThe Cared‐For

• The objects to be cared for may be people, animals, things, tools, and ideas.g

• The cared‐for reciprocally influence the one‐caringcaring.– The one‐caring, “attends to” the cared‐for, naturally “reacting to” the voice, or demand for needs the cared‐for is appealing.

– Therefore, the cared‐for and the one‐caring should not be distinguished separately.

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The Case of NishiokaThe Case of Nishioka, a Shrine‐Carpenterp

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• Tsunekazu Nishioka (1908 1995)• Tsunekazu Nishioka (1908‐1995)• Shrine‐carpenter*. • Nishiokas had been historically specialized on the workings (reconstruction and repairments) of H ji ( f h ld d l )Horyuji (one of the oldest wooden temples).

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐• *Shrine‐carpenter; Carpenter who construct, repair, and restore shrines and temples. p pSkills and techniques are to be inherited from one generation to the other through long g g gapprenticeship.

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Some of Nishioka’s sayings:Some of Nishioka s sayings:• Some trees grow straight and other trees grow distorted• Some trees grow straight, and other trees grow distorted.• Qualities of the material of the trees may be hard, solid, or 

tenacious.• Each tree is different and unique, depending upon where 

they grow, on flat ground or slope, shaded ground or shiny ground and so onground, and so on.

• So, we have to listen to the voices of trees; How they want to be treated, to "live" thereafter.

• Each tree should be put on the right place in the right direction (against winds, sunshine, etc.) as close to as they have been grown in the mountains and forestshave been grown in the mountains and forests.

• This is the reason why Horyuji (one of the most ancient wooden buildings) has been lasting thousands of years.

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Re Evaluating “Apprenticeship”Re‐Evaluating  Apprenticeship

Ni hi k ’ k l d d kill h b• Nishioka’s knowledge and skills have been acquired through long and hard apprenticeship where there was no explicit “teaching ” (e g justwhere  there was no explicit  teaching,  (e.g., just showing the master’s wood shavings),mainly through “deep” (causal) imitation, against y g p ( ) , g“surface” (outcome) imitation, “infected” by whole‐personness of the adoring 

tmaster.• The result of such apprentice learning is the acquisition of how to get deep dialogues withacquisition of how to get deep dialogues with things, tools, and the environment.

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Corrections of the Theory

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(1) Throwing in(1) Throwing‐in

• This involves putting or throwing your Self inside the object in order to generate a variety j g yof activities. Your entire body image is transformed into the object and you becometransformed into the object, and you becomethe object. You feel the intention, tendency, or efforts of the object to engage in aor efforts of the object to engage in a particular activity under the constraints of the object and the environment.

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(2) Acting out(2) Acting out• This involves acting out or mimicking the g gimaginary behaviors that the object might show. You may feel like an agent or a cause of such b h i f l th i lbehavior, or you may feel, rather passively, as a patient or as something being affected, caused, or forced to behave in one way or anotheror forced to behave in one way or another, reacting to the forces which come from the outside. You may explore or move around, either y pwithin the existing world in the environment (strictly following the constraints in the reality) or in a possible world generated by modifying somein a possible world generated by modifying some of the existing constraints.

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(3) Feeling aboutH l th ti f f th bj t d• Here, you explore the entire surface of the object and feel whatever information comes through your senses from the outside, thus realizing the boundaries , gbetween the inside and the outside. You may see, touch, and feel, with your transformed body, the environmental constraints that are significant andenvironmental constraints that are significant and relevant to the current activity, and the object you have been thrown into. You may discover or apprehend a new goal or new disposition that the object should have, in order to suitably respond to external forces or constraints You feel what would be on the outsideconstraints. You feel what would be on the outside and the significance and relevance of those constraints and forces of the object’s current activities f th i idfrom the inside.

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Th k f tt ti !Thank you for your attention!

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