Anthropocentrism Kritik

Thesis: The affirmative proposal is locked into the old “human centered” paradigm that is unjustified, ineffective and a threat to our, and all, survival. We must escape these assumptions to allow change to occur

A) LinkMaintaining current worldview threatens humanity in multiple waysFritjor Capra, Philosopher, 1995 (Deep Ecology in the 21st Century)

“It is becoming increasingly apparent that the major problems of our time cannot be understood in isolation. The threat of nuclear war, the devastation of our natural environment, the persistence of poverty along with progress even in the richest countries – these are not isolated problems. They are different facets of one single crisis, which is essentially a crisis of perception. The crisis derives from the fact that most of us and especially our large social institutions subscribe to the concepts and values of an outdated worldview, which is inadequate for dealing with the problems of our overpopulated, globally interconnected world.”

B) ImplicationsTechnocentrism FailsThomas N. Gladwin et al., Director of the Global Environment Program at Louis Stern School of Business, 1995 (Academy of Management Review, October)

“In summary, technocentrism fails, in our view, the litmus tests of sustainability. It pathologically disassociates or represses many critical components bearing upon life support systems. It fractures or severs the connections that sustainability requires. It fails to deal adequately with intergenerational, intragenerational, and interspecies equality. It hubristically places as extremely large and risky wager on the future. Finally, although it produces material wealth and power for a privileged minority, it gives rise to risks and imbalances that threaten the future of the entire human community. If society does indeed adapt sustainable development as a fundamental organizing principle, then the dominant paradigm of technocentrism will clearly become a paradigm for crisis. From a dialectical perspective, technocentrism contains profound contradictions. These inconsistencies are simultaneously paradigm destructive and paradigm reconstructive, and thus they are conductive to reexamination.”

C) AlternativeRejecting the assumptions of the Affirmative and allowing alternative visions to emerge is key to allowing changeBill Devall, Dept. Of Sociology at Humboldt University, 1988 “Many contemporary philosophers have explored other approaches to nature and the implication of these images for our current crisis. These images include Eastern Traditions of Taoism and Buddhism and Native American religion and cosmologies. Exploration of these and other images of nature are extremely important to the development of the deep ecology movement. As McLaughlin says, “Alternative images of nature are a sort of internal wilderness, whose cultivation may be helpful in retaining and eventually expanding external wilderness. Considering alternatives may help loosen the spell of instrumental view, showing it as only one of the many possibilities, giving a deeper vision of the world, as two eyes enable the vision of depth.” Practicing deep ecology mean, in part, experiencing both intellectually and emotionally some of these alternative approaches to nature.”

LINKS: ENVIRONMENT(__) Environmental policies assume a human centered system of valuesWapner,1996 (Paul, “Toward a Meaningful Ecological Politics,” Tikkun, May)

“Yet reasonableness and genuine environmental protection are different things. Liberal environmentalism is so compatible with contemporary material and cultural currents that it implicitly supports the very things that it should be criticizing. Its technocratic, scientistic, and even economicistic character give credence to a society that measures the quality of life fundamentally in terms of economic growth, control over nature, and the maximization of sheer efficiency in everything we do. By working to show that environmental protection need not compromise these maxims, liberal environmentalism fails to raise deeper issues that more fundamentally engage the dynamics of environmental degradation. Liberal environmentalism is unconcerned with reflecting upon who we are, our place in the global ecosystem, and our relationship with other species who also inhabit the earth – issues that strike at the core of a genuinely ecological politics.”

LINKS: TECHNOLOGY

(__) Technological growth has hurt non-human forms of lifeGrey, ’93 (William, prof. @ University of Queensland, taught at Australian National University, Temple University, Philadelphia, and the University of New England. “Anthropocentrism and Deep Ecology”, Australiasian Journal of Philosophy, Vol 71, No 4 (1993), pp. 463-475.)

Moral philosophy aims to provide a rational critique or justification of the principles which guide or govern human conduct. In this inquiry it is of course assumed that these principles are accessible to reason. Human activity, particularly when amplified by sophisticated science-based technologies, now extends far beyond the stone age boundaries which constrained our actions for most of human history. The chain saw and the drift net have transformed biological systems far more rapidly and violently than the neolithic axe and spear. The rapid and accelerating technologically-driven modification of our natural surroundings has changed them beyond the wildest neolithic dreams. It is these changes which have prompted the question whether constraints on human conduct should take into consideration more than purely human interests.

Environmental philosophers have proposed a critique of traditional Western moral thought, which, it is alleged, is deficient for providing a satisfactory ethic of obligation and concern for the nonhuman world. This concern, it is claimed, needs to be extended, in particular, toward nonhuman individuals, wilderness areas, and across time and species. The project of extending our concern in the latter two cases—over time and over species—is a central concern of this paper.

IMPLICATIONS: ANTROPOCENTRISM

Grey, ’93 (William, prof. @ University of Queensland, taught at Australian National University, Temple University, Philadelphia, and the University of New England. “Anthropocentrism and Deep Ecology”, Australiasian Journal of Philosophy, Vol 71, No 4 (1993), pp. 463-475.)

There are several very plausible elements in the concerns of deep ecology. First, there is the worry about the effects of unconstrained human interference in natural systems impoverishing and degrading them. Human interference and human action is often contrasted with the wisdom of natural cycles and natural development. Contrast the violence of a strip-mined hillside, or a clear-felled forest with the tranquil majesty of a climax ecosystem such as a tropical rain forest or a coral reef. "Nature knows best", it is said.

A second worry focuses on the way that we tend to treat humans and human activity in isolation from, rather than as a part of nature. This is often characterized as an atomistic conception of humans as discrete and separate interacting units, in contrast to the holistic organic conception of organisms as nodes in complex biotic webs. The sharp separation between humanity and nature is said to be one of the characteristic deficiencies of shallow thought, which is often accompanied by the denial that the nonhuman world possesses intrinsic value.

A/T: Technology Saves life1) When they say that the technology they are protecting can be used to save non-human

life, they are really just linking even harder to the kritik. Life has gone on for billions of years, life will go on without man’s help

Grey, ’93 (William, prof. @ University of Queensland, taught at Australian National University, Temple University, Philadelphia, and the University of New England. “Anthropocentrism and Deep Ecology”, Australiasian Journal of Philosophy , Vol 71, No 4 (1993), pp. 463-475.)If the concerns for humanity and nonhuman species raised by advocates of deep ecology are expressed as concerns about the fate of the planet, then these concerns are misplaced. From a planetary perspective, we may be entering a phase of mass extinction of the magnitude of the Cretaceous. For planet earth that is just another incident in a four and a half billion year saga. Life will go on—in some guise or other. The arthropods, algae and the ubiquitous bacteria, at least, will almost certainly be around for a few billion years more.

2) The technology that they are claiming was still designed for human ends- and the production of such certainly resulted in environmental degradation.

3) Judge, don’t let them try to use their anthropocentric rhetoric to trick you- technology has and always will be for human ends, with little regard to the environment. Pull across and cross apply the subpoint B from the shell that talks about the flaws of technocentrism

4) They cannot solve for the kritik. The case is too far rooted in the anthropocentric mindset to promote deep ecology, kritik is the best option in the round.

EXT. ON “SAVES LIVES”(__) Every time that they say that they can save a life, human or nonhuman, they bite the kritik one more time- their logic is so far rooted in anthropocentrism that they have been blinded to the realization that extinctions do occur- the aff should stop trying to play God.

Grey, ’93 (William, prof. @ University of Queensland, taught at Australian National University, Temple University, Philadelphia, and the University of New England. “Anthropocentrism and Deep Ecology”, Australiasian Journal of Philosophy , Vol 71, No 4 (1993), pp. 463-475.)

Robert Goodin has proposed a "moderately deep" theory of value, according to which what imparts value to an outcome is the naturalness of the historical process through which it has come about (Goodin 1991, p. 74). Putting aside the problem, mentioned above, that the distinction between what is natural and what is cultural (or technological, or artefactual) is problematic, the deliverances of natural historical processes are not necessarily benign, nor ones which should command our approval. The traumatic disruptions to the planet brought about by natural forces far exceed anything which we have been able to effect. Consider, first, what Lovelock (1979) has called the worst atmospheric pollution incident ever: the accumulation of that toxic and corrosive gas oxygen some two billion years ago, with devastating consequences for the then predominant anaerobic life forms. Or the Cretaceous extinction 65 million years ago, which wiped out the large reptiles, the then dominant life forms. Or the Permian extinction some 225 million years ago, which eliminated an estimated 96 per cent of marine species. Like the eruption of Mt St Helens, these were natural events, but it is implausible to suppose that they are to be valued for that reason alone. There is of course an excellent reason for us to retrospectively evaluate these great planetary disruptions positively from our current position in planetary history, and that is that we can recognise their occurrence as a necessary condition for our own existence. But what could be more anthropocentric than that?

(__) Technology and anthropocentrism together prevent evolutionGrey, ’93 (William, prof. @ University of Queensland, taught at Australian National University, Temple University, Philadelphia, and the University of New England. “Anthropocentrism and Deep Ecology”, Australiasian Journal of Philosophy, Vol 71, No 4 (1993), pp. 463-475.)

Suppose that astronomers detect a modest asteroid or comet, say five or ten kilometres diameter, on collision course with planet Earth [8]. The impending collision would be perfectly natural all right, and cataclysmic enough to do to us what another one rather like it probably did to the dinosaurs. Such periodic disruptive events are natural all right, though they probably destroy most of the then extant large life forms. These times of renewal provide opportunities for smaller, flexible organisms to radiate opportunistically into vacated niches, and life goes on. From a biocentric or ecocentric perspective there is little doubt that our demise would provide comparable opportunities for development which we currently prevent. Should we, in such circumstances, step aside so that evolution can continue on its majestic course? I think not, and I think further that interference with the natural course of events, if it could be effected, would be no bad thing—at least from our point of view and in terms of our interests, which it is quite legitimate to promote and favour.

A/T: ANTHRO ISN’T INHERENTLY FLAWED1) Fine, Grant them this. We are totally conceding this point. When we defend our loved

ones or are moved more by human suffering than the suffering of other beings, we are acting as descendants, parents, friends, lovers, etc.- and being anthropocentric, but this form is OK

2) They are embodying a flawed form of anthropocentrism- they are evaluating the world through a “human first!” point of view- THIS is flawed.

3) X-apply their argument to prove again that there are alternatives to the kritik, and that kritik solves case because it keeps anthropocentrism, but not the human first approach.

Kritik Promotes Deep Ecology

Grey, ’93 (William, prof. @ University of Queensland, taught at Australian National University, Temple University, Philadelphia, and the University of New England. “Anthropocentrism and Deep Ecology”, Australiasian Journal of Philosophy, Vol 71, No 4 (1993), pp. 463-475.)

One strand of environmental thinking provides a challenge to a further alleged bastion of anthropocentric parochialism—anthropocentrism or human chauvinism. Just as we have abandoned our geocentric cosmology, our anthropocentric biology, and related conceits; so, it is claimed, we should give up our anthropocentric morality. Indeed the search for a credible non-anthropocentric basis for value in nature has been the central preoccupation of environmental philosophy. Anthropocentrism is the focal issue of this paper. Part of the challenge is to find an appropriate scale for concern about our biotic fellow citizens, a concern which extends across species and across time. My aim however is not to bury anthropocentrism, but to defend it, at least in a qualified form. My claim is that if we attempt to step too far outside the scale of the recognizably human, rather than expanding and enriching our moral horizons we render them meaningless, or at least almost unrecognizable. The grand perspective of evolutionary biology provides a reductio ad absurdum of the cluster of non-anthropocentric ethics which can be found under the label "deep ecology". What deep ecology seeks to promote, and what deep ecologists seek to condemn, needs to be articulated from a distinctively human perspective. And this is more than the trivial claim that our perspectives, values and judgements are necessarily human.

Kritik Solves for Ontology(__) Breaking our of Human First Anthropocentrism allows discovery of being.Naess et al, ’88 (Arne, John Seed, Joanna Macy, and Pat Fleming, Beyond Anthropocentrism,Thinking like a mountain- towards a council of all beings, New Society Publishers, Philadelphia, 1988)

When humans investigate and see through their layers of anthropocentric self-cherishing, a most profound change in consciousness begins to take place. Alienation subsides. The human is no longer an outsider, apart. Your humanness is then recognised as being merely the most recent stage of your existence, and as you stop identifying exclusively with this chapter, you start to get in touch with yourself as mammal, as vertebrate, as a species only recently emerged from the rainforest. As the fog of amnesia disperses, there is a transformation in your relationship to other species, and in your commitment to them. What is described here should not be seen as merely intellectual. The intellect is one entry point to the process outlined, and the easiest one to communicate.

Alternatives Exist: Partial Rejection

Grey, ’93 (William, prof. @ University of Queensland, taught at Australian National University, Temple University, Philadelphia, and the University of New England. “Anthropocentrism and Deep Ecology”, Australiasian Journal of Philosophy, Vol 71, No 4 (1993), pp. 463-475.)

The attempt to provide a genuinely non-anthropocentric set of values, or preferences seems to be a hopeless quest. Once we eschew all human values, interests and preferences we are confronted with just too many alternatives, as we can see when we consider biological history over a billion year time scale. The problem with the various non-anthropocentric bases for value which have been proposed is that they permit too many different possibilities, not all of which are at all congenial to us. And that matters. We should be concerned to promote a rich, diverse and vibrant biosphere. Human flourishing may certainly be included as a legitimate part of such a flourishing. The preoccupations of deep ecology arise as a result of human activities which impoverish and degrade the quality of the planet's living systems. But these judgements are possible only if we assume a set of values (that is, preference rankings), based on human preferences. We need to reject not anthropocentrism, but a particularly short term and narrow conception of human interests and concerns. What's wrong with shallow views is not their concern about the well-being of humans, but that they do not really consider enough in what that well-being consists. We need to develop an enriched, fortified anthropocentric notion of human interest to replace the dominant short-term, sectional and self-regarding conception.