Anthro Term Paper ;'D

7/31/2019 Anthro Term Paper ;'D

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Man and His Origin

A Partial Fulfillment in the Requirements of

Anthropology

(Cultural Anthropology)

9:00am-10:00am

Room: H1D

Submitted to:

Prof. Leah S. Baclaan

Submitted By:

Jann Robin Lagansua

Febbie Miya Maiz

Date: August 06, 2012


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

I INTRODUCTION

1

Ii Presentation of Data 2

What is the origin of mankind ? 3

What are the life of prehistoric humans? 4

What are the culture and traits of early man? 5

Discuss the socialization process of humans ? 6

Discuss the basic social institutions. 7

Does ones cultural and social environment dictate the 9

type of religion practiced?

How can we understand human beings? How can we Study them?

What criteria would archeological information have to meet to be

considered evidence of complex thought?

What is race, how do anthropologists define it.

10

How the different races did arose?

What is one brief reason anthropologists care so much

about social complexity?

III- SUMMARY

11

IV- REFERENCES

1


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INTRODUCTION

The finest way to appreciate humanity is to learn about its past, byanswering the questions Where did it came from ? and How did it develop?

in such aspects.

This term paper will give an overview about man and its origin, it also

integrates different ideas concerning the aspects by wich man develop.

Prehistoric Humans may be defined as the prehistoric population of

the living human species. Homo-sapiens , together with other ancestral species of

the genus homo. Paleoanthropologists are concerned with reconstructing the

evolutionary history and ways of life of prehistoric homosapiens and extinct

human species Homoerectus and Homohabilis. They seek the origin of the genus

homo among the early hominids or prehumans and the origin of the hominids

among still earlier hominoid or apelike,primates.

There are two main fields by wich man delope. The first one is

Biological wich focuses on the history of mans physical characteristics and

biological changes that occur and the resultant of variation. Second, is cultural it is

concerned with the study of the total societies, that is the social and cultural

inheritance of humankind . It focuses on the origin and history of human societies

and culture.

PRESENTATION OF DATA


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What is the origin of mankind ?What are the life of prehistoric humans?What are the culture and traits of early man?Discuss the socialization process of humans ?Discuss the basic social institutions.Does ones cultural and social environment dictate the type of religion practiced?How can we understand human beings? How can we Study them? What criteria would archeological information have to meet to be considered evidence of

complex thought?

What is race, how do anthropologists define it. How the different races did arose?What is one brief reason anthropologists care so much

about social complexity?

1.What is the Origin of Man ?

The two most prevalent religion of the world i.e. Christianism and Islam teach that

man's origin was Adam followed by several prophets who were all descendents of

Adam. These religions do not tell us of any evolution of man over centuries and assumes

that mental capacity and culture of man has always been same. i.e. tha man living at the

time of Adam appears similar in characterstics as a modern man. Although it is


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impossible to quantify how long ago Adam has lived.

On the other hand, scientific knowledge, specifically, paleontology tells us by

examination of fossils, skulls and bones found and by their radioactive nuclear studies

that man lived millions of years ago was completely different in structure, limitedmental capacity and culture.

To summarize, scientific discovery of ancient man and their characterstics;

1)4.4 to 4.5 million years old: oldest man known to live

2) 3.5 million years old: small brain, small teeth

3) 1.6 to 2.4 million years old: first man known to use tools

4) 200K to 300k years old: similar to humans in features.

It has been scientifically proven that earlier humans(more than one millions years old

were not only dissimilar to modern man in physical features but also they had very

limited mental capacity and their life style was not much different than animals.(I am

not discussing evolution of man from monkeys. It is a different topic).

2. Life of early Humans ?


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Stone Age

Paleolithic - Throughout the Paleolithic, humans generally lived as nomadic hunter-

gatherers. Hunter-gatherer societies tended to be very small and egalitarian[citation needed]

,

though hunter-gatherer societies with abundant resources or advanced food-storage

techniques sometimes developed sedentary lifestyles with complex social structures

such as chiefdoms, and social stratification. Long-distance contacts may have been

established, as in the case ofIndigenous Australian "highways."

Mesolithic- Mesolithic is characterized in most areas by small composite flint tools microliths and microburins. Fishing tackle, stone adzes and wooden objects, e.g. canoes and

bows, have been found at some sites. These technologies first occur in Africa, associated with

the Azilian cultures, before spreading to Europe through the Ibero-Maurusian culture of

Northern Africa and the Kebaran culture of the Levant. Independent discovery is not always

ruled out.

Bronze Age

The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most

advanced metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use) included techniques for

smelting copper and tin from naturally occurring outcroppings of ores, and then combining

them to cast bronze. These naturally occurring ores typically included arsenic as a common

impurity. Copper/tin ores are rare, as reflected in the fact that there were no tin bronzes in

Western Asia before 3000 BC. The Bronze Age forms part of the three-age system for

prehistoric societies. In this system, it follows the Neolithic in some areas of the world.

Iron Age

Main articles: Iron Age and Classical antiquity

In archaeology, the Iron Age refers to the advent offerrous metallurgy. The adoption ofiron

coincided with other changes in some past cultures, often including more sophisticated

agricultural practices, religious beliefs and artistic styles, which makes the archaeological Iron

Age coincide with the "Axial Age" in the history of philosophy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gathererhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gathererhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherer#Social_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stratificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microlithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microburinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_tacklehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_%28weapon%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibero-Maurusianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebaranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalworkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeltinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-age_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-age_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeltinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalworkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebaranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibero-Maurusianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_%28weapon%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adzehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_tacklehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microburinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microlithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stratificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherer#Social_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gathererhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gathererhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad


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3. What are the traditions of early man?

Of the three main epochs -- savagery, barbarism, and civilization -- he is concerned, of course, only with the first

two and the transition to the third. He divides both savagery and barbarism into lower, middle, a nd upper stages

according to the progress made in the production of food; for, he says:

Upon their skill in this direction, the whole question of human supremacy on the earth depended. Mankind are the

only beings who may be said to have gained an absolute control over the production of food.... It is accordingly

probable that the great epochs of human progress have been identified, more or less directly, with the

enlargement of the sources of subsistence. [Morgan, op. cit., p. 19. -Ed.]

The development of the family takes a parallel course, but here the periods have not such striking marks of

differentiation.

I. SAVAGERY

(a.) LOWER STAGE. Childhood of the human race. Man still lived in his original habitat, in tropical or subtropical

forests, and was partially at least a tree-dweller, for otherwise his survival among huge beasts of prey cannot be

explained. Fruit, nuts and roots served him for food.

(b.) MIDDLE STAGE. Begins with the utilization of fish for food (including crabs, mussels, and other aquatic

animals), and with the use of fire. The two are complementary, since fish becomes edible only by the use of fire.

With this new source of nourishment, men now became independent of climate and locality; even as savages, they

could, by following the rivers and coasts, spread over most of the earth

(c.) UPPER STAGE. Begins with the invention of the bow and arrow, whereby game became a regular source of

food, and bunting a normal form of work. Bow, string, and arrow already constitute a very complex instrument,

whose invention implies long, accumulated experience and sharpened intelligence, and therefore knowledge of

many other inventions as well.

2. BARBARISM

(a.) LOWER STAGE. Dates from the introduction of pottery. In many cases it has been proved, and in all it is

probable, that the first pots originated from the habit of covering baskets or wooden vessels with clay to make

them fireproof; in this way it was soon discovered that the clay mold answered the purpose without any inner

vessel.

(b.) MIDDLE STAGE. Begins in the Eastern Hemisphere with domestication of animals; in the Western, with the

cultivation, by means of irrigation, of plants f or food, and with the use of adobe (sun-dried) bricks and stone f or

building.

(c.) UPPER STAGE. Begins with the smelting of iron ore, and passes into civilization with the invention of alphabetic

writing and its use for literary records. This stage (as we have seen, only the Eastern Hemisphere passed through it

independently) is richer in advances in production than all the preceding stages together. To it belong the Greeks

of the heroic age, the tribes of Italy shortly before the foundation of Rome, the Germans of Tacitus and the

Norsemen of the Viking age.

Savagery -- the period in which man's appropriation of products in their natural state predominates; the products

of human art are chiefly instruments which assist this appropriation.


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Barbarism -- the period during which man learns to breed domestic animals and to practice agriculture, and

acquires methods of increasing the supply of natural products by human activity.

Civilization -- the period in which man learns a more advanced application of work to the products of nature, the

period of industry proper an


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4. Discuss the socialization process among man .

Human infants are born without any culture. They must be transformed by their parents,

teachers, and others into cultural and socially adept animals. The general process of acquiring

culture is referred to as socialization . During socialization, we learn the language of

the culture we are born into as well as the roles we are to play in life. For instance, girls learnhow to be daughters, sisters, friends, wives, and mothers. In addition, they learn about the

occupational roles that their society has in store for them. We also learn and usually adopt our

culture's norms through the socialization process. Norms are the conceptions of appropriate

and expected behavior that are held by most members of the society. While socialization refers

to the general process of acquiring culture, anthropologists use the term enculturation for the

process of being socialized to a particular culture. You were enculturated to your specific

culture by your parents and the other people who raised you.

Socialization is important in the process ofpersonality formation. While much of human

personality is the result of our genes, the socialization process can mold it in particular

directions by encouraging specific beliefs and attitudes as well as selectively providing

experiences. This very likely accounts for much of the difference between the common

personality types in one society in comparison to another. For instance, the Semai tribesmen

of the central Malay Peninsula of Malaysia typically are gentle people who do not like violent,

aggressive individuals. In fact, they avoid them whenever possible. In contrast, the

Yanomam Indians on the border area between Venezuela and Brazil usually train their boys to

be tough and aggressive. The ideal Yanomam man does not shrink from violence and strong

emotions. In fact, he seeks them out. Likewise, Shiite Muslim men of Iran are expected at

times to publicly express their religious faith through the emotionally powerful act of self-

inflicted pain.

Successful socialization can result in uniformity within a society. If all children receive the same

socialization, it is likely that they will share the same beliefs and expectations. This fact has

been a strong motivation for national governments around the world to standardize education

and make it compulsory for all children. Deciding what things will be taught and how they are

taught is a powerful political tool for controlling people. Those who internalize the norms of

society are less likely to break the law or to want radical social changes. In all societies,

however, there are individuals who do not conform to culturally defined standards of normalcy

because they were "abnormally" socialized, which is to say that they have not internalized the

norms of society. These people are usually labeled by their society as deviant or even mentally

ill.
http://anthro.palomar.edu/social/glossary.htm#culturehttp://anthro.palomar.edu/social/glossary.htm#personalityhttp://anthro.palomar.edu/social/glossary.htm#personalityhttp://anthro.palomar.edu/social/glossary.htm#culture


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5.Discuss the Basic Social Institutions.

FamilyA group of people who live together, or one that is similar to one that is related by blood,

marriage, law, or custom, or members of one's intimate social group.

Religion

A set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purposeof the universe, especially when consi

dered as the creationof a superhuman agency or agencies, usually involvingdevotional and ritua

l observances, and often containing amoral code governing the conduct of human affairs.

Government (State)

The political direction and control exercised over the actionsof the members, citizens, or inhabit

ants of communities,societies, and states; direction of the affairs of a state,community, etc.; pol

itical administration: Government isnecessary to the existence of civilized society.

Education

the act or process of imparting or acquiring generalknowledge, developing the powers of reaso

ning andjudgment, and generally of preparing oneself or othersintellectually for mature life.

ECONOMICS

The study ofresource allocation, distribution and consumption; ofcapital and investment; and

ofmanagement of the factors ofproduction.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sethttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/naturehttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/controlhttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/communityhttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/maturehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/resourcehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/allocationhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/distributionhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/consumptionhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/capitalhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/investmenthttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/managementhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/productionhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/productionhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/managementhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/investmenthttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/capitalhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/consumptionhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/distributionhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/allocationhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/resourcehttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/maturehttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/communityhttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/controlhttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/naturehttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/set


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Family Religion

Education Government

Economics


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6. Does ones cultural and social environment dictate the type of religion practiced?

As children, we learn our values and value system (religion) from our parents and adults around

us. Since we are not aware of the larger society around us (or) the culture into which we were

born until much later, the reverse tends to be true.

7. How can we understand human beings? How can we Study them?

The field of Anthropology is the study of Human Beings. It incorporates subjects like sociology,

psychology, medicine, economics, and many other subfields. In addition, since we are studying

ourselves, we have many people who may act as examples.

8. What criteria would archeological information have to meet to be considered evidence of

complex thought?

One of the most important pieces of evidence in the archeological record that points to

complex thought is stone tools. In fact, we even associate the classification of our early

ancestors to that of tool making. For example, Homo habilis means handy man was chosen.

Because this species is thought to is the originator of the many stone tools found at habilis

sites. If these stones were indeed created by habilis, then the species had a marked advantage

in terms of complex thinking. At about that time, there were at least four hominid species living

in East Africa; competition would have certainly been fierce. The ability to make and use toolswould have been a significant advantage in competing for food. Hominid skull fossils from this

time show a marked encephalization (increase in brain size). Bigger brains require more

metabolic energy and using tools to extract more calories from their environment would

certainly have helped the first hominid species to discover Stone Age technology.

9. What is race, how do anthropologists define it. How the different races did arose?

Race is a way of classifying people, usually in terms of superficial physical characteristics, skin

color, hair texture, cranial features, etc. Anthropologists do not really use race as a way of

classifying people anymore for a couple of reasons: first, genetic studies show that there ismore variation within most "racial" groups than between them. Second, most racial groupings

are at least partly social/cultural, rather than strictly biological. Thirdly, racial classifications

oversimplify a complex, multivariate, pattern of human biological variability. Lastly, racial

classifications provide no predictive basis for inferring human behavior. The concept of "race"

probably arose as a function of naval technology. When people had to travel overland, or

anchor their ships after short journeys, differences between the people one encountered were


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predictably relatively minor. Once ships could stay out longer (weeks, months) then each

landfall resulted in encounters with people who looked and acted remarkably different from

the last peopleencountered. The first mentions one finds of "race" as a way of classifying

people coincide closely with improvements in naval technology after 1400-1600 AD.

10.What is one brief reason anthropologists care so much about social complexity?

Social complexity is the "web" a society has developed to answer the needs of that society.

Each society has its own web much as each spider species has a very distinct web of its own. No

two are alike yet we satisfy our needs some more efficiently then others. Therefore, when we

look at these social webs, we gain an insight into both the history and the development of the

society.

Summary

There are many speculations where man came from, according to scientific

explanation humans evolved from early hominids or ape like , primates . Otherwise thereligions view states that man itself is a creation from God. There are also theories that

integrates ideas about the origin of humanity , such as the theory of Charles Darwin on

his book entitled The Origin of Species By means of Natural Selection wich gives an

overview about the evolution of man from an apelike primate. Human evolution does

not stop on Biological aspects but also in intellectual or Evolution of the thinking

capacity of humans. That results to development or discovery of new things wich helps


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them in terms of Food Production and etc. As time goes by culture and traits of mankind

change, it differs from the influences of the culture and traits of other groups or tribes.

It includes many aspects but much in Particular is the way of living and communication.

The etymology of the modern term "culture" has a classical origin. In English, the word

"culture" is based on a term used by Cicero in his Tusculan Disputations, where he wrote

of a cultivation of the soul or "cultura animi", thereby using an agricultural metaphor to

describe the development of a philosophical soul, which was

understood teleologically as the one natural highest possible ideal for human

development. Samuel Pufendorftook over this metaphor in a modern context, meaning

something similar, but no longer assuming that philosophy is man's natural perfection.

His use, and that of many writers after him "refers to all the ways in which human

beings overcome their original barbarism, and through artifice, become fully

human".Social change refers to an alteration in the social order of a society. It may refer

to the notion ofsocial progress or sociocultural evolution, the philosophical idea that

society moves forward by dialectical or evolutionary means. It may refer to aparadigmatic change in the socio-economic structure, for instance a shift away

from feudalism and towards capitalism. Accordingly it may also refer to social

revolution, such as the Socialist revolution presented in Marxism, or to other social

movements, such as Women's suffrage or the Civil rights movement. Social change may

be driven by cultural, religious, economic, scientific or technological forces.

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&fr=yfp-t-711&fr2=piv-image
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Anthro Term Paper ;'D