Race is a cultural construct Western scholars (scientific racists) measured skulls, teeth, jaws, limbs and

other physical features of natives. James Hutton/Charles Lyell amassed evidence showing earth was million of

years old Intellectuals used written descriptions of the customs and beliefs of natives

people Unilineal evolution: 19th century theory all cultures pass through a similar

sequence of developmento Fijians of Pacific: barbarismo Polynesians: savageryo Ancient Chinese Egyptians: Civilization

Animism: all of nature is populated by supernatural beings: ghosts, demons Polytheism: belief in many gods Monotheism: belief in one God Historical Particularism: Each culture is a unique result of its distinctive

past. Functionalism: Analyze cultural elements as explained by their function Materialism: Main influence on human ways of life is how people produce

and distribute resources from their environment Intensification: Process where important changes in human cultures results Idealists say resources are culturally defined, not given by the nat. env.