Anthony van der Veldt Assistant Director Safety, Operations & Infrastructure Europe

Moscow, Russion Federation,12-15 September 2005

ICAO EUR Seminar on Runway Safety and ATS Safety Management

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Anthony van der VeldtAssistant Director

Safety, Operations & Infrastructure Europe

Airline & Pilot proceduresRecommendations for Aircraft Operators On the Prevention of Runway Incursions



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Airline’s Flight Safety Department

Mission Secure, promote and improve the safety of Flight

Operations Increase safety awareness through dissemination

of knowledge from incident reports and flight data analysis

Identify and manage risks in order to proactively reduce accidents and incidents



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Airline’s Flight Safety Department

Goals Continuous improvement through Quality

Assurance programmes including internal evaluation of flight operations

Implement Quality control initiatives to monitor compliance with existing standards

External Assessment of safety and quality through the IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA)



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Definition of Incidents Any occurrence other than an accident associated with the operation

of an aircraft, that affects or could affect the safety of operations, such as, Air traffic incidents (between a/c – loss of separation) Technical incidents, (a/c system failures) Ground incidents (a/c not moving – engines out) Operational incidents (collision or risk of collision with any vehicle, terrain or

obstacle

An Air Safety Report must be filed to report all events, which affected or could have affected the safety of the flight



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Responsibilities Flight Safety Department

Flight Safety Programme – Analysis of incident and flight data to identify hazards and areas of non-compliance

Risk Management Programme – Assessment of severity and likelihood of identifiable hazards

Accident Prevention Programme – To ensure implementation of corrective action needed to prevent risks to operational safety



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Airline Reporting Culture

Generally good Aircraft condition monitoring system (ACMS)

There maybe some write-fatigue influenceson subjects, e.g. No smoke policy



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European Action Plan

The European Action Plan for the Prevention of Runway Incursions and awareness raising program is running for two years

The Action Plan calls for full compliance with 6 Recommendations for Aircraft Operators

A survey amongst our member airlines revealed that on average 80 % of those 6 Recommendations have been fulfilled

Members are being updated by regular Runway Safety Progress Reports



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European Action Plan Aircraft Operators 6 - Recommendations

Recommendation 4.4.1

Provide training and assessment for Pilots regarding Aerodrome signage, marking and lighting (88 %)


Pilots shall not cross red stop bars when lining up or crossing a runway, unless contingency procedures are in force, for example to cover cases where the stop bars or controls are unserviceable (88 %)



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Ensure that flight deck procedures contain a requirement for explicit clearances to cross any runway. Includes non-active runways (91 %)


When in receipt of line-up clearance, Flight crew must advise ATC if they will need to hold on the runway for more than 90 seconds beyond the time it would normally be expected to depart (67 %)



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Promote best practices on flight deck procedures while taxiing - to include the “Sterile flight deck” concept (74 %)


Promote best practices for pilots planning of ground operations (72 %)



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Awareness Raising Visits

In 2004, 9 runway safety awareness raising visits to airports were paid (reports on available request)

In 2005, to date 9 airports have been visited with 6 more planned

Positive feedback was received from numerous airports in the European Region that have established Local Runway Safety Teams (LRST)



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Pilot Survey Results Contributing Cause of experienced Runway Incursions

RT phraseology

ATC proce

dures

Aerodrome signs

Language proficiency

Pavement m

arkings

Pilot p

rocedures



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Markings

Pop quiz?

The three most important

things about painted

markings are?



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Markings

Contrast

Contrast

Contrast

Contrast



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Lets take a look at a couple of examples why contrast is so important

Markings



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Uncontrasted Hold Bar Look Hard it’s Here!



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This is much better!



18Contrast works



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Now this looks good!



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Anyone see the Island?



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No problem here!



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Contrast would sure help here...Remember, drivers need guidance as well



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Paint is worn… but, still...?



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Contrast helps wet pavement too



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Low Visibility OperationsJust under 1200’/400m RVR



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Before impact events

At that position were painted two markings, R5 and R6

The size and shape of the two markings did not conform with ICAO standards, and were only partially visible



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Guidance Material Flight Crew Best PracticesAirport familiarisation (1)

Prepare the necessary charts for taxi and have them available for use during taxi

Take some time to study the airport layout. Very often some systematic can be found in the naming of taxiways

Use the ATIS information and your previous experience to determine the possible taxi routes

Remember to review the latest NOTAM for both the Departure and Arrival airport for information concerning construction or taxiway/runway closures. Visualise this information on the charts



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Guidance Material Flight Crew Best PracticesAirport familiarisation (2)

Standard taxi routes are used more often at busy airports. Review the routes you can expect

Pay special attention to the location of HOT SPOTS. These are unique or complex intersections and runway crossings. Know what runways you will encounter between where you are and where you are going

Plan timing and execution of check lists, so that no distractions occur when approaching and/or crossing runways; i.e. all eyes outside during this phase

Conduct detailed briefing for all flight crew members, especially during night and low visibility operations i.e. include “extra eyes” where available



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Guidance Material Flight Crew Best PracticesTaxi checklist (1)

Write down taxi route Assign crew member to progressively follow aircraft position on chart Follow company SOP’s in regard to exterior lighting when taxiing and

cleared for take-off – where possible, maximum illumination Sterile flight Deck during taxi Be alert for Mandatory Signs / Markings / Stop bars and Runway guard

lights Look for visual aids (Taxiway location information and destination signs)



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Designate a crew member to look for and report signs / markings and keep track of location against the aerodrome chart

Conduct pre-departure checklists when the aircraft is stationary Use STANDARD radio phraseology Demand explicit clearance before crossing any runway READBACK all runway crossing or hold short clearances using correct

phraseology



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DO NOT ALLOW flight crew to be rushed by any party (ATC or Company)

LISTEN to clearances issued to other aircraft Before entering or crossing any runway CHECK FOR TRAFFIC!! No checklist activity crossing any runway Ensure correct understanding of the ICAO phraseology a “Taxi to

holding position ”



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Guidance Material Flight Crew Best PracticesCommunications: clearances

The most common phraseology problem for non European based flight crew, is the fundamental difference between the North American phraseology “taxi into position and hold” (which has the same meaning as the ICAO standard phrase “line up [and wait]”) and

The standard ICAO phraseology “taxi to holding position” (which means taxi to, and hold at, a point clear of the runway – ILS Cat 1, 2/3 etc)

Listen carefully to the instruction. If unsure – ASK



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Guidance Material Flight Crew Best PracticesCommunications: Phraseology and Language Proficiency

Respect RT phraseology

Proscribe the use of local languages at internationalairports

Use a common aeronautical language and

Improve the aviation language proficiency (English)



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RECURRENT TRAINING BRIEFING

RUNWAY INCURSION

JFK 22R



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Runway 22R Incursion at JFK

6498 - CDG/JFK Landing at night 22L 600 m Visibility After landing, 6498 cross rwy22R in front of a B757 taking off



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Runway in use at JFK



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Runways and Taxiways involved



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B757



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Runway 22R Incursion at JFK

6498 receives a first taxi clearance via Zoulou Three seconds later, 6498 receives an amended clearance through

Juliet “Straight ahead on Juliet …” 6498 taxi on Juliet and cross rwy 22R Crew understood “no hold short 22R” from ATC instead of “and hold

short” pronounced “n’hold short”



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To cross an active runway the word « CROSS » should have been pronounced by ATC and acknowledge by the crew

« CROSS » was never pronounced

Lesson



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Runway Incursion at CDG (1)

Flight xx123 Bologna, Italy - Paris, France

MD 82

A/C landed on RWY 26L and crossed RWY 26R without ATC clearance



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Weather conditions:Visibility 10 kmNight TimeWet RunwayVisibility 7 kmBroken Clouds at 500 FT




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A/C

Air france



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After clearing RWY 26L, a/c was instructed to taxi via S3 and instructed to hold before crossing RWY 26R

Capt. did not succeeded in stopping the a/c at the stop bar (poor braking action conditions); a/c entered in RWY 26R by approx 1 m

Pilot of a/c decided that it was safer to continue crossing RWY

26R as fast as possible

At the same time an A320 was cleared for take-off from RWY 26R, but in the French language




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1. Poor braking action

2. Poor horizontal airport signals

3. Stop-bars not adequately high lighted in the airport chart used by the pilot

4. Inadequate use of ground/aircraft COM in French language

Runway Incursion at CDG (4)Probable direct and indirect causes

Documents

Anthony van der Veldt Assistant Director Safety, Operations & Infrastructure Europe