Anterior Surgery in the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine: Endoscopic Techniques in Children by Alvin H. Crawford J Bone Joint Surg Am Volume 86(12):2752-2763

Anterior Surgery in the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine: Endoscopic Techniques in Children

by Alvin H. Crawford

J Bone Joint Surg AmVolume 86(12):2752-2763

December 1, 2004

©2004 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

Conventional positions for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery.

Alvin H. Crawford J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004;86:2752-2763


This photograph illustrates the prone position with three portals, for suction and retraction (X), the working portal (Y), and the portal for visualization (Z).



A view of the right side of the thoracic spine with the viewer looking upward toward the cupula.



This photograph illustrates a thoracoscopic view of a kyphotic spine after release and insertion of fibular grafts.



Radiographs of a skeletally immature child with a single overhang type of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis who was thought to be at risk for the crankshaft phenomenon.



Preoperative lateral radiograph showing thoracic lordosis.



These photographs illustrate the technique for performing release, instrumentation, and fusion for correction of idiopathic scoliosis with use of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery.



This anteroposterior view of the spine with image-intensification allows one to determine coronal plane placement of the screw.



This image-intensifier view shows active cable compression being applied between the second and third screws.



At the completion of the procedure, the rod has been reduced into all of the screw heads and the caps have been fully engaged.



These radiographs were made of the child shown in Figs. 5-A, 5-B, 5-C, 5-D.



Standing posteroanterior and lateral radiographs of the spine made at one year, illustrating coronal plane correction as well as improvement in the thoracic lordosis.



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Anterior Surgery in the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine: Endoscopic Techniques in Children by Alvin H. Crawford J Bone Joint Surg Am Volume 86(12):2752-2763