ANTENNA BEHAVIOUR UNDER DIFFERENT SOIL CONDITIONS...[21] Varun Shukla, Arti Saxena and Swati Jain, A New Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna Compatible for Mobile Communication

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 484 [email protected]

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 10, October 2017, pp. 484–490, Article ID: IJCIET_08_10_049

Available online at http://http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=10

ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

ANTENNA BEHAVIOUR UNDER DIFFERENT

SOIL CONDITIONS

T Anita Jones Mary Pushpa and D Sugumar

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,

Karunya University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India

ABSTRACT:

Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSN's) are experiencing an upheaval

as far as its remotely associated underground sensor hubs. Dissimilar to existing

techniques for observing underground conditions, which depend on buried sensors

associated by means of wire to the surface, a noteworthy element of WUSN gadgets

are sent totally subterranean and don't require any wired connections. WUSN's has

gotten much consideration due to its applications including intelligent water system,

environmental monitoring, border patrol, and assisted navigation. Every gadget

contains every essential sensor, memory, a processor, a radio, an antenna and a

power source. This paper is a preparatory endeavor to outline a Single Ended

Elliptical Antenna (SEA) that is utilized as a part of WUSN and its execution under

different soil conditions are likewise investigated.

Keywords: wireless underground sensor (WUSN),soil, SEA(single ended elliptical

antenna)

Cite this Article: T Anita Jones Mary Pushpa and D Sugumar, Antenna Behaviour

under Different Soil Conditions, International Journal of Civil Engineering and

Technology, 8(10), 2017, pp. 484–490

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=10

1. INTRODUCTION

WSN is broadly thought to be the most essential innovation in monitoring physical or natural

phenomena, for example, humidity, temperature, sound, vibration, pressure or motion and to

helpfully send the information through the system of sensors to a primary location [1]. Recent

discoveries in regards to WSN have prompted to the development of WUSN comprise of

sensors buried underground. Antenna designs for UWB-WUSN are experiencing an

insurgency in terms of soil texture, temperature and soil moisture. Different types of planar

mono pole antennas have been designed for UWB application. Printed mono pole antennas

are generally utilized as a part of remote wireless communication [13]. The primary

favourable advantages of planar mono pole antennas are low cost, simplicity of fabrication,

low profile, and small size. Shapes typically utilized for radiator of the mono pole antennas

are elliptical, circular, hexagonal, square, rectangle [14]. Out of these circular [15] and

Antenna Behaviour Under Different Soil Conditions


hexagonal shapes are generally examined. The simulation results of antenna under various

sorts of soils-sandy, loamy; magnetite with internment profundity of 10cm is exhibited. The

focus of this paper is to contemplate the impact of soil on UWB-SEA antenna for WUSN.

2. ANTENNA DESIGN

SEA is designed and simulated using FEKO software. It is fabricated on Rogers with €r= 3.36

and loss tangent of 0.0037.

The dimension of SEA antenna [18] for UWB band is tabulated in Table 1 and the

simulated geometry is shown in Fig 1. The lower end frequency is calculated using the

formula [18].

F= c/λ= 30*0.24/ (L+ r) GHz

Table 1 Dimensions of the Single ended elliptical monopole antenna

ANTENNA PARAMETERS MILLIMETRES

Width of the cuboid 26.7

Length of the cuboid 45.7

Thickness of the cuboid 0.1016

X Radius of small ellipse 9.144

Y Radius of small ellipse 10.287

X Radius of large ellipse 12.7

Y Radius of large ellipse 14.605

Position of the feed in V axis 14.3

Position of the feed in N axis 0.2032

Figure 1 Top view of SEA Figure 2 Scattering parameter of SEA

Figure 2 represents the return loss graph. From the previously mentioned graph, it is

construed that the lower end frequency is 4.5GHz which coordinates the hypothetical

estimation. The radiation pattern of SEA antenna is shown in Figure 3, which appears to have

gain of 10dB and directivity of 3.4dB. (Figure 4, 5)

Figure 3 Radiation pattern of antenna



Figure 4 Gain Figure 5 Directivity

3. BEHAVIOR OF ANTENNA UNDER DIFFERENT SOIL

CONDITIONS

The soil properties have a great effect on the underground communication using

electromagnetic waves. Water content, density, particle size and temperature also affect the

underground communication.

Water Content

Signal loss through a given sort of soil is relying upon water content in soil. Increasing the

water content of soil makes the signal loss more in channel

Density

Soil density also plays a vital role. Increase in soil density leads to Path loss and therefore

enhances signal attenuation.

Particle Size

There are three distinct sorts of soils as indicated by particle size. Three noteworthy segments

are given in [17] as sand, silt and clay. Sandy soil is the littlest particle in size and gives a

lower loss and clay soil gives the most astounding loss for its large particle size [19].

Temperature

Increase in temperature of different types of soil leads to increase in signal attenuation in

underground communication

4. RESULTS OF THE PROPOSED ANTENNA UNDER DIFFERENT

SOIL CONDITIONS

The conduct of the SEA under various sorts of soil, for example, sandy soil, loamy soil and

magnetite soil are examined and analyzed. The dielectric constants and the tangent loss of the

soils are given in Table 2.

Table 2 Relative permittivity and the Dielectric constant of different soils

Soil type Relative permittivity Dielectric constant

Sandy soil 2.55 0.0062

Loamy soil 2.44 0.0011

Magnetite soil 1.05 0.029



For Sandy Soil

Figure 6 Radiation pattern for sandy soil

For Loamy Soil

Figure 7 Radiation pattern for loamy soil

For Magnetite Soil

Figure 8 Radiation pattern for Magnetite soil

Figure 6, 7 and 8 shows the radiation pattern for the antenna in sandy, loamy and

magnetite soil which are -4dB, 0.8dB and 0.21dB respectively. From the above figures it is

seen that the proposed antenna radiates under all the soil conditions. But better performance is

shown under sandy soil condition. The performance of the antenna is further discussed by

finding the directivity and gain of the proposed antenna under different soil conditions. The

results are depicted in Figures 9-14.



Figure 9 Directivity in Sandy soil Figure 10 Directivity in loamy soil

Figure 11 Directivity in Magnetite soil

Figure 9, 10 and 11 demonstrates the directivity of the reception apparatus in sandy,

loamy and magnetite soil which is 2dB, 0.41dB and 1.9dB separately.

Figure 14 Gain in Sandy soil Figure 12 Gain in Loamy soil

Figure 13 Gain in Magnetite soil



Figure 12, 13 and 14 shows the gain of the antenna in sandy, loamy and magnetite soil

respectively.

Table 3 comparitive results at different soil conditions

SOIL TYPE DIRECTIVITY(DB) GAIN(DB)

Sandy soil 2 -4

Loamy soil 0.41 0.8

Magnetite 1.9 0.21

From Table3 it is seen that the proposed antenna has directivity of 2dB and gain of -4dB

which is better than the proposed antenna under loamy and magnetite soil conditions. Thus

the SEA antenna performs better in sandy soil conditions which can be efficiently used in

WUSN.

5.CONCLUSION

This paper has investigated the behaviour of modified SEA monopole antenna under different

soil conditions.the findings of this study indicates that the antenna behaves well in sandy with

directivity of 2db and gain of -4db compared with loamy and magnetite soil.our results

underlined the importance of antenna design for WUSN applications.our work clearly has

short comings.despite this we beleive our work could be a frame work for antenna design with

enhanced gain.

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ANTENNA BEHAVIOUR UNDER DIFFERENT SOIL CONDITIONS...[21] Varun Shukla, Arti Saxena and Swati Jain, A New Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna Compatible for Mobile Communication