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REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINOLGY
1-Causes of Anovulation:Physiological:
@Pregnancy & lactation@Occasional in normal women
@1st
few cycles postmenarche& perimenopause
@Postmenopause
Pathological@Ovarian:
PCO premature ovarian failure- Resistantovary$
irili!ing ovarian tumours-"ona#al#ysgenesis
@yperprolactinemia@%#renal #iseases:
ypo-hyperfunction- a#ult onset C%@ypo-yperthyroi#ism
@Pituitary #isor#ers:
immon#s #is'- heehan $ - (umours@ypothalamic #isor#ers :
Organic lesions-anore)ia nervosa-"nR#eficiency
*allman$@"eneral #iseases:
%nemia-+alnutrition-O,esity-Chronic
#iseases
2-Causes of Hyperprolactinemia:Physiological:
@Pregnancy @ lactation @se)ual intercourse@reast & vaginal
e)amination
@.n#half of cycle@stress
@sleep
Pathological:@Pituitary: Prolactinoma-/mpty sella $ - "
secreting
tumour-Cushing #isease@ypothalamic #isor#ers:
0#iopathic- trauma-infections-tumours@ocal chest wall lesions:
2
@Others:ypothyroi#ism- PCO- CR3-liver failure
@/ctopic:ung & Renal tumours
@+e#ications:
COC +%O0s-(C%-+etocloprami#e
"45/COO"4
ANATOMY & EMBRYOLOGY
1-The lymphatic drainage of the cervix:@Paracervical 5s
@/)ternal iliac 5s@0nternal iliac 5s
@O,turator 5s
acral 5s@
@Common iliac 5s
@Paraaortic 5s
2-The masses felt in Douglas pouch:ottom of the peritoneal
cavity ,etween therectum & vagina & the . uterosacral lig'
On ,oth
si#es.Masses:@R3 is the commonest
@Post' wall fi,roi#
y#ro-pyosalpin)@
@(u,al pregnancy
@Ovarian masses
@Pelvic hematocele
@Pelvic a,scess
@/n#ometriotic no#ules
@Cancer rectum
3-The structures et!een the 2 layers of
road ligament:@3allopian tu,es
@Roun# & ovarian igaments
@6terine & ovarian ,loo# vessels
@5erves & lymphatics
@Parametrium
@Remenants of 7olffian system
"-Complication of female genital
mutilation:Ie!iate:
@evere pain8 5eurogenic shoc9@lee#ing
@amage to urethra & vagina
@0nfection
@Psycological trauma
Late:@6(0 @car & 9eloi# formation
@artholin cyst
@ermoi# cyst & neuroma
@e)ual pro,lems
8/13/2019 Answers of Enumerate Qs
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1-Causes of cervical factor in
infertility:ostile ce%,ical (c(s:
@cevicitis@%ntisperm anti,o#ies
@0na#euate /strogen pro#uction
@Cervical traumaA$atoical a#$o%alities o- C.:@C) polyp
@C) stenosis@C) +yomas
@+alposition of C) : R3 < prolapse@Previous surgery of C)
:cauteri!ation 3
C2P%e,io(s histo%y 353
1-Complications of &&/#:I2*etal & $eo$atal
co'licatio$:
%-0nfections: .E of cases-Complications of prematurity:
@R@0C
C-Cor# complications:@Cor# prolapse
@cor# compression@0nfection
-Complications from oligohy#ramnios:@%#hesion ,an#$
@9eletomuscular #eformity@ung hypoplasia
II2Mate%$al co'licatio$s:
%-0nfection:@ystemic:
septicemia< 0C< %R< R3-Over#istention: acute poly
hy#ramnios
G-reech presentationD-Rupture# uterus
H-complicate# fi,roi#:-Re# #egeneration
-(orsionK-0ncarcerate# retroverte# uterus
?-%,ortion & vesicular moleI-Roun# ligament stretching
-(u,al:1-Pregnancy or a,ortion
"-tiological factors of reech
presentation:Ca(ses i$ the 'assages:
@6terine malformation as suseptate@3un#al myoma
Ca(ses i$ the 'asse$ge%s:@+ultiple pregnancy
@Prematurity ;+8C;
@Pro#uction of insulinase ,y placenta@Renal glucosuria #t
lowering renal
threshol#@0ncrease# insulin reuirements
2-+tigmata for potential D#:I2I!e$ti-y high %is/ g%o(':
@istory of "+:-"lucose intolerance
-3etal macrosomia-0#iopathic polyhy#ramnios
-C3+3@+aternal age F >D
-O,esity-(5
-"lucosuria F.@3amily history of overt +
II2isto%y s(ggesti,e o- DM:
@ymptoms of +@ymptoms of complications of +
@O,stetric history of complications :
shoul#er#ystociaIII2"c%ee$i$g tests:
@1hour postpran#ial test@>hours "((
3-Causes of hyperemesis gravidarum:@%llergy to C"
@Psychological factors@%#reno-cortical insufficiency@eficiency
of vitamin H < 1
"->etal ) neonatal complications of ,D#:*etal:
@C3+3-C anomalies ;+8CB : < %< ("%
-C5 %nomalies : %nencephaly< spina ,ifi#a-Others: 6rinary
agenesis< #ou,le ureteretal irth in?uries:ea! i$F(%ies:
@Cephalhematoma@0ntracranial hemorrhage:
-u,#ural hemorrhage-u,arachnoi# hemorrhage
-0ntraventricular or intracere,ral hge'@3ractures of the
s9ull
-calp e#ema -%ngulation of spine
-etection of the cause
@0nvestigations of 0C
@Pregnancy test is ve within . wee9s
-Causes of fetal distress as causes of
(0,/
@6terine inversion@6terine su,involution
@Choriocarcinoam@ocal #iseases as cervical carcinoma or
polyp
1-Causes of retained placenta:*ail(%e o- !esce$t:
@6terine inertia @Constriction ring@6terine rupture
*ail(%e o- se'a%atio$:@6terine inertia
@evere a#hesions:-Placenta accreta-Placenta increta
-Placenta percreta
14-Causes of shoc8 in ostetrics:y'o,oleic shoc/:
@0n early pregnancy:-%,ortion
-/ctopic pregnancy-esicular mole
@%ntepartum hemorrhage:-Placenta previa
-%cci#ental hemorrhage@Postpartum hemorrhage:
-%tonic PP
-(raumatic as rupture# uterus-placenta acrreta
Ne(%oge$ic shoc/:@istur,e# ectopic pregnancy
@Conceale# acci#ental hemorrhage@Rupture# uterus
@%cute uterine inversion
"e'tic shoc/:@evere infections:-Chorioamnionitis
-Puerperal sepsis
-eptic a,ortion@acterial to)ins
Ne%,e i$F(%ies:@rachial ple)us palsy
@3acial palsy
"/eletal & (scle i$F(%y:@3racture of the clavicle
@3racture of long ,ones:-umerus
-3emur@ternomastoi# hematoma
"o-t tiss(e i$F(%ies:@acerations:
-y a scalpel ,la#e #uring C-y scissors #uring episiotomy
@calp a,scess
