Answer Key 1

Note: Graphic organizer answers are suggestions onlyand may not match students' answers exactly.

Preview Test

1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (D)4. (A) 5. (B) 6. (D)7. (B) 8. (A) 9. (A)

10. (C) 11. (D) 12. (A)13. (D) 14. (A, E, F)

Chapter 1 Fact Questions

01 Astronomy

1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (D)

Summary: The passage compares and contrasts theatmospheres of Earth and Saturn’s moon, Titan. TheEarth’s atmospheric conditions determine cloud formation,precipitation, and wind direction. On Titan, methane vaporbehaves in a way similar to water vapor on Earth. Due to themoon’s lower temperatures, methane on Titan coalescesinto a liquid, which then becomes a vapor and mirrors thebehavior of water on Earth. Unlike the concentration ofclouds and precipitation along the Earth’s equatorial region,however, the liquid methane on Titan moves toward itspoles, where it is then deposited as precipitation. Bystudying the evaporation of methane and its formation intoclouds on Titan, scientists can hone their understanding ofatmospheric science.

02 Environmental Science

1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (A)

Summary: The passage explains how some governmentshave recently developed testing methods to preventbacterial contamination of lakes, rivers, and oceans.These methods are being employed to identify likelysources of water pollution and determine wherepreventative measures are needed, especially in theagricultural industry. By analyzing soil samples for highconcentrations of bacteria, experts can then takemeasures to stop contamination before it occurs.

03 Business

1. (C) 2. (A) 3. (A)

Summary: The passage discusses equity theory. Equitytheory attempts to explain the behavior of individuals byarguing that they strive toward equilibrium in certainsituations. Individuals seek to fix inequities that theyperceive in their relationships with other people. It hasbeen used as a tool for business management to helpemployers understand their employees. However, it failsto consider quirks in personalities or feelings of unfaircompensation among fellow employees within a system.These weaknesses highlight the impractical aspects ofequity theory, such as oversimplification.

• Evaporation ofwater producesatmosphericevents

• ITCZ exists alongequatorialregions

• Atmosphericforces result ininter-tropicalconvergencezone

• Evaporation ofmethane producesatmospheric events

• ITCZ exists alongmiddle and polarregions

Earth’s Atmosphere vs. Titan’s Atmosphere

Earth Both Titan

Harmful bacterialcontaminants arepolluting watersources

Soil samples aretaken from areasand evaluated forconcentrations ofbacteria

Experts return tohigh-risk areas andhelp owners takepreventativemeasures againstcontamination

Preventing Water Pollution with Soil Analysis

Problem Solution (step 1) Solution (step 2)

Individuals act tocorrect perceivedinequities inrelationships withothers

To help managers betterunderstandemployees’motivations

Fails to account foraspects of personalitythat may influencechoice to correctinequity

Does not address howindividuals act inresponse to relationshipwith system or institution

Equity Theory

Definition Application Criticisms

Answer Key

2 Answer Key

04 Biology

1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (C)

Summary: The passage describes how mammals havedeveloped a sophisticated nervous system to control theirinternal temperature. Thermoregulation allows for temperatureregulation through a series of physiological responsescontrolled by the hypothalamus. The hypothalamuscan signal the muscles to metabolize substances to produceenergy and can cause blood vessels to constrict toreduce heat loss. Because of thermoregulation, mammalscan maintain a relatively constant temperature in warmand cold conditions alike. This allows for freedom fromthe environmental conditions that affect other animals likereptiles, but it requires a great expenditure of energy.

05 Environmental Science

1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (D)

Summary: The passage describes ways in which humanshave tried to artificially control the flooding of rivers in themodern era. During the spring and summer months, heavyrains or melting snow that has accumulated in themountains cause flooding. Over the centuries, people

have tried to manipulate rivers and the environmentsaround them to minimize flooding in their communities.People attempt to mitigate the effects of flooding throughlevees, dams, or channelization. However, these measuresrestrict the deposit of sediments, or are costly and harmfulfor the environment. By controlling construction within thefloodplain and managing debris in areas prone to flooding,we can adapt to rivers’ natural behavior.

06 Art History

1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (D)

Summary: The passage discusses the process oflithography. Discovered in the 1790s, lithography isunlike other printmaking techniques in that it has not hadsuch a long development toward its modern adaptation.Printmakers use a grease crayon to draw a design on aplate of limestone or aluminum. The plate is then treatedwith acid, saturated in water, and inked. Parts of the platesoaked in water repel the ink. When the plate is pressedonto paper, only the greased parts soaked in ink print onthe page. By changing the concentration of componentsin the grease crayon, the amount of ink taken by the platecan be manipulated. One can also change the tone of inkon an image, a technique not possible through otherprintmaking methods. The process is cheaper and lesslabor-intensive than other printmaking techniques andquickly gained popularity.

Changing rate ofmetabolic heatproduction

Adjusting heatexchange betweenorganism andenvironment

Cooling withevaporative heatloss

Relocation orhibernation

By making muscles move and burnenergy, hypothalamus can generateheat

By adjusting the size of blood vesselsnear surface of skin, hypothalamuscan control amount of heat lost toenvironment

By using sweat or other liquids onskin, terrestrial mammals can useevaporation to decrease temperature

By practicing certain behaviors,mammals can control heat lost orgained from environments

Thermoregulation

Types Explanation

Levees

Damming

Channelization

River banks enlarged to contain floodwater

Floodwaters collected in reservoir andreleased in slow, controlled manner

Alters riverbed or diverts river into newchannels to increase flow and volume

Flood Control

Methods Explanation

Special crayon marksa design onthe surfaceof plate

Plate is treated in acidbath to fixmarkeddesign onplate

Plate isimmersed inwater---marked portionsrepel water,other partssoak it up

Plate isremovedfrom waterand inked---marked portionsabsorb ink,water-soakedportionsrepel it

The Lithographic Process

Steps

Answer Key 3

Chapter 2 Negative Fact Questions

01 Photography

1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (D)

Summary: The passage describes two early, very differentphotographic processes that broadened the scope ofphotography. Previously, developing photographs hadbeen a long and tedious process. Daguerreotypes,invented in France, were very clear and detailed. They weredeveloped on metal plates and were one of a kind.However, the mercury fumes used to form a latent imagewere hazardous to the health of the photographer.Calotypes were developed on paper and were faintlyblurry. They used negatives and were able to bereproduced multiple times. Calotypes were less fragilethan daguerreotypes, making them more popular amongtravelers. Concepts from both processes are still used inmodern photography today.

02 Geology

1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (B)

Summary: A new study has shown a correlation betweenthe temperature of the Earth’s crust and elevation.Scientists had previously thought that variations in crustalrocks were the reasons for elevation and buoyancy incertain areas. Heat in the Earth’s crust increaseselevation, while cold decreases it. Observing temperature,composition, and crustal rock thickness allows scientists

to study other heat sources that may affect elevation,such as hot spots in the Earth’s mantle that melt andcreate magma. By monitoring changes in elevation,scientists can detect changes in the Earth’s surface,which may signal impending natural disturbances.

03 Architecture

1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (D)

Summary: The passage discusses Le Corbusier, one ofthe greatest modernist architects of the twentieth century.He used different styles of architecture throughout hiscareer. In his earlier years, he used the international style.It rejected ornamentation and favored transparency to letin more natural light. After WWII, Le Corbusier usedexpressionist, and then Brutalist styles in his designs.Brutalism features angular shapes, irregularities, andrough, unadorned concrete. For example, Le Corbusier’sLa Tourette exhibits a stark design on the exterior and itdominates the surrounding landscape.

04 Environmental Science

• Developed onmetal plate

• One of a kind

• Fragile

• Clear details

Daguerreotypes vs. Calotypes

Daguerreotypes Both Calotypes

• Revolutionizedphotography

• Reduced exposuretimes

• Made photographsavailable to thepublic

• Developed onpaper

• Used negatives

• Multiple copiescould be made

• Blurred images

Increase or decreasein temperature canaffect elevation bychanging density andbuoyancy of crustalrock

The Effects of Temperature on Elevation

Cause Effects

Higher temperatures cause higherelevations as heat reduces densityand increases buoyancy

Lower temperatures cause drop inelevation as density thickens anddecreases buoyancy

• Radical simplification ofform, rejection ofornamentation

• Use of glass, steel,and concrete;transparency

• Honest expressionof structure andacceptance ofindustrializedmass-productiontechniques

Architectural Styles of Le Corbusier

International Expressonism Brutalism

• Distortion offorms foremotionaleffect

• Curving ofgeometry

• Subduing ofrealism

• Borrowing ofnatural forms

• Use of mass-producedmaterials

• Use of rough hewnconcrete, stone,stucco, and glass

• Striking repetition ofangular geometrics,rough unadornedconcrete, blatantirregularities

• Building’s functiondisplayed in somemanner in exteriorconstruction

• Cost-effective

• Faster thanunderground mining

• Companies payfewer employees

• No risk of cave-ins

• Creates land forstores, schools, etc.

Mountaintop Removal Mining

Advantages Disadvantages

• Explosions damage homefoundations

• Dust from explosions containsharmful sulfur

• Fewer jobs for mining communityresidents

• Water contamination

• Toxic slurry ponds can break looseof dams and flood communities

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1. (C) 2. (A) 3. (D)

Summary: The passage discusses the large amount ofcontroversy surrounding mountaintop removal mining. Thisform of surface mining creates a flat plateau that sits farbelow the hills that surround it. Although mountaintopremoval mining allows more coal resources to be harvestedin a shorter amount of time, the environmental and personalimpact is extremely high in areas where it is practiced.Dust and debris that result from the destruction of themountain pose health risks to people living close by.Also, the valley fills that are created from the remains ofthe mountain have buried almost two million meters ofstreams that have become contaminated. Acidic waterthat is high in magnesium accumulates in groundwatersystems, which results in polluted water for those living innearby communities.

05 Linguistics

1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (D)

Summary: The passage discusses Dunstan BabyLanguage, which operates on the belief that babies makefive sound reflexes to indicate their needs. Through herempirical studies, Priscilla Dunstan claimed that thesesounds are produced by a baby in response to a need,such as hunger, tiredness, or flatulence. However there isno concrete data proving that Dunstan’s theory is valid.Critics claim that no methodology was given for theresearch and that the sounds babies make may not beconstrued as language. Furthermore, babies may beconditioned to make these sounds by their caregivers.

06 Psychology

1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (D)

Summary: Heuristics are learned or inherent rules thatexplain how people make decisions, form judgments,and solve problems. The availability heuristic is based onpeople’s judgment of a situation’s probability based onwhat is easily recalled from memory. For example, becausepeople more easily recall airplane catastrophes, theymay believe that flying carries a higher risk than driving.Also, parents may perceive that the risk of child abductionis higher than it actually is due to media coverage.Another instance is employees who believe that they aremore protected against employment termination thanthey really are. The recollection of some information maybe biased because people’s knowledge is based only ontheir experiences and those of others they know.

Chapter 3 Inference Questions

01 Business

1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (A)

Summary: According to the passage, developing goodemployee attitudes and offering incentives can improve acompany’s productivity. Well-organized companies andmotivation from employers create good attitudes amongworkers, which engage workers and make them want tobe successful in their jobs. Some companies may settheir sales quota low so that most salespeople can attain

4 Answer Key

Good employee attitudes arise from well-managed companies and motivation

Rewards and incentives engage workersin developing ideas to make a company successful

Productivity

Causes Effect

Improved productivity

People tend to judge probabilityof a situation by how easilythey can think of incidences orexamples

The Availability Heuristic

Definition Roles

Assists people in makingdecisions and judgmentsthrough reasoning

Trustworthy when usedobjectively

• Caregivers reportedless stress, more sleep,and higher self esteem

• Closer bonds andmore easily calmedbabies

• Taught on DVDs forrepeated viewing atleisure

Dunstan Baby Language

Benefits Criticisms

• No methodology for the research

• Language experts argue that it isnot in IPA and phonemes ofsound reflexes have no meaning

• Babies may be conditioned tomake sound reflexes by receivingattention when sounds are made

Answer Key 5

that quota, which makes them feel useful and needed.Financial incentives and merchandise rewards can alsoimprove employee productivity. Incentives can be in theform of employee retirement plans or stocks. An employee’shard work caused by these incentives and rewards leadsto an increase in productivity.

02 Psychology

1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (B)

Summary: According to the passage, single-and double-blind studies address the problem of bias in research.Any prejudice of researchers or participants could influencethe results of an experiment. In these experiments,participants are either part of a control group, in whichthey are unexposed to a particular treatment, or are partof an experimental group, in which they are exposed tothe treatment in the experiment. Single-blind studies do havea flaw. Researchers may give simple cues to participantsthat may lead to inaccurate results. Double-blind studieswithhold information not only from the participants, butalso from researchers, which lessens the possibility ofbias from the researchers or the participants.

03 History

1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (B)

Summary: According to the passage, the Hellenistic ageproduced many achievements in the arts and sciences.The city of Alexandria’s research library and museumattracted many prominent Greek scholars. Astronomersalso came to study the heavens in the museum’sobservatory, which led to the conclusion that the planets,in fact, revolve around the sun. Scholars developedconcepts and built formulas to determine the size ofcertain objects such as the Earth. There are manyexamples of art achievements in the Hellenistic age,which included, among magnificent palaces andstructures, a statue honoring a naval victory againstthose who threatened the Greeks’ freedom.

04 Environmental Science

1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (D)

Summary: According to the passage, habitat fragmentationcauses species extinction and edge effects in habitatsthat have been broken down into smaller patches of land.These patches are typically the result of rural developmentor agricultural practices. Because predators can adaptmore easily to changing environments, their prey becomemore susceptible to attack, which makes localizedspecies extinction more likely. The edge effects of habitatfragmentation influence the climates between the edgeand the interior of a fragmented habitat. If animals thatlive in these habitats do not migrate, they often face localizedextinction.

05 Art History

1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (A)

• Researchersknow full detailsof experiment

• Experimentereffects caninfluenceresults

Blind Studies

Single-blind Both Double-blind

• Participants do nothave informationabout experiment

• Attempt to reducebias in research

• Participants placedin control group orexperimental group

• Researchers andparticipants donot know to whichgroup participantsbelong

• Almost noexperimentereffects

Astronomer determined thatEarth is smaller than sun andplanets revolve around sun

Scholars determined Earth’scircumference and size ofobjects using concepts fromgeometry

Colossus of Rhodes andWinged Victory of Samothracesculptures created

Alexandria’s palaces andstructures including Pharos,a huge lighthouse

The Hellenistic Age

Scientific Achievements Artistic Achievements

Localizedextinction

Edge effects

Habitat Fragmentation

Effects Example

New England cottontail rabbit is vulnerableto predators due to loss of habitat

Forest animals are impacted due to changein ecosystem and climate

Cultivationand harvestof trees

Kapa Making Process

Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4:

Stripping andsoftening ofbark

Beating ofbark fibersinto cloth

Dyeing, decorating, andscenting of cloth

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Summary: The passage discusses how Hawaiians in theeighteenth century made material called kapa out of treebark. The process of making kapa required diligence thatbegan with the cultivation of wauke trees. Once the treeswere gathered, the kapa makers used serrated shells tocut the bark off the stalk. After the inner bark wasscraped off and soaked in water, the softened strips werepounded with mallets, then dyed and scented. Thoughkapa making became a lost art for several generations,there has been a recent resurgence in making kapamaterials using traditional methods.

06 Biology

1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (C)

Summary: According to the passage, seas in theCambrian period of Earth’s history were teeming with newforms of life. Recent discoveries at two fossil sites determinedthat the organisms were more diverse than modern animals.The Cambrian Explosion, an evolutionary phenomenonthat occurred during a short period of time, resulted in alarge number of complex multi-celled organisms. Fossilsembedded in mudstone at the Chenjiang Biota have ledto the discovery of numerous species, some of whichcannot be identified using modern biological classificationsystems. Furthermore, fossils found in the Burgess Shalerevealed an extensive amount of overlap with the speciesfound at the Chengjiang Biota. One organism that livedduring the Cambrian period was the Marella, which hadtwo spines and twenty-six body segments, each of whichhad a pair of branched appendages to help it move.

Chapter 4 Rhetorical Purpose Questions

01 Business

1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (A)

Summary: The passage describes ways that managerscan identify potential problems in their businesses. First,by recognizing particular trends that may negatively impactthe business, managers can avoid problems. Next, theyshould also be aware of any deviations from the norm.Managers can also counteract potential problems byunderstanding people’s motivations for acting in a certainway. Finally, managers should also study the competition forsigns of potential problems in their business. Identifyingpotential problems faced by a company is an intuitiveprocess that cannot be made clear with simple equations.

02 Environmental Science

1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (D)

Summary: The passage discusses how plant geneticshas played a significant role in combating pests. Someplants are bred selectively to create heartier, healthier plants.By crossbreeding plants, geneticists can introduce newstrains that produce a chemical repellant to protect themfrom pests. Alternatively, sterile males may be introducedto pest populations to reduce their reproduction. Finally,biotechnology can alter a plant’s genes to make it resistantto pests virtually overnight. Plant genetics can help deterpests and avert food shortages.

6 Answer Key

Organisms inCambrianPeriod morediverse thanmodernorganisms

Diversity in the Cambrian Seas

Theory Support

Rapid evolution of organisms duringCambrian Explosion

Chengjiang Biota fossils site classified intomore than 120 species and ten phyla

Burgess Shale fossils revealed characteristicsnot seen in modern organisms

Identifying Problems in Business

Solutions Explanation

Past experience can identifychanges in success

Changes in employee, management,and customer behavior can revealproblems

Success of competition can helpcompany stay competitive

Watch for deviationsfrom norm

Note behavior

Study performance ofcompetition

Sterile males

Crossbreeding

Biotechnology

Genetic Alteration

Method Details

Introduce sterile males to a pest populationto hinder their reproduction

Introduce chemical changes that makeplants resistant to pests

Introduce physical changes to a plant tohinder pest population

Alter genetic makeup of plant to bolsterdefense against bests

Answer Key 7

03 Economics

1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (D)

Summary: Behavioral economics seeks to explain howand why consumers make certain decisions. It wasoriginally closely tied to the field of psychology andattempts to analyze consumer behavior. Behavioraleconomics acknowledges that consumers are rational intheir decisions, although those decisions may not beeconomically sound. For example, many people givemoney to charity although they do not benefit materiallyfrom it. Also, people make choices based on howcertain situations or products are framed. For instance,companies changed the framing of aspirin once it wasfound to ease a variety of ailments. In addition, consumerssometimes make irrational decisions based onmisperceptions, such as the belief that making moremoney increases happiness. The reality is once a certainlevel of wealth is reached, the amount of happiness feltfrom earning more money diminishes.

04 Business

1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (A)

Summary: By extensively surveying a number ofprofessionals from different occupations, Daniel Levinsonidentified a series of cycles that individuals go through.The Levinson model, while unable to generalize individuals’ambitions entirely, can describe how they approach theircareers throughout their life. For example, in early adulthood,people dabble in a number of different careers andexperiences. In their thirties and forties, people tend topursue a career they find interesting and renew contact

with old acquaintances. While the cycles may be somewhatvaluable to managers, not everyone follows them, like inthe case of Bill Gates, who defies the Levinson model byfocusing on one thing throughout his life.

05 Architecture

1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (D)

Summary: The passage describes differences betweenGothic and Romanesque styles of architecture. Gothicarchitectural style borrowed several elements from theearlier Romanesque style and became the preferred stylefor the building of cathedrals and churches. The use ofpointed arches makes Gothic architecture appear morevertical, and the use of ribbed vaults allowed for morearchitectural freedom when spanning square areas.Flying buttresses in Gothic architecture set it apart fromthe Romanesque. They were an important architecturaladvance in that their weight distribution allowed for theinsertion of ornate windows. Elements of Gothic architectureappeared in Romanesque buildings long before it becamepart of the mainstream.

06 Biology

1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (C)

Summary: Genetic therapy directly alters DNA to treatgenetic diseases. As doctors cannot prescribe medicationor perform surgery to repair genes, the genetic structuremust be manipulated directly. To bypass the immune

Behavioraleconomistsattempt tounderstandhow and whyconsumersmake decisions

Behavioral Economics

Topic Aspects

People are rational in decision-making toincrease utility

Situation can change how a person perceives or frames certain choice

Non-rational decisions are made despiteknowing otherwise

The Levinson Model

Cycles

Individuals in early adulthood try different careers to discoverwhat they like

Those in mid-adulthood make work primary focus andattempt to excel in workplace

Late adulthood gives people financial security to focus onthings outside of career

Semi-circular archways

Barrel vaults

Long halls, buttresses, no windows

Pointed archways

Ribbed vaults

Flying buttresses outside structure,ornate windows

Romanesque Gothic

Differences in Architectural Styles

Source of genetic disease is pinpointed by comparingpatient’s gene against normal gene

Vector cell engineered to carry repaired genetic material isinjected into patient’s body

Problems

Bodies alreadyexposed to virus asvector may destroycells carrying newDNA

Patient may feeldiscomfort at sitewhere vector isintroduced

Viral vectors mayregain ability tocause disease afterentering body

Genetic Therapy

Steps

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system, scientists create a vector, which contains thecorrected genetic data. Because they are pathogenicand spread easily through a person’s body, viruses arethe most common vectors. It is introduced into thepatient’s body, where it can replicate unhindered by theimmune system. While some genetic diseases may becured through genetic therapy, possibilities such as viralvectors recovering their ability to cause diseases meanthat genetic therapy remains a complex and experimentalfield.

l Vocabulary Review 1 l

1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (A)4. (C) 5. (D) 6. (B)7. (A) 8. (C)

9. (A) 10. (B) 11. (A)12. (D) 13. (A) 14. (C)15. (D)

16. hazardous 17. contaminated18. ailments 19. correlation 20. preventative

21. (A) 22. (D) 23. (E)24. (C) 25. (B)

l Mini Test 1 l

01 Environmental Science

1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (A)4. (C) 5. (B) 6. (B)7. (C) 8. (D)

02 Business

1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (D)4. (A) 5. (D) 6. (B)7. (D) 8. (B)

Chapter 5 Vocabulary Questions

01 Literature

1. (C) 2. (A) 3. (B)

Summary: According to the passage, Ernest Hemingwayhad a unique style of prose. He used simple, terse languagethat often reflected his own personal experiences. His writingstyle was free of any wordiness or embellishment. One of hisfavorite topics was the human condition in times of strife.Through his work, he expressed his belief that any strugglecould be overcome with courage, perseverance, honor, anddignity. Hemingway also wrote about loneliness and the elderly in stories such as “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place.” Thestory depicts an old man seeking refuge in a clean, well-litcafé as a metaphor of the desire for happiness and order.

02 Marketing

1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (A)

Summary: The passage compares pretesting andpost-testing in advertising. Both methods assessadvertising in order to most effectively reach consumers.Pretesting occurs before the advertisement is aired.Advertisers ask people whether or not a certain ad conveysits intended message, and they utilize people’s responsesin testing possible alternative ads. Post-testing occursafter an ad has been aired. Advertisers use feedbackfrom recall tests to determine how memorable a particularadvertising technique was. While some favor pre-testingbecause it can identify problems before an ad is aired,others favor post-testing because it is based on realfindings, rather than on a simulated situation.

8 Answer Key

Very simple and emotional

Often included courage andbravery

Exploration of lives of theelderly

The Style of Ernest Hemingway

Characteristic Example

Wrote that big emotions donot come from big words

The Old Man and the Sea

“A Clean, Well-LightedPlace”

• Occurs before adis broadcast onradio or television

• Can help preventwasted money

Pretesting vs. Post-Testing

Pretesting Both Post-Testing

• Used inadvertising

• Attempt toanalyzeeffectivenessof an ad

• Occurs after ad hasbeen broadcast

• More accurate

Answer Key 9

03 Biology

1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (C)

Summary: The passage discusses the degenerative effectsof sugar on the body. Three key pieces of evidence supportthis claim. First, while cells in the body require a consistentsupply of glucose in order to function optimally, an influxof glucose can cause insulin imbalances and diseases.Second, an experiment done on worms showed thatlimiting sugar extended their longevity. It is believed thatthis extended lifespan could apply to humans. Last,sugar-protein bonds that are produced by sugarconsumption affix themselves to veins, ligaments, bones,and arteries, which has a negative effect on organs andleads to the deterioration of bodily functions.

04 Environmental Science

1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (C)

Summary: The passage discusses the outbreak ofNaegleria fowleri, a rare amoeba that was found infreshwater sources throughout the United States. Itattacks the central nervous system, causing coma anddeath to ensue. The N. fowleri outbreak was linked to waterstagnation, natural propagation, and sudden changes inthe environment. The amoeba can live in stagnant water,even in homes. It can also live in high-volume wells andmunicipal facilities. Bacteria found in these wells fed theN. fowleri, which allowed the amoebas to propagate andinvade water supplies. The presence of N. fowleri wasalso found to be linked to environmental disturbancessuch as disruptions in biodiversity, land clearings, orfluctuations in water temperatures.

05 Astronomy

1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (B)

Summary: This passage discusses the Jovian planets,which share similar compositions. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,and Neptune consist mainly of hydrogen and helium, withtraces of methane, water, and ammonia. Jupiter’s magneticfield comes from its thick layer of metallic liquid hydrogenlying under tumultuous clouds of molecular hydrogen.Saturn’s dense covering of ammonia clouds render thered colors of its atmosphere invisible. Uranus’s atmosphereis relatively featureless, appearing a solid bluish-greencolor due to the dominant presence of methane. Neptunehas dynamic wind patterns presumably because of its heat,which allows its clouds to rise higher in the atmosphere.

06 Art History

1. (C) 2. (A) 3. (B)

Summary: According to the passage, Diego Velázquezwas one of the most prominent Spanish painters in the17th century. His career went through four stages. The firstbegan as he apprenticed under an artist who believed inthe importance of realism. After studying proportion andperspective, Velázquez began producing compositionsof kitchen scenes from everyday life. His life laterbecame intertwined with that of the court. He began touse brighter colors in contrast to the austerity of scenes

Avoiding foodswith sugar willlead to longerlife

Sugar Consumption

Theory Support

Sugar consumption increases insulin production, which can cause diabetes andother diseases

Study showed that lack of glucose inworms led to longer lifespan

Stiff sugar-protein bonds can cause organsto deteriorate

Stagnant water in residential supplies

Presence of a bacteria in municipal watersupplies

Increased water temperatures in publicrecreational areas

Outbreak ofNaegleria fowleriamoeba

Naegleria fowleri

Causes Effect

Planet thatcontainsgases and iceinstead ofsolid ground

Jupiter

Saturn

Uranus

Neptune

Contains mostly hydrogen andhelium, has reddish surface

Has yellow color caused byclouds of frozen ammonia inatmosphere

Has dull blue color caused bymethane in atmosphere

High concentration of methanegives bright blue color, weathercauses bands

Jovian Planets

Diego Velázquez’s Artistic Career

Definition Example Characteristics

Stage 1: Studied as an apprentice, learned perspective andproportion

Stage 2: Created portraits of royal family, began to usemore vibrant colors to represent royalty

Stage 3: After traveling to Italy, studied Renaissance art andbegan using realism alongside many green colors

Step 4: Created his masterpiece, which was typical ofBaroque period art

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he had painted previously. After spending time in Italy,he returned and began to use more greens and adheredto realism. Last, in a style called manera abreviada,Velázquez’s style became bolder and sharper.

Chapter 6 Reference Questions

01 History

1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (A)

Summary: For many years, the meaning of letters engravedon ancient Egyptian ruins was unknown. French explorersfound the valuable Rosetta Stone in 1799, which waseventually translated by British scholars. Although itsmessage was relatively mundane, the three languageson the tablet allowed translators to effectively decode theancient Egyptian hieroglyphs. Its value in providinginsight into ancient Egyptian culture resulted in the term“Rosetta stone” becoming an idiom that today refers to akey to a decryption process or puzzle.

02 Environmental Science

1. (A) 2. (A) 3. (C)

Summary: An important part of maintaining a healthygarden is to ensure that the proper amounts of nutrientsare in the soil. Nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium allplay important roles in ensuring plants yield hearty flowers,

fruits, and vegetables. Nitrogen helps plants producechlorophyll, but at high levels can actually hinder thegrowth of fruits and vegetables. Gardens can also besupplemented with phosphorous, which can maximizethe rate of plant growth and maturation. Potassium canalso be added to soil, which plays a key role in a plant’scellular functions. Many fertilizers have a combination ofall three chemicals, or they can be applied separately.

03 Literature

1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (C)

Summary: The passage discusses a genre of literaturecalled magical realism. The term was first coined by aGerman art critic. There are six features common to allmagical realism works. First, it is always told from theperspective of “the Other.” For example, in “The Shape ofthe Sword,” the main character is a traitorous soldier whofeels isolated from his peers. Second, magical realismrequires readers to involve themselves in evolved duties,which underscores a primary concern of magical realists.Third, it emphasizes history, culture, and geography as away to portray reality. Fourth, it includes characters’dream sequences and private thoughts as a method ofexpressing the subjective human experience. Fifth, it isinfluenced by a post-structuralist style of writing. Finally,all works feature a magical event.

04 Astronomy

10 Answer Key

For years, AncientEgyptian writtenlanguageremained amystery to linguists

Rosetta stonewas discovered,containing sameedict written inthree different languages

By analyzing Copticand Ancient Greekpassages, linguistswere able to understand ancienthieroglyphs

Steps

Ancient Egyptian Writing

Types Function

Nitrogen Used by the plant to produce chlorophyll

Phosphorous Aids in transport of energy in the plant

Potassium Allows plant cells to produce proteins,starches, and sugars

Fertilizers

The Other

Evolved Duties

History, culture,and geography

Dreams andimagination

Post-structuralinfluence

Magical element

A character that is outside of society

Reader must accept alternate reality inorder to decode text

Essential to creating a reality

Used to express authentic subjectiveexperience

Non-linear story-telling

Forces people to reexamine realities

• Larger thanPluto

• Grayish color

Eris Both Pluto

Eris and Pluto

Feature Explanation

Magical Realism

• Contain methane ice

• Eccentric orbits

• Tilted orbits

• Mostly madeup of nitrogenice

• Reddish color

Answer Key 11

1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (B)

Summary: The passage discusses dwarf planets. Withthe establishment of criteria that definitively describe aplanet, Pluto is no longer considered a proper planet. Inorder to be considered a dwarf planet, an object mustorbit around the sun, have a spherical shape, not havecleared its orbital neighborhood, and not be a satellite.Dwarf planets have different sizes, but are very similar.For example, Pluto and Eris have similar physical andchemical composition. Also, while each planet orbits onone plane, Pluto and Eris both have orbits that are slightlyinclined.

05 History

1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (D)

Summary: The passage discusses muckraking, which iswhen journalists expose important social issues to thepublic. While the writing of muckrakers was sometimespublished with sensational titles in the tabloids, their maingoals were to publicize social injustices and promotechange. Many politicians aligned themselves with causescovered by muckrakers. However, some, namely PresidentRoosevelt, criticized those who exposed some of hispolitical allies, claiming that the muckrakers were biasedin their coverage. Although there were some difficulties,the effectiveness of muckraking is obvious by the numberof social reforms that occurred, such as the regulation ofmeat processing in the United States.

06 Theater

1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (A)

Summary: The passage discusses breaking the fourthwall in theater. The fourth wall is the invisible wall thatseparates the audience from the actors on the stage. Therelationship between the actors and the audience wasoften overlooked in drama. Theater conventions in thepast were to never break the division between them. Inmodern drama, breaking the fourth wall breaks up thepractice of fictional continuity and forces the audience tobecome more than mere observers. It can be used to adda comical effect or emphasize a particular view or issue.Breaking the fourth wall has become so common thatsome critics worry about it losing its effectiveness if it isnot used discriminately.

Chapter 7 Sentence SimplificationQuestions

01 Philosophy

1. (D) 2. (D) 3. (B)

Summary: John Locke developed a philosophy called“representative realism” that was hailed for its method ofdealing with difficult issues in a simple way. He believedthat people do not perceive the world as it is, but as itappears to their senses. Because senses can be fooled,representative realists feel that differences in subjectiveperception are corrected by people sharing their perspectives to come to a common idea of an object’sproperties. Locke developed an explanation of how people deal with the confusion of subjective perception,but critics feel his theory does not prove the existence ofour world.

Expand social servicesand improve conditions

Increase public concern andawareness

Led to prison reforms, childlabor laws, and environmentalconservation

Meat Inspection Act passedafter The Jungle was published

Definition

The Role of Muckraking in American Society

Journalism that exposes social injustices to promote reform

Goals Example

Effects

Creates humor

Creates element of surprise, which makesthings funny

Explanation

Emphasizes important point

Audience more directlyinvolved and forced to evaluatestory in new way

Definition

Breaking the Fourth Wall

Eliminating division between audience and actors

People cannotknow the world,only perceptionsof it throughsenses

Nothing is certainsince senses providesubjective information

People can agree uponan object’s properties byusing senses

People cannotprove objectsexist

People can proveobject exists

Theory Criticism Conclusion

Representative Realism

An

swer K

ey

02 History

1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (A)

Summary: Archimedes was one of the greatestmathematicians in history, albeit relatively unknown. Helived in the city of Syracuse, which was a point ofcontention between the battling powers of Rome andCarthage. During his lifetime, Archimedes was famousfor designing weaponry to defend Syracuse, including amachine used to sink ships by thrusting weights from awall, and a pump that used a crank and a screw.Historically, he is most known for discovering a method ofusing water displacement to determine the density of amaterial, although he was proud of his work that showedthe relationship between the surface area and volume ofa cylinder circumscribing a sphere.

03 Music History

1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (B)

Summary: Scott Joplin developed an original genre ofAmerican music in the early 1900s called ragtime, whichwas a synthesis of African-American folk with classicalEuropean music. Joplin hoped ragtime would become aspopular as the classical music in which he had trained,but this potential was not realized until long after hisdeath. It was not until the mid 1970s that ragtime finallygained a reputation for beginning the major period ofinnovation in American music that continues today.

04 Business

1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (D)

Summary: Psychological pricing is a technique used bymarketers to improve sales by using certain numbers in theprice of an item. Studies have shown that sales of an itemrise disproportionately when the price is displayed in certainways. By displaying a fractional price that ends in nine orfive, such as $4.95, consumers believe the item to be a gooddeal. Marketers found that prices ending in zeros, like $5.00,gave shoppers the impression that the item was moreexclusive, or of higher quality. Though there may be nodifference between two items priced so differently, a shopperwill buy an item based on subconscious rationalizationand self-justification, even if the decision makes no sense.

05 Psychology

1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (B)

Summary: The phenomenon of imprinting is a form oflearning in which animals react to external stimuli. KonradLorenz researched the tendency of geese raised in an

12 Answer Key

One of the greatestmathematicians of all time

Help defend Syracuse

Practical inventions forthe king

Prove a goldsmith cheatedthe king

Perfected a method formeasuring areas, volumes, andsurfaces

Invented impressive warmachines

Invented irrigation method

Discovered that displacement ofwater could measure volumeand density

Accomplishments Solution

The Accomplishments of Archimedes

Popularized ragtime during his lifetime

Synthesized popular and classical music

Elevated folk music to a classical form

Pricing strategies workbecause consumers takeshortcuts in calculation

Important even to sellerswho do not usefractional pricing

Pricing strategies areeffective even thoughthey work againstconsumers’ interests

Theories Support

Psychological Pricing

Studies show consumers pay moreattention to left-hand side of a price

Could lose sales by not undestanding its effects

Even luxury retailers use psychological pricing to preventimage of discounts

Consumers do not always makerational decisions

Subconscious factors play importantrole in spending decisions

Achievements

Scott Joplin

Animals haveinnatetendency torespond toexternal stimuli

Imprinting ispermanent andoccurs early in life

Imprinting doesnot have to bepermanent andcan occur in adults

Newly hatched birds treatfirst moving object theysee as their mother

Salmon return to homestream by imprinting itssmell

Some birds eventuallymate with own species

People can learn languages as adults

Definition Theories Support

Imprinting

Answer Key 13

incubator to treat him as their mother as opposed tothose raised by their natural mother. He noticed thatgeese raised by humans tended to modify their behaviorso dramatically that, later in life, the geese refused to matewith their own species. Lorenz’s research led to speculationin problems of human developmental psychology, socialpathology, and even philosophy.

06 Literature

1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (A)

Summary: Jack London’s 1903 novel The Call of theWild is more than an indictment of the savagery withwhich dogs were treated in the North. The book followsthe journey of Buck, a dog taken from a life of leisure andcomfort to one of beatings, hard work, and wilderness.The Call of the Wild can be read literally as the story ofBuck’s transformation from a pet to an almost wild animal.However, the novel offers an interesting counterpoint inwhich the dogs represent human characteristics. Read inthis way, The Call of the Wild is a compelling story ofhumans and animals struggling to reach their full, naturalpotential.

Chapter 8 Text Insertion Questions

01 Nutrition

1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (D)

Summary: A large percentage of the world’s childrenare deficient in vitamin A, which leads to greater risk ofdisease, infection, and even blindness. The World HealthOrganization (WHO) is trying to control the problemthrough fortification of foods. This will help children derivevitamin A from a greater variety of food sources. By usingcommon foods as a medium for vitamin A, they hope toeradicate the deficiency as a world health problem.

02 Psychology

1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (D)

Summary: Psychologists believe people hold pessimistic(negative) or optimistic (positive) views of the level ofcontrol they have over circumstances in their lives. Peoplewho blame themselves for negative events are consideredfatalistic and often feel helpless in difficult situations.Some people ascribe negative events to things outsidethemselves that can be changed or controlled. Thesepeople sometimes think too highly of themselves and riskbecoming narcissistic.

03 Biology

Human mistreatment ofdogs

Metaphor for humanexperience

Violence and savageryin novel are notnecessarily negative

Thornton has good relationshipwith Buck

Strength of relationship suggestshuman-dog relationship is as compelling as call of the wild

Buck represents humans,because the story is told fromhis perspective

Buck’s transformation into packanimal is treated as positive

Return to the primitive isportrayed as highest destiny ofboth humans and dogs

Theory Support

The Call of the Wild

Releases radiation toassess microbialactivity

Used in medical testslike the PET scan

Used to studymicrobial activity

Useful in tinyenvironments

Uses an electricalcurrent to measuremicrobial activity

Detects metabolicprocesses in microbes

Many childrenlack vitamin A,which causeshealth problems

Give vitamin A supplements

Fortify foods with vitamin A

Consume more food sources with vitamin A

Pessimistic view

Optimistic view

See everything as their fault and do notconsider exterior factors

Believe negative results are out of theircontrol and do not blame themselves

Problem Solutions

Vitamin A

Categories Explanation

Control Beliefs

Radioisotopes Both Microelectrodes

Radioisotopes vs. Microelectrodes

An

swer K

ey

1. (C) 2. (A) 3. (B)

Summary: The majority of Earth’s living biomass is madeup of microscopic organisms called microbes. Detection ofthese minute life forms is vital to scientists and doctorsbecause of their pathogenic effects in humans and theirability to render an environment uninhabitable. Scientistsuse radiation and electrical currents to detect and observemicrobial activity.

04 Biology

1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (D)

Summary: Changing environmental conditions causeperpetual boom-and-bust cycles in populations of plantsand animals. When conditions are good, a particularspecies produces large numbers of offspring and thepopulation increases. Conversely, when predation is high,many members of the species die to feed another species.Or if food becomes scarce, the species will have toemigrate from the area. Either of these situations lead todiminution of the species that will last until conditionsimprove and survival is easier.

05 Medicine

1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (A)

Summary: Balance is a complex system in which theears, brain, eyes, and skeleton of a person work inconjunction to maintain the person’s orientation to objectsaround them. When there is a disruption to any part of thatsystem, we say the person is out of equilibrium. Becausethe system is so complex, doctors have trouble alleviatingthe discomfort of people when such disruptions occur.

06 Botany

1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (A)

Summary: Cycads are primitive plants that have survivedon Earth for at least 250 million years. Scientists havebeen studying the markedly unique way these plantsattract thrips, the plants’ only pollinators. Thrips feed onpollen until during the plants’ reproductive cycle. Then,the cycad emits high levels of beta-myrcene. The chemicalreaches levels that thrips cannot survive, so the insectsleave the plants, carrying pollen with them. In coolertimes, beta-myrcene levels fall, and thrips return to theplants, spreading the pollen among the cycads. Thisprocess is viewed as an intermediate evolutionary stageof plants called “push-pull pollination.” Over time, plantshave evolved their capabilities in order to be sustainablespecies.

l Vocabulary Review 2 l

1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (A)4. (B) 5. (C) 6. (A)7. (D) 8. (C)

9. (B) 10. (A) 11. (D)12. (A) 13. (B) 14. (D)15. (A)

16. prominent 17. perseverance18. innovation 19. emulate 20. sensational

21. (C) 22. (E)23. (B) 24. (A) 25. (D)

14 Answer Key

Vertigo

Disequilibrium

Labyrinthitis

MRI tests can diagnose balance problems

Doctors may treat disorderassociated with balancedisorders

Some medications can helppatients with balance disorders

Cycle in whichpopulationsexperiencerapid growthand decline

Populations growwhen there isplenty of food,leading toincrease in predators, whichthen lowers population

Lemmings thrive in areaswith lots of food, butdecline once area isexhausted

Rabbit populations goup when lynx populationsare down and go downwhen lynx populationsare up

Types Description Solution

Balance Disorders

Definition Explanation Examples

The Boom-and-Bust Cycle

Feeling ofspinning

Falling to oneside

Ear disorderthat causesbalance problems

Plant known as living fossil thathas been aroundfor millions of years

Cycad pollinatesnot through windbut through bugs

Cycad attracts thripsby using push-pullpollination

Definition Theory Support

Cycads

Answer Key 15

An

swer K

ey

l Mini Test 2 l

01 Zoology

1. (C) 2. (A) 3. (B)4. (B) 5. (C) 6. (B)7. (D) 8. (A)

02 Linguistics

1. (A) 2. (A) 3. (B)4. (A) 5. (B) 6. (D)7. (C) 8. (A)

Chapter 9 Prose Summary Questions

01 Zoology

1. (A, B, D)

Summary: A scientific study in Budapest looked into theintelligence of dogs. Researchers found that dogs arecapable of solving simple problems and that they areopen to learning from their human masters. They alsofound limitations in dogs’ ability to find a ball when ahuman tried to hide it from them. The dogs wouldrespond to cues from the human, rather than simply followthe location of the ball. The researchers found evidencethat dogs are strikingly similar to human infants in theirlevels of intelligence, but the studies were not conclusiveenough to be certain.

02 Music History

1. (B, C, F)

Summary: Troubadours and trouveres were musicians in12th- and 13th-century Europe. They produced some of theonly music of the time that was not liturgical, Christian chants.These musicians sang love songs in a way that was moreemotional and declamatory than the chants, whichfocused on worship and verse. The compositions includedsimple declarations of love, discordant verses on love,and stories of romantic encounters. The differences betweena troubadour and a trouvere were regional, mostly relatedto the languages they spoke. Because the music of thesemusicians was passed down orally, music historianshave difficulty in studying the songs as they were sung.The lyrics remain, but the music itself has been lost.

03 Medicine

1. (A, B, D)

Summary: The appendix in humans is markedly differentfrom those found in other animals, which makes it difficultto understand the function of the organ. Doctors believeit is helpful in protecting the intestines from harmfulbacteria, even though the appendix does not secreteanything into the intestines. Helpful bacteria are known toinhabit the intestines, and doctors have discovered thatthe appendix releases these into the intestines whenhelpful bacteria have been entirely flushed out. Researchinto the appendix is important for third-world or developingcountries, where intestinal diseases are very common.

Researcher shuffled pots, gavevisual cues toward a pot that didnot contain ball

Dogs chose pot to whichresearcher gave special attention

Testing Canine Intelligence

Round 1 Round 2

Conclusion

When not influenced by visual cues, dogs can display problem-solving ability

Pots controlled with wires,dog given no visual cues

Dogs usually chose potthat contained ball

Their work drewupon commontradition thatemphasized loveand situationsconcerning love

Troubadours and Trouveres

Definition

Points

Groups of French musicians that were geographicallyseparate but artistically similar

Made use of instruments insongs morepopular

Their songs were notdocumented extensively;unclear if works were primarily musical or lyrical

Observations

Researchers found that biofilmallowed colonies of helpful bacteriato live in appendix

When intestines are emptied entirely, helpful bacteria quickly re-inhabit tract

The Appendix

Conclusion

Appendix may storehelpful bacteria andkeep them on reservefor intestinal tract

04 Psychology

1. (A, C, D)

Summary: Psychologists have long debated whetherpeople develop personality disorders because of heritabletraits passed down from their parents or because of socialeffects on their personalities. Research has been doneexploring the connection between personality disordersand childhood abuse, but the results may have beendistorted by the way in which people taking part in thetest were selected. However, psychologists concludedthat borderline personalities like extreme narcissism maybe caused in part by the way a child is raised. Becausepersonality disorders are so broad and difficult to diagnose,any notion of how they are caused will be very hard to prove.

05 Computer Science

1. (A, B, F)

Summary: In 1988, Albert Fert and Peter Grünbergdiscovered a relationship between electricity and magnetismcalled Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR). Their discoveryhas caused a lasting shift in the way data is stored oncomputers. Because GMR allows for far greater sensitivityof disk-reading sensors, the size and bulkiness of harddrives have drastically decreased. Fert and Grünbergfound a way to allow data to be stored on magnetic materialonly a few atoms thick, which allowed engineers todesign sensors that could discern such tiny strips ofinformation. This discovery has let computer designers

make smaller, more mobile computers than they otherwisewould be able to make.

06 Science

1. (A, B, F)

Summary: A new product called Plumpy’nut is beingused to fight malnutrition in Africa. Before Andre Briendinvented Plumpy’nut in 1999, humanitarian organizationshad been using powdered nutrient supplements toremedy the adverse effects of malnutrition. There weretwo problems with these products: they had to be mixedwith clean water in hygienic conditions, and once mixed,they were prone to spoilage. Plumpy’nut is an effectivealternative to these products, as it does not spoil anddoes not require clean water.

Chapter 10 Table/Chart Questions

01 Computer Science

16 Answer Key

Type

Biological

Psychological

Social

Sociocultural

Personality Disorders

Explanation

Genetic traits inherited from parents canincrease likelihood of personality disorders

Early traumatic experiences can make peoplemore prone to personality disorders

Experiences with others, especially duringupbringing, can alter personality and lead topersonality disorders

Larger cultural environment can impactdevelopment and increase possibility of personality disorders

Definition

Magneticresistance leadsto significantelectricalresistance

Impact 1

Sensitive sensorheads can be usedin drives, shrinkingthem considerably

Giant Magnetoresistance

Impact 2

GMR basic principles still in useand has greatlyimpacted size oflaptop computers

Plumpy’nut can be produced elsewhere andtransported

Definition

An alternative to powdered milk as possible treatment forchildren suffering from malnutrition

Plumpy’nut

Advantages

Mothers can give childrenPlumpy’nut and treat malnutrition without having tokeep children in hospitals for weeks

Phishers stealinformation ofInternet users

Education

Legislation fromgovernment

Problem Solutions Explanation

Phishing

Many websites teachcomputer users how toidentify and avoid phishing scams

Governments arebeginning to convictphishers in order toprevent future scams

Answer Key 17

An

swer K

ey

1.

Summary: With the widespread use of computers forbanking and shopping, police and government agencieshave noticed increased incidences of phishing. Phishingis a new type of fraud, in which the criminal impersonatesa trusted company, financial institution, or website in orderto steal personal information from computer users. Afteran individual’s banking information has been appropriated,the criminal can use it to make purchases or transfermoney into another account. Authorities have warnedconsumers to disregard emails from companies unlessthey are sure the email is genuine. The problem hasbecome so great that many countries have begun toimpose stiff penalties for phishing scams.

02 Business

1.

Summary: Business mergers are important ways thatcompanies restructure in order to improve their profits,competitiveness, and costs. They may merge with anothercompany in order to better compete against rival companies.Another type of merger involves a company merging withone of its major suppliers, which allows the purchaseof materials or supplies at base costs. Sometimes, acompany will merge with one in a different business.Mergers allow a business to concentrate on one aspectof its operations while the partner company focuses on itsown. In general, the larger the companies that are merging,the greater the effect on market share.

03 Literature

1.

Summary: The short story has evolved from folk talesand fables to a literary genre accepted by academics.The most important characteristic of a short story is itsbrevity, which allows an author to publish a completestory at once, rather than in installments, like some novels.One of the first recognized collections of short storieswas Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales, whichtold the tales of people taking part in a pilgrimage.Chaucer used short tales to describe people of differentsocioeconomic groups, usually in a very satirical manner.

Education

Legislation

• Online tutorials help users identify phishingscams.

• Users can verify a website using the addressbar.

• Businesses state that they do not ask forpersonal information.

• Conviction of phishers can prevent futurescams.

• Phishers are caught and fined or placed in jail.

Concept Statements

Horizontal

Vertical

Conglomerate

• Companies having similar productsbecome one enterprise.

• A small or giant impact on a salesmarket may result.

• Companies are involved in differentaspects of sales or production.

• The manufacturing costs for a mergedcompany are reduced.

• The companies have unrelated products.

Type of Merger Statements

Types

Horizontal

Vertical

Conglomerate

Mergers

Explanation

Two companies in same industry combine toform one company

Company purchases another company involvedin different stage of sales or production

Companies operating in separate marketscombine

Pre-19th century

Post-19th century

• Written as entertainment for those ofhigh social rank

• Generalization of characters

• Popularized through periodical media

• Highly developed settings andcharacters

• Was considered a distinct genre ofliterature

Time Period Statements

• Wealthy, literateaudience

• Commonersportrayed as buffoons

• Characters notdeveloped

• Use offewwords

The Early Short Story vs. the Modern Short Story

Early Both Modern

• Available to massesthrough print

• Commoners were worthy characters

• Highly developedcharacters and settings

18 Answer Key

04 Psychology

1.

Summary: Psychologists have defined three unsuccessfulways of dealing with conflict. Direct aggression involvesa person becoming verbally abusive or showing othersigns of hostility. This type of confrontation will oftenescalate into violence if both parties use direct aggression.In passive-aggressive behavior, a person may behaveamiably to the face of the person with whom they have aproblem while they spread rumors and speak negativelybehind their back. There is still aggression in passive-aggressive behavior, but the aggressor goes about it in aroundabout way. Nonassertive behavior involves completeavoidance of a problem, or source of conflict. Rather thanseeking resolution to a problem, a person might put onthe pretense of comfort, or of not being bothered.

05 Anthropology

1.

Summary: Societies with a small population have adifferent conception of government than the massivenations of today. Smaller groups of people have an easiertime settling a dispute. Groups of people that forage forwild food are usually mobile and rarely have more than100 individuals. These groups organize into bands, whereindividuals speak with one another to reach a consensuson a problem. As people began to stay in one locationand farm, larger groups lived in one place, and decisionsabout the welfare of the people grew more difficult. This ledto the development of tribes and chiefdoms. Chiefdomsare usually a collection of villages with a single person asleader, whereas tribes are only one village or group.

06 Art History

1.

Types

Direct aggressivebehavior

Passive aggressivebehavior

Nonassertivebehavior

Conflicts

Explanation

Hostility toward another person inconflict

Indirect expression of feelings in conflict

Avoidance of conflict or accommodationof other person

DirectAggression

PassiveAggression

NonassertiveBehavior

• Often humiliates other person• Can negatively impact both people involved• Often creates anger in other person

• Fakes kindness to avoid confrontation• Communicates anger through subtle hints

• Sometimes leads to positive outcome• Avoids problem until it goes away

Conflict Style Statements

Bands

Tribes

Chiefdoms

Types

Political Orders

Explanation

Entire community discusses issues and comesto resolution

Families deal with small problems, sodalitieshandle problems affecting whole community

Chief has power over many small villages, families deal with smaller problems

Bands

Tribes

Chiefdoms

• Adapt political structure to small,unstructured societies

• Require that punishments be approved byeach individual member

• Does not form any system of hierarchicalleadership

• Create familial organizations that handlemajor issues

• Inhabit one area and form basic politicalstructures

• Base governmental organization on centralpolitical leaders

• Consist of numerous villages connectedthrough a governmental system

Political Order Statements

Black Figure

• Incised designs

• Very static, flatfigures

• Many geometricpatterns

• Few intricatedetails

• No overlapping

Similarities

• Popular narrativethemes

• Contrastingimages andbackground

Black Figure Technique vs. Red Figure Technique

Red Figure

• Painted designs

• Natural figures thatshowed movement

• Few geometricpatterns

• Many intricatedetails

• Use of overlapping

Black Figure

Technique

Red Figure

Technique

• Designs could not overlap on the pottery• Geometric patterns were a popular design• Designs were cut into the clay before firing

• Movement and images were more natural• Profiles did not have to been shown flat• Designs were painted on the vessel• Allowed more intricate compositions

Technique Statements

Answer Key 19

Summary: Much of what we know about ancient Greekculture has been learned from studying two types ofpottery. Black figure glazing was a technique used todepict silhouettes of heroes, battles, and mythology inblack against a red background. This technique requiredthat shapes to be colored be incised into the clay. Redfigure glazing, on the other hand, allowed potters tooutline figures and shapes. This technique gave theartists the ability to be more intricate, creating morelife-like contours of anatomy. After the advent of the redfigure technique, black figure pottery all but disappeared.

l Vocabulary Review 3 l

1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (A)4. (D) 5. (A) 6. (C)7. (C) 8. (A)

9. (A) 10. (B) 11. (C)12. (B) 13. (A) 14. (D)15. (C)

16. overwhelmed 17. lasting 18. third-world19. hostility 20. capacity

21. (C) 22. (E) 23. (A)24. (D) 25. (B)

l Mini Test 3 l

01 Computer Science

1. (A, C, D)

02 Anthropology

1. (A, B, D)

03 Literature

1.

04 Environmental Science

1.

l Practice Test l

01 Psychology

1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (D)4. (B) 5. (A) 6. (B)7. (A) 8. (B) 9. (C)

10. (B) 11. (A)12.

02 Art History

1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (A)4. (B) 5. (A) 6. (C)7. (A) 8. (C) 9. (A)

10. (B) 11. (B) 12. (C)13. (A, B, E)

Transportationand Residential

Commercialand Industrial

Area Statements

• Are controlled primarily by individuals

• Include vehicles and home appliances

• Are determined by businesses andmanagers

• Include businesses, schools, andfactories

• Are working toward more efficientsystems

Decay

Interference

Cue-Dependent

Type Statements

• Is signified by a complete loss of certainmemories

• Is proven to occur when experiences arenot recalled over time

• Is characterized by either proactive orretroactive memories

• Occurs when trying to locate specific,isolated events

• Happens in the storage or retrieval area ofthe mind

• Indicates an absence of the necessarycues to retrieve memories

• Can be aided by reminders of pastexperiences

Parody

Satire

Type of Literature Statements

• Its main purpose is to provide comedy.

• Authors choose to imitate a person orcircumstance.

• Writers use it to incite change or reform.

• Sarcasm and irony are the main tonesused.

• The primary purpose of the author is tocriticize.

An

swer K

ey

03 Astronomy

1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (D)4. (D) 5. (D) 6. (C)7. (A) 8. (C) 9. (B)

10. (B) 11. (B) 12. (C)13. (A, C, E)

04 Music

1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (C)4. (D) 5. (C) 6. (B)7. (D) 8. (D) 9. (B)

10. (A) 11. (C) 12. (D)13.

05 Biology

1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (A)4. (B) 5. (D) 6. (D)7. (A) 8. (C) 9. (A)

10. (C) 11. (C) 12. (C)13. (C, D, F)

20 Answer Key

1930s

1940s

• Music called swing was popular in dance hallsand on the radio.

• People appreciated the distraction jazz gavefrom the Depression.

• A small group of musicians recognized thistype of jazz as an emotional, abstract art form.

• The harmony had a more minor-key sound.

• Bebop, the basis for modern jazz, developed.

Jazz Era Statements