ANSI N42.48 D4 N42.48 American National Standard … · 2016. 7. 5. · ANSI N42.48 D4 N42.48 American National Standard Performance Requirements for Spectroscopic Personal Radiation

ANSI N42.48 D4

N42.48

American National Standard Performance Requirements for

Spectroscopic Personal Radiation Detectors (SPRDs) for Homeland

Security

Accredited by the American National Standards Institute

Sponsored by the

National Committee on Radiation Instrumentation, N42

Published by

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA

draft January, 2007

ANSI N42.48

American National Standard Performance Requirements for Spectroscopic

Personal Radiation Detectors (SPRDs) for Homeland Security

Sponsor

National Committee on Radiation Instrumentation, N42

Accredited by the

American National Standards Institute

Secretariat

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

Approved …..

American National Standards Institute

Abstract:

Keywords: alarm, design criteria, exposure rate, performance specifications, pocket-sized,

personal radiation detectors, radiation, radiation detection, radiation instrumentation,

spectroscopic

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Copyright © 2004 IEEE. All rights reserved. iv

Introduction

(This introduction is not part of ANSI N42.48, American National Standard Performance

Requirements for Spectroscopic Personal Radiation Detectors (SPRDs) for Homeland Security.)

This standard is the responsibility of the Accredited American Standards Committee on

Radiation Instrumentation, N42. The standard was approved on N42 letter ballot of July–August

2003.

Participants

At the time it approved this standard, the Accredited Standards Committee on Radiation

Instrumentation, N42, had the following members:

Michael P. Unterweger, Chair

Louis Costrell, Vice Chair

Sue Vogel, Administrative Secretary

Organization Represented ..........................................................................Name of Representative

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.............................. Jesse Lieberman

Bartlett Services ........................................................................................................... Morgan Cox

Canberra.......................................................................................................................Larry Darken

Chew, M.H. ............................................................................................................... Jack M. Selby

Commerce Dept, U.S., NIST ...................................................................... Michael P. Unterweger

........... ...............................................................................................................Louis Costrell (Alt.)

Consultant ................................................................................................................Frank X. Masse

Entergy-ANO .............................................................................................................Ron Schwartz

Femo-TECH Inc. ..................................................................................................... Richard Straub

Gamma-Metrics .................................................................................................... Ernesto A. Corte

General Activities Inc. .................................................................................................. Karl Reinitz

Health Physics Society ..............................................................................................Joseph Stencel

Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers, Inc. ................................................. Louis Costrell

........... ................................................................................................................Julian Forster (Alt.)

......................................................................................................................Anthony Spurgin (Alt.)

............................................................................................................ Michael P. Unterweger (Alt.)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory............................................................. Edward J. Lampo

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ................................................................ Gary Johnson

NASA, GFSC...............................................................................................H. Sachidananda Babu

Nuclear Standards Unlimited ................................................................................ Al N. Tschaeche

Oak Ridge National Laboratory ...........................................................................Peter J. Chiaro, Jr

................................................................................................................... .Charles L. Britton (Alt.)

Ortec Corp. ..........................................................................................................Ronald M. Keyser

Overhoff Technology Corp......................................................................................Mario Overhoff

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory……...........................................................Richard Kouzes

Swinth Associates ...............................................................................................Kenneth L. Swinth

Tennessee, University of...................................................................................... William M. Bugg

Thermo-electron...................................................................................................Richard P. Oxford

Translucent..............................................................................................................G. Laurie Miller

Copyright © 2004 IEEE. All rights reserved. v

U. S. Army.........................................................................................................Edward Groeber

U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission……………………………………….Cynthia G. Jones

Members-At-Large ........................................................................................ Joseph G. Bellian

........... ..............................................................................................................Edward Fairstein

............................................................................................................................. Paul L. Phelps

............................................................................................................................. Lee J. Wagner

At the time this standard was approved, Subcommittee N42.HSI had the following members:

Morgan Cox, Co-Chair

Jack M. Selby, Co-Chair

Dru Carson

Peter J. Chairo, Jr.

Jack Cooley

Leo Faust

Edward Groeber

Jerry Hiatt

Mark M. Hoover

Ron Keyser

C. McDonald

Robert Murphy

Cheryl Olson

Mario Overhoff

Scott Rogers

Michael P.

Unterweger

Ed Walker

Chuan-Fu Wu

At the time this standard was approved, the ANSI 42.48 Working Group had the following

members:

Peter Chiaro Jr., Chair and

Project Leader

Rolf Arlt Richard Oxford June Wang

David Brown Leticia Pibida

Kevin Carmichael Francis Schulcz

Robert Corsetti Ayman Shourbaji

Andrey Gueorguiev Rick Smith

Cynthia Jones Keith Spero

Stephen Lancaster Dave Trombino

Mike McGuire Michael Unterweger

Copyright © 2004 IEEE. All rights reserved. vi

Contents

1 Overview ................................................................................................................................. 2

1.1 Scope .............................................................................................................................. 2

1.2 Purpose ........................................................................................................................... 2

2 References ............................................................................................................................... 2

3 Definitions ............................................................................................................................... 3

4 General considerations ............................................................................................................ 8

4.1 Standard test conditions.................................................................................................. 8

4.2 Units and uncertainties ................................................................................................... 8

4.3 Special word usage......................................................................................................... 8

5 General requirements .............................................................................................................. 9

5.1 Controls .......................................................................................................................... 9

5.2 Documentation Check .................................................................................................. 10

5.3 Displays ........................................................................................................................ 10

5.4 Effective range of measurement or indication ............................................................. 10

5.5 Audible Alarms ............................................................................................................ 10

5.6 Vibration Alarm ........................................................................................................... 11

5.7 Size ............................................................................................................................... 12

5.8 Mass.............................................................................................................................. 12

5.9 Reference point marking .............................................................................................. 12

5.10 Explosive atmospheres ................................................................................................. 13

5.11 Batteries and Battery Lifetime ..................................................................................... 13

5.12 Data format and communication interface ................................................................... 13

5.13 User interface ............................................................................................................... 14

5.14 Spectral identification................................................................................................... 15

6 Radiological Tests ................................................................................................................. 16

6.1 General test information............................................................................................... 16

6.2 Rate of false alarms ...................................................................................................... 16

6.3 Time to alarm; photons................................................................................................. 17

6.4 Time to alarm; neutrons (if provided) .......................................................................... 17

6.5 Detection of gradually increasing radiation levels ....................................................... 18

6.6 Accuracy....................................................................................................................... 18

6.7 Personal radiation alarm............................................................................................... 18

6.8 Over-range reading....................................................................................................... 19

6.9 Interfering Ionizing Radiation ...................................................................................... 19

6.10 Radionuclide identification .......................................................................................... 19

7 Environmental Performance Requirements........................................................................... 22

7.1 General test practices.................................................................................................... 22

7.2 Temperature.................................................................................................................. 22

7.3 Temperature Shock....................................................................................................... 23

7.4 Humidity....................................................................................................................... 23

7.5 Moisture and dust protection........................................................................................ 24

7.6 Cold temperature start up ............................................................................................. 25

8 Electromagnetic Performance Requirements ........................................................................ 25

8.1 General test practices.................................................................................................... 25

8.2 Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)...................................................................................... 26

8.3 Radio frequency ........................................................................................................... 27

8.4 Magnetic fields ............................................................................................................. 27

Copyright © 2004 IEEE. All rights reserved. vii

8.5 Radiated emissions ....................................................................................................... 27

9 Mechanical Performance Requirements................................................................................ 28

9.1 Vibration....................................................................................................................... 28

9.2 Drop Test ...................................................................................................................... 28

9.3 Impact (Microphonics) ................................................................................................. 29

10 Documentation ...................................................................................................................... 29

10.1 Type test report............................................................................................................. 29

10.2 Certificate ..................................................................................................................... 29

10.3 Operation and maintenance manuals............................................................................ 30

Annex A (informative) Bibliography............................................................................................ 31

Annex B (informative) Detector tests ........................................................................................... 38

Annex C (informative) Sample user interface evaluation technique ............................................ 39

ANSI

N42.48-D4 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR SPECTROSCOPIC PERSONAL

RADIATION DETECTORS (SPRDS) FOR HOMELAND SECURITY

Copyright © 2004 IEEE. All rights reserved. 2

American National Standard Performance Requirements for

Spectroscopic Personal Radiation Detectors (SPRDs) for

Homeland Security

1 Overview

1.1 Scope

This standard describes design and performance requirements along with testing methods for evaluating

radiation detection instruments that are pocket-sized and worn on the body for the purpose of rapid

detection and identification of radioactive materials.

The performance requirements contained in this standard are meant to provide a means for verifying the

capability of these instruments to reliably detect changes above background levels of radiation, notify the

user to these changes, and provide a means to determine if the alarm was caused by a radionuclide of

interest that may require further evaluation.

These devices are not primarily intended to provide a measurement of dose equivalent rate. However,

their indication can provide an approximate value of exposure rate that should be reasonably accurate.

They are also not meant to provide radionuclide identification at the same level as radionuclide

identification detectors defined in ANSI N42.34.

Successful completion of the tests described in this standard should not be construed as an ability to

identify all radionuclides in all environments.

1.2 Purpose

The purpose of this standard is to specify performance criteria and test methods used to evaluate radiation

detection and radionuclide identification instruments that are pocket-sized and may be worn on the body.

2 References

This standard shall be used in conjunction with the following publications.

[R1] ANSI N42.22-1995 (R2002), American National Standard—Traceability of Radioactive

Sources to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Associated Instrument

Quality Control.2

ANSI




[R2] ANSI N42.23-1996, American National Standard Measurement and Associated

Instrumentation Quality Assurance for Radioassay Laboratories.

[R3] International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Safety Guide No. RS-G-1.9, Categorization

of Radioactive Sources, 2005

[R4] IAEA, Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources, 2004

[R5] IEC 61000-4, (2001), Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), Testing and measurement

techniques

[R6] IEC 61000-4-2 (2001), Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)- Part 4-2: Testing and

measurement techniques - Electrostatic discharge immunity test

[R7] IEC 61000-4-3 (2002), Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-3: Testing and

measurement techniques - Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test

[R8] IEC 60068-2 (1990) (-1, -2, and other parts as appropriate), Environmental testing - Part 2:

Tests

[R9] IEC 60068-2-18 (2000), Environmental testing - Part 2-18: Tests - Test R and guidance:

Water

[R10] IEC 60068-2-75 (1997), Environmental testing - Part 2-75: Tests - Test Eh: Hammer tests

[R11] IEC 60529 (2001), Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code), IP53

[R12] ANSI/IEEE N42.42 - American National Standard Data format standard for radiation

detectors used for Homeland Security

[R13] Federal Communication Commission Rules, Code of Federal Regulations, Title 47, Part

15, Radio Frequency Devices

3 Definitions

The following definitions apply to ANSI/IEEE standards that have been developed at the request

of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) for instruments to be used by DHS and

emergency responders.

3.1 A-weighted sound level: The frequency weighting of an acoustic spectrum according to a

standardized frequency response curve based on the frequency response of the human ear.

3.2 acceptance test: Evaluation or measurement of performance characteristics to verify that

certain stated specifications and contractual requirements are met.

3.3 accepted ambient photon background: The background radiation as measured using a

high-pressure ionization chamber, an energy compensated Geiger-Müeller (GM) tube, an energy

compensated proportional counter, a tissue equivalent plastic scintillator, a scintillator with

ANSI




spectral compensation, or any other exposure rate meter having a nearly constant energy

response (±30 % in the energy range from 200 keV to 1.5 MeV).

3.4 accredited testing laboratory: Testing laboratory that has been accredited by an

authoritative body with respect to its qualification to perform verification tests on the type of

instruments covered by this standard.

3.5 accuracy: The degree of agreement between the observed value and the conventionally true

value of the quantity being measured.

3.6 adjust: To alter the reading of an instrument by means of a built-in variable (hardware or

software) control.

3.7 alarm: An audible, visual, or other signal activated when the instrument reading exceeds a

preset value or falls outside of a preset range.

3.8 calibrate: To adjust and/or determine the response or reading of a device relative to a series

of conventionally true values.

3.9 calibration: A set of operations under specified conditions that establishes the relationship

between values indicated by a measuring instrument or measuring system, and the

conventionally true values of the quantity or variable being measured.

3.10 check source: A not-necessarily calibrated source that is used to confirm the continuing

functionality of an instrument.

3.11 coefficient of variation (COV (%): ratio of the standard deviation, s, to the arithmetic mean, x , of a set of n measurements, xi , given by the following formula:

1

)(12

−

−==

∑n

xx

xx

sV

i

3.12 conventionally true value (CTV): The commonly accepted best estimate of the value of

that quantity.

NOTE - This and the associated uncertainty will preferably be determined by a national or

transfer standard, or by a reference instrument which has been calibrated against a national or

transfer standard, or by a measurement quality assurance (MQA) interaction with the National

Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) or an accredited calibration laboratory. (See ANSI

N42.22 and ANSI N42.23.)

3.13 decade: A range of values for which the upper value is a power of ten above the lower

value.

3.14 detection limits: The extremes of detection or quantification for the radiation of interest.

ANSI




NOTE - The lower detection limit is the minimum statistically quantifiable instrument response

or reading. The upper detection limit is the maximum level at which the instrument meets the

required accuracy.

3.15 detector: A device or component designed to produce a quantifiable response to ionizing

radiation normally measured electronically.

3.16 effective center: For a given set of irradiation conditions, the point within a detector where

the response is equivalent to that which would be produced if the entire detector were located at

that point.

3.17 effective range of measurement: Range of measurements within which the requirements

of this standard are met.

3.18 energy dependence: Variation in instrument response as a function of radiation energy for

a constant radiation type and exposure rate referenced to air.

3.19 exposure: The measure of ionization produced in air by x or gamma radiation.

NOTE—The special unit of exposure rate is the roentgen per hour, abbreviated in this standard

as R/h

NOTE—In this standard, the International System (SI) units sievert (Sv) or gray (Gy) follow in

parentheses the Roentgen value R, though the two units are not physically equivalent.

3.20 false alarm: Alarm NOT caused by a radioactive source under the specified background

conditions.

3.21 functional check: A frequently used qualitative check to determine that an instrument is

operational and capable of performing its intended function.

NOTE - Such checks may include, for example, battery check, zero setting, or source response

check.

3.22 indicated value: (A) A scale or decade reading. (B) The displayed value of the readout.

See also: reading.

3.23 indication: Displayed signal from the instrument to the user conveying information such as

scale or decade, status, malfunction or other critical information.

3.24 influence quantity: Quantity that may have a bearing on the result of a measurement

without being the subject of the measurement.

3.25 innocent alarm: An alarm resulting from an actual increase in radiation level, but for

reasons that are not due to the detection of illicit radioactive materials.

NOTE—Also known as nuisance alarm.

ANSI




3.26 instrument: A complete system consisting of one or more assemblies designed to quantify

one or more characteristics of ionizing radiation or radioactive material.

3.27 instrument-hour: The number of operating instruments multiplied by the amount of time

they are operating (e.g. 8 instruments operating for 3.75 hours is equivalent to 30 instrument

hours).

3.28 interdiction: Stopping the illicit or inadvertent movement of radioactive material that has

been discovered as a result of radiation detection or measurement.

3.29 monitoring: Means provided to continuously indicate the state or condition of a system or

assembly.

NOTE – May also be used for the real time measurement of radioactivity or radiation levels.

3.30 overload reading: See: over-range reading

3.31 over-range reading: The reading of an instrument when exposed to radiation intensities

greater than the upper detection limit. Syn: overload reading.

3.32 performance test: An evaluation of the performance of an instrument in response to a

given influence quantity.

3.33 point of measurement: Place at which the conventionally true values are determined and

at which the reference point of the instrument is placed for test purposes.

3.34 precision: Degree of agreement of repeated measurements of the same parameter.

3.35 range: All values lying between the lower and upper detection limits.

3.36 reading: The indicated or displayed value of the readout.

3.37 readout: The portion of the instrument that provides a visual display of the reading of the

instrument or the displayed value, with units, displayed and/or recorded by the instrument as a

result of the instrument’s response to some influence quantity.

3.38 reference point of an instrument: Physical mark, or marks, on the outside of an

instrument used to position it at a point where the conventionally true value of a quantity is to be

measured, unless the position is clearly identifiable from the construction of the instrument.

3.39 percent relative error (εREL(%)

): The difference between instrument’s reading, M, and the

conventionally true value, CTV, of the quantity being measured divided by the conventionally

true value multiplied by 100.

εREL(%) = [(M–CTV) ⁄ (CTV)] × 100

3.40 response: Ratio of the instrument reading to the conventionally true value of the measured

quantity.

ANSI




3.41 response time: The time interval required for the instrument reading to change from 10

percent to 90 percent of the final reading or vice versa, following a step change in the radiation

field at the detector.

3.42 restricted mode: An advanced operating mode that can be accessed by an expert user (e.g.:

via password) to control the parameters that can affect the result of a measurement (i.e.,

radionuclide library, routine function control, calibration parameters, alarm thresholds, etc.).

NOTE—May be called the “advanced” or “expert” mode.

3.43 routine test: Test that applies to each independent instrument to ascertain compliance with

specified criteria

3.44 standard deviation: The positive square root of the variance.

3.45 standard instrument or source: (A) National standard—a standard determined by a

nationally recognized competent authority to serve as the basis for assigning values to other

standards of the quantity concerned. In the U.S., this is an instrument, source, or other system or

device maintained and promulgated by the National Institute of Standards and Technology

(NIST). (B) Primary standard—a standard that is designated or widely acknowledged as having

the highest metrological qualities and whose value is accepted without reference to other

standards of the same quantity. (C) Secondary standard—a standard whose value is assigned by

comparison with a primary standard of the same quantity. (D) Reference standard—a standard,

generally having the highest metrological quality available at a given location or in a given

organization, from which measurements made there are derived. (E) Working standard—a

standard that is used routinely to calibrate or check material measures, measuring instruments, or

reference materials. A working standard is traceable to NIST (see ANSI N42.22 and ANSI

N42.23).

3.46 standard test conditions: The range of values of a set of influence quantities under which

a calibration or a measurement of response is carried out.

3.47 test: A procedure whereby the instrument, circuit, or component is evaluated.

3.48 type test: Initial test of two or more production instruments made to a specific design to

show that the design meets defined specifications.

3.49 uncertainty: The estimated bounds of the deviation from the conventionally true value,

generally expressed as a percent of the mean, ordinarily taken as the square root of the sum of

the square of two components: 1) Random errors that are evaluated by statistical means; and 2)

systematic errors that are evaluated by other means.

3.50 upper measurement limit (UML): The UML is the maximum level at which the

instrument meets the required accuracy.

3.51 variance (σσσσ 2): A measure of dispersion, which is the sum of the squared deviation of

observations from their mean divided by one less than the number of observations.

ANSI




( )2

1

2

1

1∑

=

−−

=n

i

i xxn

σ

3.52 confidence indication: An indication provided by the instrument of the reliability assigned

to the determined identification.

NOTE—This definition is applicable to this standard.

4 General considerations

Unless otherwise specified in the individual steps, all tests enumerated in this standard are to be

considered as type tests. Certain tests may be considered as acceptance tests by agreement between the

customer and manufacturer.

All test results shall be documented.

4.1 Standard test conditions

The required standard test conditions for environmental quantities, such as temperature and pressure, as

well as those for other quantities that may influence the performance of instruments, are given in Table 1.

These conditions as given in Table 1 shall be met, except where the effect of the condition or quantity

itself is being tested. Environmental quantities, such as temperature and humidity, are referred to as

influence quantities.

4.2 Units and uncertainties

For the purposes of this standard the radiological unit of exposure rate (R/h) is used when defining

radiation fields used for testing.

Throughout the text radiological quantities will be expressed in conventional units, SI units are given in

parentheses.

If uncertainties are not specified for a measurable quantity, they are set to ± 5 %.

4.3 Special word usage

The following word usage applies:

- The word “shall” signifies a mandatory requirement (where appropriate a qualifying statement is

included to indicate that there may be an allowable exception).

- The word “may” signifies an acceptable method or an example of good practice.

- The word “should” signifies a recommended specification or method.

Table 1—Standard test conditions

ANSI




Influence quantity

Standard test conditions

(unless otherwise indicated by the

manufacturer)

Stabilization time As stated by the manufacture, or less than 1 minute

Ambient temperature 18 °C to 25 °C

Relative humidity 20 % to 75 %

Atmospheric pressure 70 kPa to 106.6 kPa (525 to 800 mm of

mercury at 0 °C)

Battery voltage Fresh, or fully charged batteries

Reference Point Effective center of detector as marked

Electromagnetic field of external origin Negligible

Magnetic induction of external origin Negligible

Instrument controls Set up for normal operation; alarm set points

set to default

Radiation background Ambient photon exposure rate of up to

25µR/h (0.25 µGy/h)

Contamination by radioactive elements Negligible

Reference photon radiations 241

Am, 137

Cs, 60

Co

Reference neutron radiation 252Cf (2×10

4 n/s ± 20%) in 1 cm steel plus 1

cm lead

5 General requirements

5.1 Controls

5.1.1 Requirement

Controls shall be clearly identified, easily operable under conditions of expected use, and adequately

protected from accidental operation. The on/off button or any other control that could cause the

instrument not to function as expected by the user shall be protected from accidental operation.

5.1.2 Test method

Place each face of the instrument on a flat, hard surface. The instrument may be supported or braced to

maintain this orientation. Place a 500 g weight on the opposite surface of the instrument and verify that

the instrument does not turn off or change operational mode. Repeat this test for each face of the

instrument.

ANSI




5.2 Documentation Check

5.2.1 Requirement

Manufacturers shall provide instructions to verify proper operation of the instrument. See documentation

section for a detail list of requirements.

5.2.2 Test method

Review the manufacturer’s provided documentation for adequate instructions to verify proper operation

of the instrument.

5.3 Displays

5.3.1 Requirement

The instrument shall directly display the measured exposure or dose rate with the associated radiological

unit (e.g. µR/h, µGy/h, or µSv/h).

Radionuclide identification results shall be displayed on the instrument. If measurement results can be

viewed via a wireless or network link on a secondary device, the failure of that or any secondary device

shall not affect the operation of the instrument.

5.3.2 Test method

The instrument shall be inspected and the type of display noted. Note whether the display is backlit. If

the measurement results can be viewed by a secondary device, verify that the instrument continues to

function properly when the secondary device is switched off.

5.4 Effective range of measurement or indication

5.4.1 Requirement

The effective range of measurement or indication shall be specified and shall be at least 5 µR/h to 2 mR/h

(0.05 µGy/h to 20 µGy/h).

The instrument response over the effective range specified by the manufacturer shall be tested. When

exposed to radiation fields that are greater than the effective range of measurement, the instrument shall

indicate an over range condition.

5.4.2 Test method

Review the manual and record the stated range. The range will be confirmed during the accuracy test.

The over range indication shall be tested during the over range test.

5.5 Audible Alarms

5.5.1 Requirements

The instrument shall provide an audible alarm to indicate an increase in the radiation level that is greater

than the alarm set point. Different techniques may be used to differentiate between the type of radiation

detected (e.g., gamma, neutron, over range). The frequency of an audible alarm signal shall be from 1000

Hz to at least 4000 Hz. Where an intermittent alarm signal is provided, the interval shall not exceed 2 s.

ANSI




The A-weighted alarm signal volume at a distance of 30 cm from the instrument shall be at least 80

dB(A) and shall not exceed 100 dB(A).

It shall not be possible to disable both the vibration and audible alarm indications simultaneously, except

through the restricted mode. When both alarm signals are off, an indication shall be provided on the

display to inform the user of this condition.

An earphone connection should be available to enable use of the audible function in a high noise

environment.

5.5.2 Test method

The audible alarm signal of the instrument shall be activated with an appropriate radiation source that

may be placed as close to the instrument as practical. The A-weighted sound level at a distance of 30 cm

shall be measured using a peak measurement device.

Verify that it is not possible to switch off the audible and vibration alarm signals simultaneously without

accessing the restricted mode.

Verify that when both alarm modes are off, an indication is provided on the display.

If an earphone connection is provided, verify that the earphone functions when connected and that the

external audible signal is off.

5.6 Vibration Alarm

5.6.1 Requirements

The instrument shall have a vibration alarm signal capabilty. The vibration alarm shall have sufficient

intensity to inform the user of an alarm condition.

The use of carrying pouches is discouraged. If a holder is used, there should be a rigid connection

between the holder and the instrument such that there is no loss of vibration intensity to the user.

The intensity of the vibration at the surface of the instrument (instrument pouch or holder, when used)

shall be greater than 0.8 g. The vibration motor used by the instrument should rotate between 9000 and

11000 rpm.

5.6.2 Test method

Review the instrument manual and record the vibratory motor rotation frequency stated by the

manufacturer.

Install new or fully charge the batteries, as applicable, in the instrument being tested.

Attach the instrument (in a pouch or attached to a holder, when appropriate) to a flat, hard surface using

non-cushioning double-sided tape if possible. Attach a single axis accelerometer to the side of the

instrument that when worn, is closest to the wearer.

After allowing the vibration measurement system to settle, activate the alarm signal and once the

ANSI




measurement is stable, record the results. The measured intensity shall be greater than 0.8 g. After a

period of 10 seconds, reduce the radiation field and allow the instrument to return to normal operation

(non-alarm condition). Repeat the test 2 additional times. Each measured reading shall be greater than

0.8 g to be acceptable.

If the vibration signal is intermittent, measure the intensity during the activated period.

5.7 Size

5.7.1 Requirement

The overall dimensions of the instrument should be similar to that of a personal radiation detector (within

the rectangular solid defined by 20 cm in length, 10 cm in width, and 5 cm in depth).

Means shall be provided to securely fix the instrument to the user (for example, a clip, ring, or lanyard),

with attention given to the necessary orientation of the detector and display.

5.7.2 Test method

Measure the physical dimensions of the instrument. The instrument shall be measured outside of its

holster or carrying case and the measurement shall exclude the clip and/or lanyard.

5.8 Mass

5.8.1 Requirement

The mass of the complete instrument should not exceed 400 g.

5.8.2 Test method

Weigh the instrument including its holster or carrying case, clips, and with batteries installed.

5.9 Reference point marking

5.9.1 Requirement

The instrument shall have reference points on both the front, or back, and side indicating the effective

center of the detector.

The instrument shall have an additional reference point indicating its orientation with respect to the

wearer. The presence of a clip may be used as the reference point to indicate proper orientation.

All reference points shall be described in the instrument manual.

5.9.2 Test method

Inspect the instrument and review the manual to verify compliance.

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5.10 Explosive atmospheres

5.10.1 Requirement

The manufacturer shall state whether the instrument is certified for use in explosive atmospheres. If

certification is claimed, documentation shall be provided. Certification should be based on UL-913-2004

[B3].

5.10.2 Test method

Inspect documentation provided by the manufacturer. The documentation shall state whether or not the

instrument is suitable for use in explosive atmospheres. A certificate of compliance shall be provided if

the manufacturer states that the instrument may be used in explosive atmospheres. Compliance should be

based on testing done in accordance with UL-913-2004[B3].

5.11 Batteries and Battery Lifetime

5.11.1 Requirement

If non-rechargeable batteries are used, they shall be widely available, not unique to the instrument, and be

replaceable in the field without the use of special tools. When rechargeable batteries are used, provisions

shall be made to permit recharging from AC or DC (12 Volt) power sources.

The batteries shall be capable of powering the instrument in a non-alarm state for a minimum of 16 hours

in a 50 µR/h (0.5 µGy/h) field. The batteries shall be capable of powering the audible alarm continuously

for 30 minutes.

The instrument shall have a low battery indicator.

5.11.2 Test method

Install fresh batteries or fully charge the rechargeable batteries and increase the radiation field as needed

to activate the audible alarm. Verify that the alarm sounds continuously for 30 minutes.

Install fresh batteries or fully charge the rechargeable batteries, switch the instrument on, and allow it to

stabilize and measure background as specified by the manufacturer. Since the instrument will be exposed

to radiation fields of 50 µR/h (0.5 µGy/h), adjust the alarm threshold as necessary to prevent activation

during test. The instrument shall then be exposed to an exposure rate of 50 µR/h (0.5 µGy/h) using 137

Cs

for 16 hours. The low battery indicator shall not come on during the 16-hour period. At the end of the

16-hour period, verify that each alarm signal as provided on the instrument is operational.

To verify the low battery indication requirement, continue to operate the instrument until the low battery

indication is activated. When low battery is indicated, expose the instrument to a radiation field that

triggers the alarm and verify that alarm functions properly.

5.12 Data format and communication interface

5.12.1 Requirement

The instrument shall have the ability to transfer data to an external device, such as a computer. The

transfer should be based on a bi-directional port that meets the requirements of Ethernet, USB, wireless,

or other electronic means such as a removable media device. The technique used shall conform to

applicable IEEE protocols. The transferred data shall be in the XML format following the format defined

in ANSI N42.42 [R12]. When used, wireless techniques shall have the ability to be encrypted.

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Communication protocols shall be described in the technical manual. Proprietary communication formats

shall not be used and any required drivers shall be made available to the user.

Proprietary software should not be required for remote data interpretation. If proprietary software is

needed, the software shall be provided by the manufacturer.

5.12.2 Test method

Data transfer requirement is verified in steps 5.13 and 5.14.

5.13 User interface

5.13.1 Requirement

The instrument shall include:

1. A display that is easily readable over the required temperature range and under different

lighting conditions,

2. Controls that are user-friendly for routine operation,

3. Controls and switches that are designed in a way to minimize accidental operation,

4. A menu structure that is simple and easy to be followed intuitively,

5. Detect, search/localize, and identification functions,

6. The capability to operate if the user is wearing gloves,

7. A method to inform the user of the expected time required to collect a spectrum and a

means to allow the user to extend or reduce the collection time,

8. An automated mode of operation that would automatically start spectrum collection and

attempt to identify the radionuclide, and

9. Provide a status indicator, such as a flashing LED or LCD heartbeat to inform the user

that the instrument is functioning properly including visual indication of an alarm

condition.

5.13.2 Test method

In order to test the above requirements, a minimum of three potential users of this type of instrument shall

review the operating instructions provided by the manufacturer. Following the review, each potential user

shall operate the instrument in the routine operation mode. Specifically, the potential user shall:

1. Turn on the instrument and allow it to operate for a period of 30 min. Verify that it is working properly

(e.g., the battery is charged, the detector is present and working, date and time are correct, memory is

available, self-check passed),

2. Calibrate (if necessary),

3. Go through the menu and compare it to the information provided in the technical manual,

4. Make an exposure rate measurement using 137

Cs,

5. Make an identification using 137

Cs and save the data,

6. Repeat step 5 and verify that the estimated collection time is shown on the display, that the time can be

extended or reduced, and that the result is displayed,

7. Transfer the data to an external device, such as a computer, following the manufacturer-provided

information,

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8. If wireless communication can be used, verify that encryption is available,

9. Turn off the instrument.

Steps 1, 2, and 4 through 6 shall be done in low light levels (<150 lux) and repeated in high light levels

(>10 000 with a range up to 32 000 lux (direct sunlight)). A separate test following steps 1, 2, 4 and

5 shall also be performed with the potential user wearing protective gloves. Gloves worn shall be typical

of those used for thermal protection.

A survey evaluation form (see Annex C) shall be completed by each potential user to assess the usability

of the instrument’s controls, interface, and operation. A report shall be generated based on the survey

results.

5.14 Spectral identification

5.14.1 Requirements

NOTE – The following requirements are verified through the performance of the same ordered test

methods listed in section 5.14.2.

5.14.1.1 The instrument shall have the ability to store and transfer at least 50 complete (unprocessed)

spectra. Each stored spectrum shall contain collection and identification results information in

the ANSI N42.42 format including:

- Time and date,

- Instrument type and serial number,

- Hardware and software version,

- Identified radionuclides and associated confidence indications,

- Spectrum collection time interval,

- Measured gamma-ray exposure rate, and

- Neutron count rate at the time of measurement, if provided.

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5.14.1.2 An indication shall be displayed or otherwise provided (e.g., “not identified”, “unknown

radiocnuclide”) if a radionuclide cannot be identified.

5.14.1.3 The manufacturer shall describe the meaning of reliability or confidence indications.

5.14.1.4 The instrument shall indicate if the exposure rate is too high for radionuclide identification.

5.14.2 Test Method

5.14.2.1 Verify the transfer and storage of data by performing 50 radionuclide identifications storing the

results at the end of each identification process. Transfer the stored results to a computer. On

the computer, verify that each individual data set contains the required information in the

required format.

5.14.2.2 Verify through review of the manual and direct observation of the instrument when performing

step 6.10.5.

5.14.2.3 Verify through review of the manual, and record the results.

5.14.2.4 Indication that the exposure rate is too high for identification is verified through the

performance of step 6.10.6, “Over-range characteristics for identification.”

6 Radiological Tests

6.1 General test information

Radiation fields used for testing shall be traceable to the NIST.

The reference point of the instrument shall be placed at the point of measurement with the instrument

oriented with respect to the radiation source as indicated by the manufacturer.

If the instrument requires a background radiation measurement, it will be allowed to acquire the data in a

manner specified by the manufacturer.

6.2 Rate of false alarms

6.2.1 Requirements

The false alarm rate for gamma and neutron (when applicable) shall be less than or equal to 1 alarm

activation in a 10-hour period when operated in a stable background environment.

6.2.2 Test method

For this test, the alarm signal threshold shall be the same as that used for the “time to alarm” test.

Place the instrument in an area with a stable ambient background that is not greater than 25 µR/h (0.25

µGy/h), and monitor the instrument for 30 hours.

The number of alarms during this period shall not exceed 1 alarm per 10-hour interval.

If the alarm threshold is adjusted to meet the requirements of the alarm tests defined in steps 6.3 through

6.5, the rate of false alarm test shall be repeated.

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6.3 Time to alarm; photons

6.3.1 Requirement

The alarm shall activate within 2 seconds after exposure to an increase in the ambient radiation level of 50

µR/h (0.5 µGy/h) that occurs over a period of not more than 0.5 seconds.

6.3.2 Test method

The false alarm test shall be completed before this test and the alarm signal threshold shall be the same as

the one used for the false alarm test.

Switch on the instrument and allow it to stabilize. Place the instrument in an area where the ambient

background is not greater than 25 µR/h (0.25 µGy/h). Using 137

Cs, increase the radiation field by 50 µR/h

(0.5 µGy/h) above the background in a period of not more than 0.5 seconds. Verify that the alarm is

activated within 2 seconds. Reduce the field and repeat the test 9 additional times.

Repeat the entire process using 241

Am and 60

Co.

The test result is acceptable if the alarm is activated for each trial for each source.

If the alarm threshold is adjusted to meet the requirements of this test, the rate of false alarm test shall be

repeated.

6.4 Time to alarm; neutrons (if provided)

6.4.1 Requirements

The neutron alarm shall activate within 2 seconds after exposure to an unmoderated neutron field

that occurs over a period of not more than 2 seconds.

6.4.2 Test method

Neutron tests should be made in a low scatter irradiation facility (see ISO 8529-1:2001 [B27]) or in an

area where there is open space on all sides of at least 1 m. The alarm set point shall be set the same as

that used for the false alarm test.

Place the instrument at the center of a 30 cm × 30 cm × 15 cm PMMA phantom facing the radiation

source. Position the instrument and phantom at a location where the reference point of the instrument will

be 25 cm from the radiation source when exposure occurs. Using the 252

Cf source listed in Table 1,

increase the neutron field within a period of not more than 2 seconds. The instrument shall alarm within a

period of less than or equal to 2 seconds after the field increase. Reduce the field and repeat the test 9

additional times.

The test result is acceptable if the alarm occurs in 8 out of 10 trials.

If the alarm threshold is adjusted to meet the requirements of this test, the rate of false alarm test shall be

repeated.

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6.5 Detection of gradually increasing radiation levels

6.5.1 Requirement

The instrument’s alarm threshold shall not be affected by slowly increasing radiation levels that may be

caused when a wearer is slowly approaching or is being approached by a radiation source.

6.5.2 Test method

From an ambient background of not more than 25 µR/h (0.25 µGy/h), increase the radiation field by

slowly approaching a 137

Cs source that produces an exposure rate that is approximately 50 µR/h (0.5

µGy/h) above the starting point background at the reference position of the instrument. The approach

speed shall be 0.25 m/s.

Return the instrument to the original position, allow the instrument to stabilize, and repeat the process 9

additional times. The results are acceptable if the instrument alarms as the source is approached or within

2 seconds of being exposed to the 50 µR/h (0.5 µGy/h) above background a radiation field for each trial.

If the instrument has neutron detection capabilities, repeat the test using the 252

Cf source listed in Table 1.

For this test, the instrument shall be configured in the same manner as that used when performing the

neutron time to alarm test (step 6.4). The approach speed shall be 0.25 m/s starting with the reference

position of the instrument positioned at a distance of at least 3m from the source. Return the instrument

to the original position, allow the instrument to stabilize, and repeat the process 9 additional times. The

results are acceptable if the instrument alarms as the source is approached or within 2 seconds of being

fully exposed neutron field (25 cm from the source) for each trial.

6.6 Accuracy

6.6.1 Requirements

Displayed exposure rates shall be within ±30 % of the conventionally true value of the applied exposure

rate using 137

Cs.

6.6.2 Test method

Expose the instrument to radiation fields of 400 µR/h (4 µGy/h), 1 mR/h (10 µGy/h), and a field that is

equivalent to 80 % of the response range of the instrument. The instrument readings shall be within

±30 % for each field.

6.7 Personal radiation alarm

6.7.1 Requirement

The instrument shall provide an alarm that will alert the user to the presence of a relatively high radiation

field. The alarm shall be audible and visible, and be different than those associated with radiation

indication alarm described in step 6.3.

6.7.2 Test method

Using 137

Cs expose the instrument to a 10 mR/h (100 µGy/h) radiation field. The personal alarm shall be

activated within 2 s of the exposure. Reduce the radiation field and repeat the exposure two additional

times for a total of three trials. The alarm shall activate within the time specified for each trial.

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6.8 Over-range response

6.8.1 Requirements

When exposed to a radiation field that is two times the maximum exposure rate specified by the

manufacturer, the indication of the instrument shall remain at the maximum of that range and an over-

range indication shall be displayed for the duration of the exposure. The instrument shall respond

normally (recover) within a time period of 5 min after the exposure is reduced.

6.8.2 Test method

Expose the instrument to a 137

Cs field that is twice the maximum range specified by the manufacturer for

1 minute. Verify that an over-range response is indicated. Remove the 137

Cs source and verify that the

instrument responds normally within 5 min.

6.9 Interfering Ionizing Radiation

6.9.1 Requirements

If the instrument has a neutron detector, the neutron detector shall be insensitive to photon radiation at the

tested level.

6.9.2 Test method

The instrument shall be exposed to a 137

Cs radiation field of 10 mR/h (100 µGy/h) for 1 min. The

instrument shall not activate a neutron alarm during exposure.

.

6.10 Radionuclide identification

For the purposes of this standard, when identifying radionuclides, test results are considered acceptable

when an instrument identifies the radionuclide(s) of interest, or that radionuclide(s) and expected

daughter(s). It is considered not acceptable if the instrument identifies unexpected radionuclides or only

the daughter(s) of the radionuclide(s) of interest.

If a library is used as part of the identification process, it shall not be altered during the entire testing

process.

6.10.1 Radionuclide categorization

The radionuclides that are most likely to be encountered by instruments addressed by this standard are

listed in four different categories.

NOTE—This is an informative list and should not be considered as all-inclusive.

- Special Nuclear Materials (SNM): Uranium (used to indicate 233

U, 235

U, 238

U), 237

Np, Pu.

- Medical radionuclides: 18

F, 67

Ga, 51

Cr, 75

Se, 89

Sr, 99

Mo, 99m

Tc, 103

Pd, 111

In, Iodine (123

I, 125

I, 131

I), 153

Sm, 201

Tl, 202

Tl, 133

Xe.

- Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM): 40

K, 138

La, 226

Ra, 232

Th and daughters, 238

U and

daughters.

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- Industrial radionuclides: 57

Co, 60

Co, 133

Ba, 137

Cs, 192

Ir, 204

Tl, 226

Ra, 152

Eu, and 22

Na.

6.10.1.1 Requirements

The manufacturer shall state the radionuclides that the instrument can identify and their category. The

categories selected should be based on the list shown in 6.10.1.

6.10.2 Single radionuclide


The instrument shall be able to identify the following radionuclides within the time specified by the

manufacturer with a maximum of 5 minutes. The manufacturer shall provide radionuclide-specific test

results.

- Medical radionuclides: 67

Ga, 99m

Tc, Iodine (123

I, 131

I), 201

Tl.

- NORM: 40

K, 226

Ra, 232

Th.

- Industrial radionuclides: 22

Na, 57

Co, 60

Co, 133

Ba, 137

Cs, 152

Eu, 192

Ir, and 241

Am.

- Special Nuclear Materials: HEU (highly enriched uranium, 235

U > 90%), Pu [Reactor grade plutonium

(> 6% 240

Pu)].

6.10.2.2 Test method

One at a time, expose the instrument to the radionuclides listed in 6.10.2.1. The gamma-ray exposure rate

at the reference point from each source, unshielded or shielded, shall be 100 µR/h (1 µGy/h). The test

shall consist of 10 trials for each radionuclide. The instrument shall be reset between each trial, if

appropriate. The performance is acceptable when the instrument correctly identifies the radionuclide in 8

out of 10 consecutive trials.

The shielded portion of the test shall be done using 5 mm of steel.

6.10.3 Simultaneous radionuclide identification

6.10.3.1 Requirement

The instrument shall be able to identify at least two radionuclides simultaneously.


Expose the instrument to 99m

Tc and 137

Cs simultaneously. Each radionuclide shall produce an exposure

rate of approximately 100 µR/h (1 µGy/h) at the reference point. The test shall consist of 10 trials. The

performance is acceptable when the instrument correctly and simultaneously identifies and categorizes

both of the two test radionuclides in 8 out of 10 consecutive trials.

6.10.4 Masking


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The instrument shall provide an indication (e.g., the correct identification, “unknown”, “unable to

identify”) when exposed to a radionuclide masked by another radionuclide that is not listed in the library

or that has a much higher radiation intensity than the unmasked radionuclide.


To ensure that an indication is provided when exposed to a masked radionuclide that is not listed in the

library, each radionuclide shall produce an exposure rate of approximately 100 µR/h (1 µGy/h) at the

reference point. The test shall consist of 10 trials. The performance is acceptable when the instrument

indicates that there may be an unidentifiable radionuclide present in 8 out of 10 consecutive trials. The

combination of radionuclides shall include one that is in the library and another that is not. The

combination of 67

Ga and 54

Mn is recommended.

To ensure that an indication is provided when exposed to a radionuclide that is masked by another

radionuclide that has a much higher radiation intensity than the unmasked radionuclide, repeat the test

using a combination of radionuclides where the radionuclide of interest (e.g., 137

Cs) produces an exposure

rate at the reference point of 50 µR/h (0.5 µGy/h) and the masking radionuclide at 100 µR/h (1 µGy/h).

The source combinations for this test shall include 67

Ga as the masking radionuclide with HEU as the

radionuclide of interest, and 137

Cs as the masking radionuclide with Pu (reactor grade) as the radionuclide

of interest.

6.10.5 Response to an “Unknown” radionuclide


The instrument shall provide an indication (e.g., “unknown”, “unable to identify”, “not in library”) when

exposed to radionuclides that are not in the library.


Expose the instrument to a radionuclide that is not in the library. 166m

Ho is recommended. The source

shall produce an exposure rate of approximately 50 µR/h (0.5 µGy/h) at the reference point. The test shall

consist of 10 trials. The performance is acceptable when the instrument indicates that the result is

unknown in 8 out of 10 consecutive trials.

6.10.6 Over-range characteristics for identification


The manufacturer shall state the maximum gamma-ray exposure rate (relative to 137

Cs) for identification.


Increase the ambient exposure rate using 137

Cs to 90 % of the maximum exposure rate for radionuclide

identification as stated by the manufacturer and perform a radionuclide identification. The instrument

shall correctly identify 137

Cs in 8 out of 10 trials.

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7 Environmental Performance Requirements

7.1 General test practices

To ensure that the instrument functions properly when exposed to the environments stated in section 7,

the following tests shall be performed as required.

7.1.1 Establishing the nominal reading To verify that the gamma exposure rate indication meets the requirements, prior to the test;

establish a nominal reading by collecting 10 independent readings and determining the mean

reading, standard deviation, and COV using 137

Cs. The COV should be ≤12 %. It may be

necessary to increase the alarm threshold to prevent an alarm due to the field used for testing.

7.1.2 Verifying the gamma reading To verify that the instrument meets the gamma exposure rate requirements during or after each

test, expose the instrument to the same radiation field used to determine the nominal reading

using the same technique. Each mean reading shall be within ±15% of the nominal mean reading.

7.1.3 Identification verification To verify identification operation, a series of three radionuclide identifications shall be performed

as required using 133

Ba and 137

Cs positioned to provide an exposure rate of 100 uR/h (0.1 uGy/) at

the reference point. Each identification shall be correct.

7.1.4 Verification of the gamma alarm To verify that the gamma alarm functions as required, using

137Cs increase the exposure rate

above the alarm threshold and verify that the alarm functions based on the requirements in step

6.3.

7.1.5 Verification of the neutron alarm To verify that the neutron alarm functions as required, expose the instrument to the unmoderated 252

Cf source (with the instrument on a phantom, see 6.4) and verify that the alarm functions based

on the requirements in step 6.4

7.2 Temperature

7.2.1 Requirement

The instrument shall function correctly at temperatures from –20 ºC to +50 ºC. If the manufacturer

specifies a broader operating temperature range, the instrument shall be tested at the broader temperature

range as specified by the manufacturer. Relative humidity shall be within the range specified in Table 1,

Standard Test Conditions.

7.2.2 Test method

Switch the instrument on and place it in an environmental chamber at a temperature of 22 ºC ± 2 ºC.

Allow the chamber and instrument to stabilize at 22 °C for a period of 1 hour. During the last 15 minutes

of the stabilization period, establish the nominal reading.

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Increase the temperature at a rate of 10 °C per hour to +50 °C. At each 10 °C (30 and 40 °C) increment,

stabilize the temperature for a period of 45 minutes. During the last 15 minutes of each stabilization

period, verify the gamma reading, perform a verification of the identification function, and verify that the

gamma and neutron alarms function as required.

At the high temperature limit of +50 °C, the instrument shall be exposed for a period of 4 hours with the

gamma reading, alarms, and identification functions verified during the last 15 minutes of the 4-hour

period.

This same process shall be performed for temperatures that are less than the reference temperature of

22 °C. The 10 °C intervals are 10, 0, and −10 °C and the lower temperature limit is −20 °C. The test at

−20 °C shall be the same as that performed at +50 °C.

7.3 Temperature Shock

7.3.1 Requirement

The instrument shall be fully functional within 1 hour of exposure to rapid temperature changes from

22°C to –20°C, –20°C to 22 °C, 22°C to 50°C, and 50°C to 22 °C with each change being made in less

than five minutes. Relative humidity shall be within the range specified in Table 1, Standard Test

Conditions.

7.3.2 Test method



of the stabilization period, establish the nominal reading.

With the instrument observed continuously, expose it to a temperature of 50 °C with the temperature

change being made in less than 5 minutes. Every 15 minutes, verify the gamma reading, perform a

verification of the identification function, and verify that the gamma and neutron alarms function as

required.

After 30 minutes, the instrument’s mean indicated reading shall be within ±15 % of the mean reading

obtained at 22 °C. No alarms shall occur due to the test. If the instrument is unable to perform properly

after the first 30 minutes, an additional 30 minutes is recommended with the time required for recovery

noted. If the instrument recovers within the first 30 minutes, data does not need to be taken during the

second 30 minutes; however, the instrument should remain in this environment during the period to reach

temperature stabilization.

Following the stabilization period, expose the instrument to a temperature of 22°C ± 2°C. This change

shall be performed in less than 5 minutes and the analysis process stated above repeated.

The entire process shall be repeated for the 22 °C to –20 °C and –20 °C to 22 °C.

7.4 Humidity

7.4.1 Requirement

The instrument shall function correctly over the range of relative humidity up to 93% RH at 35 ºC.

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7.4.2 Test method

Switch the instrument on and place it in an environmental chamber at a temperature of 22 ºC ± 2 ºC and

40 % RH. Allow the chamber and instrument to stabilize at 22 °C for a period of 1 hour. During the last

15 minutes of the stabilization period, establish the nominal reading.

The humidity level shall then be increased at a rate not exceeding 10% RH per hour until attaining 93 % ±

3% RH. The temperature shall be increased at a rate not exceeding 10ºC per hour. The humidity and

temperature shall be maintained at this value for 8 hours. The instrument shall be observed continuously

during the ramp and soak.

Following the 8-hour soak, verify the gamma reading, perform a verification of the identification

function, and verify that the gamma and neutron alarms function as required.

The humidity shall then be reduced to 40 % RH at a rate not exceeding 10 % RH per hour while

maintaining the temperature at 35°C ± 2°C. After allowing the instrument to stabilize in those conditions

for a minimum of 1 hour, verify the gamma reading, perform a verification of the identification function,

and verify that the gamma and neutron alarms function as required.

7.5 Moisture and dust protection

7.5.1 Requirements

The instrument case design shall meet the requirements stated for IP code 53 [R11], which means that the

instrument shall be protected from the ingress of dust and spraying water. For IP53, the ingress of dust is

not totally prevented, but dust shall not penetrate in a quantity to interfere with satisfactory operation of

the instrument or to impair safety, and water sprayed at an angle up to 60º on either side of the vertical

shall have no harmful effects.

7.5.2 Test method - Dust

The test shall be conducted in a dust chamber [R11] where the powder circulation pump may be replaced

by other means suitable to maintain the talcum powder in suspension in a closed test chamber. The

amount of powder to be used should be 2 kg/m3. The powder shall not have been used for more than 20

tests.

Prior to the test, establish the nominal reading and verify that the gamma and neutron alarms function as

required. For this test, the alarm threshold shall be the same as that used for the false alarm test.

Remove the radiation field and place the instrument inside the dust chamber. Expose the instrument to the

dust environment for a period of 1 hour. No alarms shall occur during testing.

Following the test, verify the gamma reading and the gamma and neutron alarms. In addition, an

inspection shall be performed to determine the extent of dust ingress. Particular attention shall be made to

the battery compartment and any other easily accessed portions of the instrument. The protection is

satisfactory if, on inspection, powder has not accumulated in a quantity or location such that, as with any

other kind of dust, it could interfere with the correct operation of the instrument.

7.5.3 Test method - Moisture

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The test shall be made using a suitable nozzle [R10] with the water pressure adjusted to give flow rate of

10 L/min ± 5 % which should be kept constant during the test. The water temperature should not differ

by more than 5 ºC from the temperature of the instrument under test. The test duration is 1 min/m2 of the

calculated surface area of the instrument with a minimum duration of 5 min.

Prior to the test, establish the nominal reading and verify that the gamma and neutron alarms function as

required. For this test, the alarm threshold shall be the same as that used for the false alarm test.

Place the instrument inside the test chamber and expose the instrument to the water spray. The spray

nozzle should be located approximately 2 meters from the instrument. The instrument shall be positioned

such that the nozzle is directly pointed at the display. During the exposure, the orientation shall be

changed by +60º and -60º in two orthogonal planes relative to each side of the instrument. The

instrument shall respond to the presence of radiation throughout the test and after the test. No alarms shall

occur during testing.

Following the test, verify the gamma reading and the gamma and neutron alarms. Inspect the instrument,

including the battery compartment, to ensure that moisture did not penetrate into the instrument.

7.6 Cold temperature start up

7.6.1 Requirement

The instrument shall be able to operate when switched on at the cold temperature limit (-20 ºC).

7.6.2 Test method



of the stabilization period, establish the nominal reading. Remove the sources, switch the instrument off, and decrease the temperature in the chamber at a rate of

10 °C/h to −20 °C. Allow the temperature to stabilize for a period of 2 hours.

Switch on the instrument, and after the manufacturer’s stated warm-up time, verify the gamma reading,

perform a verification of the identification function, and verify that the gamma and neutron alarms

function as required. Remove the sources, switch off the instrument and return the temperature to 22 °C

at a rate of 10 °C/hr.

8 Electromagnetic Performance Requirements

8.1 General test practices

To ensure that the instrument functions properly when exposed to the environments stated in section 8,

the following tests shall be performed as required.

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8.1.1 Establishing the nominal reading To verify that the gamma exposure rate indication meets the requirements, prior to the test;

establish the nominal reading by collecting 10 independent readings and determining the mean

reading, standard deviation, and COV using 137

Cs. The COV should be ≤12 %. The alarm

threshold shall be the same as that used for the false alarm test.

8.1.2 Verifying the gamma reading To verify that the instrument meets the gamma exposure rate requirements during or after each

test, expose the instrument to the same radiation field used to determine the nominal reading

using the same technique. Each mean reading shall be within ±15% of the nominal mean reading.

8.1.3 Identification verification To verify identification operation, a series of three identifications shall be performed at each test

point using 133

Ba and 137

Cs positioned to provide an exposure rate of 100 uR/h (0.1 uGy/) at the

reference point of the instrument. Each identification shall be correct.

8.1.4 Verification of the gamma alarm To verify that the gamma alarm functions, using

137Cs increase the exposure rate above the alarm

threshold and verify that the alarm functions based on the requirements in step 6.3.

8.1.5 Verification of the neutron alarm To verify that the neutron alarm functions, expose the instrument to the unmoderated

252Cf source

(with the instrument on a phantom, see 6.4) and verify that the alarm functions based on the

requirements in step 6.4

8.2 Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)

8.2.1 Requirement

The instrument shall not be affected by exposure to electrostatic discharges at intensities of up to 6 kV

using the contact discharge technique.

8.2.2 Test method

The “contact discharge” technique [R6] for conductive surfaces and coupling planes shall be used.

Discharge points shall be selected based on user accessibility.

Prior to the ESD test, establish the nominal reading and perform an identification verification. Remove the radiation field and expose the instrument to ESD. There shall be ten discharges per discharge

point with a one-second-recovery time between each discharge. It is recommended that tests first be

performed at 2 kV, then if acceptable, 4 kV, followed by 6 kV.

Following the test, verify the gamma reading, alarm and identification functions.

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8.3 Radio frequency

8.3.1 Requirement

The instrument shall not be affected by radio frequency (RF) fields over the frequency range of 80 MHz

to 2.5 GHz at an intensity of 50 volts per meter (V/m). When exposed to these RF fields, the instrument

shall function correctly. No alarms shall occur as a result of the RF radiation alone.

8.3.2 Test method

Prior to the RF test, establish the nominal reading.

Place the instrument and source in a RF controlled environment and expose it to a RF field of 50 V/m as

measured without an instrument present in the test cell over a frequency range of 80 MHz to 2.5 GHz that

is 80 % amplitude modulated with a 1-kHz sine wave. The test should be performed using an automated

sweep at a frequency change rate not greater than 1 % of the fundamental. The instrument’s readings

during the test should be within ±15 % of the nominal reading. No other functional changes shall occurr

such as, alarm activation, mode changes, loss of display, etc.

Remove the radiation source and repeat the test. No alarms or substantial changes in the reading of the

instrument shall occur as a result of the RF radiation alone.

8.4 Magnetic fields

8.4.1 Requirements

When exposed to direct current (DC) magnetic fields in all three mutually orthogonal orientations relative

to a 10 gauss (1 mT) magnetic field, the instrument shall function correctly.

8.4.2 Test method

Prior to the magnetic field test, establish the nominal reading.

Expose the instrument to a 10 gauss (1 mT) magnetic field. The instrument’s reading during the test shall

be within ±15 % of the nominal reading. No other functional changes shall occurr such as, alarm

activation, mode changes, loss of display, etc.

Remove the radiation source and repeat the test. No alarms or substantial changes in the reading of the

instrument shall occur as a result of the magnetic field alone.

The test shall be repeated for all three mutually orthogonal orientations of the instrument with respect to

the magnetic field.

8.5 Radiated emissions

8.5.1 Requirement

RF emissions from an instrument shall be less than that which can interfere with other equipment located

in the area of use. RF emissions when measured at three meters shall be less than those shown in Table 2.

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Table 2—Radiated RF emission limits

Emission frequency range

(MHz)

Field Strength

(micro volts/meter)

30–88 100

88–216 150

216–960 200

Above 960 500

8.5.2 Method of test

Place the instrument in a shielded room or chamber, as appropriate. Place an antenna three meters from

the instrument. With the instrument off, collect a background radio frequency spectrum using a bandwidth

of 50 kHz.

Switch the instrument on and perform a RF scan. Repeat the test with the instrument performing a

radionuclide identification. RF emissions shall be less than those shown throughout the test.

9 Mechanical Performance Requirements

9.1 Vibration

9.1.1 Requirement

The instrument shall withstand exposure to vibrations associated with the operation of handheld or hand-

carried equipment. The physical condition and functionality of the instrument shall not be affected by

exposure (e.g.: solder joints shall hold, nuts and bolts shall not come loose).

9.1.2 Test method

Prior to the test, establish a nominal reading as stated in step 8.1.1.

Remove the radiation source and subject the instrument to a random vibration at 0.01 g2/Hz (spectral

density) using 5 and 500 Hz for the frequency endpoints for a period of 1 hour in each of three orthogonal

orientations. No alarms shall occur during the test.

Following the test, verify the gamma reading, alarm, and identification functions as stated in steps 8.1.2,

8.1.3, 8.1.4, and 8.1.5. There shall be no visible external damage to the instrument, and all control

functions shall be verified to be operating correctly.

9.2 Drop Test

9.2.1 Requirement

After being subjected to drops on each of its six surfaces from a height of 1.5 m onto a concrete floor, the

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instrument shall function correctly and alarm at a change in the radiation field. It is acceptable if a

transient alarm occurs at the moment of exposure.

9.2.2 Test method


Remove the radiation source. The instrument shall then be dropped from a height of 1.5 m onto a concrete

surface on each of its six surfaces.




9.3 Impact (Microphonics)

9.3.1 Requirement

The instrument shall be unaffected by microphonic conditions such as those that may occur from low

intensity impacts from sharp contact with hard surfaces. The physical condition and functionality of the

instrument shall not be affected by exposure (e.g.: solder joints shall hold, nuts and bolts shall not come

loose).

9.3.2 Test method


Remove the radiation source. Using an appropriate test device (i.e. spring hammer), expose the instrument

case to 3 impacts at an intensity of 0.2 joules (J). 0.2 J is equivalent to a mass of 0.2 kg moving at 1.4 m/s

over a distance of 0.1 m (IEC 60068-2-75 [R11]). The test shall be performed on each side of the

instrument case while observing the readings. No alarms shall occur as a result of the mechanical shock

alone.




10 Documentation

This section specifies the requirements for documentation.

10.1 Type test report

The manufacturer shall provide a report covering the type tests performed in accordance with the require-

ments of this standard.

10.2 Certificate

The manufacturer shall provide a certificate or other documentation containing at least the following

information:

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— Contacts for the manufacturer including, but not limited to, name, address, telephone number,

fax number, e-mail address, etc.

— Type of instrument, detector, and types of radiation the instrument is designed to measure.

— Range of exposure rates the instrument is designed to measure.

— Reference points and reference orientation for radiation source used for calibration.

— Location and dimensions of the sensitive volumes of the detectors.

— Response of the instrument to different appropriate radiation energies.

— Results of tests for accuracy, linearity, and lower limit of detection.

— Results of calibration tests (isotopes calibration with and date of next calibration due date)

— Weight and dimensions of the instrument.

— Power supply (battery) requirements.

— Results of tests under environmental conditions.

— Results of electrical and mechanical tests.

— List of radionuclides to which the instrument was tested, and

— FWHM and efficiency for 137

Cs.

10.3 Operation and maintenance manuals

The manufacturer shall supply an operational and maintenance manual containing at least the following

information for the user:

— Operating instructions and restrictions. Instructions shall include information regarding alarm

threshold adjustments.

— Troubleshooting guide.

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Annex A (informative) Bibliography

A.1 General

[B1] IEC 60068-2, Basic Environmental Testing Procedures—Part 2: Tests. (All Sections.)

[B2] IEEE Std C62.41™-1991, IEEE Recommended Practice on Surge Voltages in Low-Voltage

AC Power Circuits.5, 6

[B3] UL 913– 2002, Intrinsically Safe Apparatus and Associated Apparatus for Use in Class I, II,

and III, Division 1, Hazardous (Classified) Locations.7

A.2 Detectors

[B4] ANSI N42.12-1994, American National Standard for Calibration and Usage of Thallium-

Activated Sodium Iodide Detector Systems for Assay of Radionuclides.

[B5] ANSI N42.13-1986 (R1993), American National Standard for Calibration and Usage of

“Dose Calibrator” Ionization Chambers for the Assay of Radionuclides.

[B6] ANSI N42.14-1999, American National Standard for Calibration and Use of Germanium

Spectrometers for the Measurement of Gamma-Ray Emission Rates of Radionuclides.

[B7] ANSI N42.31-2003 American National Standard – Measurement Procedures for Resolution

and Efficiency of Wide-Bandgap Semiconductor Detectors of Ionizing Radiation.

[B8] IEEE Std 300™-1988, IEEE Standard Test Procedures for Semiconductor Charged-Particle

Detectors.

[B9] IEEE Std 309™-1999/ANSI N42.3-1999, IEEE Standard Test Procedures and Bases for

Geiger-Mueller Counters.

[B10] IEEE Std 325™-1996 (R2002), IEEE Standard Test Procedures for Germanium Gamma-

Ray Detectors

A.3 Detection and identification instruments

[B11] ANSI N42.33-2003, American National Standard for Portable Radiation Detection

Instrumentation for Homeland Security.

5IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445

Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, USA (http://standards.ieee.org/).

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6The IEEE standards referred to in Annex A are trademarks belonging to the Institute of

Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 7UL standards are available from Global Engineering Documents, 15 Inverness Way East,

Englewood, Colorado 80112, USA

(http://global.ihs.com/).

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[B12] ANSI N42.34-2003, American National Standard Performance Criteria for Hand-held

Instruments for the Detection and Identification of Radionuclides.

[B13] ANSI PN42.35, Draft American National Standard for Evaluation and Performance of

Radiation Detection Portal Monitors for Use in Homeland Security.8

[B14] IEC WD62327, Radiation Protection Instrumentation—Hand-held Instruments for the

Detection and Identification of Radioactive Isotopes and additionally for the Indication of

Ambient Dose Equivalent Rate from Photon Radiation (Draft).9

[B15] ISO/DIS 22188:2002, Monitoring for Inadvertent Movement and Illicit Trafficking of

Radioactive Material.10

A.4 Radiological protection instruments

[B16] ANSI N42.17A-1989 (R1994), American National Standard Performance Specifications

for Health Physics Instrumentation—Portable Instrumentation for Use in Normal Environmental

Conditions.

[B17] ANSI N42.17B-1989 (R1994), American National Standard Performance Specifications

for Health Physics Instrumentation—Occupational Airborne Radioactivity Monitoring

Instrumentation.

[B18] ANSI N42.17C-1989 (R1994), American National Standard Performance Specifications

for Health Physics Instrumentation—Portable Instrumentation for Use in Extreme Environmental

Conditions.

[B19] ANSI N42.20-2003, American National Standard Performance Criteria for Active

Personnel Radiation Monitors.

[B20] ANSI N323A-1997, American National Standard Radiation Protection Instrumentation

Test and Calibration Portable Survey Instruments.

[B21] ANSI N323B-2003, American National Standard for Radiation Protection Instrumentation

Test and Calibration, Portable Survey Instrumentation for Near Background Operation.11

[B22] IEC 60395 (1972), Portable X or Gamma Radiation Exposure Rate Meters and Monitors

for Use in Radiological Protection.

A.5 Electromagnetic compatibility

[B23] 47 CFR 0-19: 2002, Telecommunication.12, 13

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8This ANSI standards project was not approved at the time this publication went to press. For

information about obtaining a draft, contact the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,

445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, USA (http://stan-dards.ieee.org/). 9This IEC standards project was not approved at the time this publication went to press. For

information about obtaining a draft, contact the International Electrotechnical Commission, Case

Postale 131, 3, rue de Varembé, CH-1211, Genève 20, Switzerland/Suisse (http:// www.iec.ch/). 10

ISO publications are available from the ISO Central Secretariat, Case Postale 56, 1 rue de

Varembé, CH-1211, Genève 20, Switzer-land/Suisse (http://www.iso.ch/). ISO publications are

also available in the United States from the Sales Department, American National Standards

Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, USA (http://www.ansi.org/). 11

This approved ANSI standard will be available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics

Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, USA

(http://standards.ieee.org/), in early 2004. 12

Supersedes FCC P15: 1976, Radio Frequency Devices. 13

CFR publications are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government

Printing Office, P.O. Box 37082, Washing

ton, DC 20013-7082, USA (http://www.access.gpo.gov/).

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[B24] IEC 61000-6-2 (1999), Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)—Part 6-2: Generic

Standards—Immunity for Industrial Environments.

A.6 Units, quantities, calibrations

[B25] ISO 4037-1:1996, X and Gamma Reference Radiation for Calibrating Dosemeters and

Doserate Meters and for Determining their Response as a Function of Photon Energy—Part 1:

Radiation Characteristics and Production Methods.

[B26] ISO 4037-2:1997, X and Gamma Reference Radiation for Calibrating Dosemeters and

Doserate Meters and for Determining their Response as a Function of Photon Energy—Part 2:

Dosimetry for Radiation Protection over the Energy Ranges from 8 keV to 1,3 MeV and 4 MeV

to 9 MeV.

[B27] ISO 8529-1:2001, Reference Neutron Radiations—Part 1: Characteristics and Methods of

Production.”

[B28] ISO 8529-2:2000, Reference Neutron Radiations—Part 2: Calibration Fundamentals

Related to the Basic Quantities Characterizing the Radiation Field.

[B29] NIST SP 250-98 ED, NIST Calibration Services User’s Guide, 1998 Edition.14

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14Information on NIST Special Publications may be obtained from the National Institute of

Standards and Technology at http:// www.nist.gov/.

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ANSI




Annex B (informative) Detector tests

This standard and ANSI N42.33-2003 [B11], ANSI N42.34-2003 [B12], and ANSI PN42.35

[B13] utilize some of the following types of detectors:

— Cesium Iodide (CsI) Scintillation detectors: These detectors are used for their high

efficiency of light output per photon incident. They are operated at room temperature and

have moderate energy resolution. Test procedures for systems using scintillation detectors

can be found in ANSI N42.12-1994 [B4].

— Sodium Iodide (NaI) Scintillation detectors: These detectors are available in large sizes

such that they have both high efficiency and moderate energy resolution. They are operated

at room temperature. Test procedures are given in ANSI N42.12-1994 [B4].

— CZT Semiconductor detectors: CZT and other wide-bandgap semiconductor detectors are

semiconductor detectors that can be operated at room temperatures. At this time they are

small physically and therefore have low efficiency. They have good energy resolution

though somewhat poorer than that of Germanium detectors. Standard test procedures for

these detectors are given in ANSI N42.31-2003 [B7].

— Germanium Gamma-ray detectors: These detectors have very high energy resolution and

are currently of sufficient size to have also high efficiency. They must be operated at

cryogenic temperatures. Test procedures for these detectors are given in IEEE Std 325-

1996 [B10].

— Semiconductor charged-particle detectors: These detectors are capable of high resolution

measurements of charged particles. Test procedures for these detectors are given in IEEE

Std 300-1988 [B8].

— Geiger-Mueller Counters: These are widely used for radiation detection and intensity

measurements. They are avalanche detectors, the output signals of which are independent

of the radiation energy. Test procedures for these detectors are given in IEEE Std 309-

1999/ANSI N42.3-1999 [B9].

— Ionization chambers: These are highly accurate detectors for gross measurement of

radiation intensity. They are operated at room temperature. Test procedures for these

detectors are given in ANSI N42.13-1986 [B5].

— Plastic Scintillator detectors: These detectors are particularly useful for portal monitors.

Standards and standard measurement procedures have not yet been developed.

— High-pressure 3

He proportional counters: These are particularly useful for neutron

detection and are commonly used in portal monitors.

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Annex C (informative) Sample user interface evaluation technique

Controls

1. Was the on/off switch easy to find? Y/N

2. Were all the controls labeled? Y/N

3. Were all the labeled controls easy to read/interpret? Y/N

4. Were all the controls easy to operate without gloves? Y/N

5. Could all the controls be operated with gloves? Y/N

Interface

6. Was everything readable in low light levels Y/N

7. Was everything readable in high light levels Y/N

8. Did the display contain abbreviations or icons? (If no, skip next

question.) Y/N

9. Were the abbreviations or icons easy to interpret or understand? Y/N

Operation

10. Did the instrument convey it’s state-of-health at start-up (e.g., battery

life, detector present and working, memory available, mode of

operation)?

Y/N

11. Did you have to refer to the instruction manual more than once to

complete the test? Y/N

12. Was the menu structure simple and intuitive? Y/N

13. At any time during the test did the instrument prompt you for action? Y/N

14. Did the instrument issue any cautions or warning? (if no, skip next

question) Y/N

15. Did the instrument provide information on the nature of the cautions or

warning and a corresponding course of action?

Y/N