Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 2008, Global: Private Sector and Development

8/14/2019 Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 2008, Global: Private Sector and Development

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M`etm` byGustef Ueau Oef cf`

Blres ^omshlvei

C B I @ M

2 > > :

Cffuco Tlro` Bcfh Ilfamrmfim lf

@mvmolpkmft Milflkeis

Dolbco

^revctm Ymitlr cf`@mvmolpkmft


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^revctm Ymitlr cf`

@mvmolpkmft


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M`etm` by

Gustef Ueau Oef cf`

Blres ^omshlvei

Cffuco Tlro` Bcfh Ilfamrmfim

lf @mvmolpkmft MilflkeisDolbco

2>>:

^revctm Ymitlr cf`

@mvmolpkmft

Tcsjefdtlf, @.I.


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2>>5 Pjm Eftmrfctelfco Bcfh alr Rmilfstruitelf cf` @mvmolpkmft / Pjm Tlro` Bcfh3:3: J Ytrmmt, FT.

Tcsjefdtlf, @I 2>099

Pmompjlfm 2>2-049-3>>>

Eftmrfmt www.wlro`bcfh.lrd

M-kceo amm`bcihNwlro`bcfh.lrd

Coo redjts rmsmrvm`.

3 2 9 0 77 32 33 3> >5

Pjes vloukm es c prlùit la tjm stcaa la tjm Eftmrfctelfco Bcfh alr Rmilfstruitelf cf` @mvmolpkmft / Pjm

Tlro Bcfh. Pjm aef efds, eftmrprmtctelfs, cf` ilfiouselfs mxprmssm` ef tjes vloukm `l flt fmimsscreoyrmaomit tjm vemws la tjm Mxmiutevm @ermitlrs la Pjm Tlro Bcfh lr tjm dlvmrfkmfts tjmy rmprmsmft.

Pjm Tlro` Bcfh `lms flt ducrcftmm tjm ciiurciy la tjm `ctc efiou`m` ef tjes wlrh. Pjm bluf`crems,

ilolrs, `mflkefctelfs, cf` ltjmr efalrkctelf sjlwf lf cfy kcp ef tjes wlrh `l flt ekpoy cfy

gu`dkmft lf tjm pcrt la Pjm Tlro` Bcfh ilfimrfefd tjm omdco stctus la cfy tmrretlry lr tjm

mf`lrsmkmft lr ciimptcfim la suij bluf`crems.

Redjts cf` ^mrkesselfs

Pjm kctmreco ef tjes puboeictelf es ilpyredjtm`. Ilpyefd cf`/lr trcfskettefd plrtelfs lr coo la tjes

wlrh wetjlut pmrkesself kcy bm c veloctelf la cppoeicbom ocw. Pjm Eftmrfctelfco Bcfh alr

Rmilfstruitelf cf` @mvmolpkmft / Pjm Tlro` Bcfh mfilurcdms èssmkefctelf la ets wlrh cf`

weoo flrkcooy drcft pmrkesself tl rmprlùim plrtelfs la tjm wlrh prlkptoy.

Alr pmrkesself tl pjltlilpy lr rmpreft cfy pcrt la tjes wlrh, pomcsm smf` c rmqumst wetj ilkpomtm

efalrkctelf tl tjm Ilpyredjt Iomcrcfim Imftmr Efi., 222 Rlsmwll` @revm, @cfvmrs, KC >3529, ]YC8

tmompjlfm7 54:-4=>-:0>>8 acx7 54:-4=>-004>8 Eftmrfmt7 www.ilpyredjt.ilk.

Coo ltjmr qumrems lf redjts cf` oeimfsms, efiouèfd subseècry redjts, sjluo` bm c``rmssm` tl tjm

Laaeim la tjm ûboesjmr, Pjm Tlro` Bcfh, 3:3: J Ytrmmt FT, Tcsjefdtlf, @I 2>099, ]YC8

acx7 2>2-=22-20228 m-kceo7 pubredjtsNwlro`bcfh.lrd.

EYBF7 54:->-:239-432=-3

mEYBF7 54:->-:239-4321-:

@LE7 3>.3=51/54:->-:239-432=-3EYYF7 3:39-5044

Ictcoldefd-ef-ûboeictelf `ctc alr tjes tetom es cvceocbom arlk tjm Oebrcry la Ilfdrmss.


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Ilftmfts

CBL]P PJEY BLLH vee

EFPRL@]IPELF 3

Gustef Ueau Oef cf` Blres ômshlvei

L^MFEFD Y^MMIJ 5

Gcfmz Gcfsc

L^MFEFD Y^MMIJ 3=

Cf`rmg Bcguh

L^MFEFD Y^MMIJ 34

Arcfles Blurduedflf

HMUFLPM C@@RMYY 35

Pcruf @cs

HMUFLPM C@@RMYY

^revctezctelf ef @mvmolpkmft7 Ylkm Omsslfs arlk Mxpmremfim 2=

Arcfles Blurduedflf cf` Iocuèc Ympovm`c

HMUFLPM C@@RMYY 04

Gcfmz ^ltlifeh

HMUFLPM C@@RMYY

Efalrkcoety, ^rlùitevety, cf` Drlwtj ef Kmxeil =9

Ycftecdl Omvy

HMUFLPM C@@RMYY 1=

Cb`luocym Ycrrm

Aefcfim cf` Milflkei Lpplrtufety 15

Csoe @mkerd-Huft cf` Rlss Omvefm

ILKKMFPYOeoecfc Rlgcs-Yucrmz :5

Qeitlr Kuref`m 59

v


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ve | ILFPMFPY

Brefd Km Yufsjefm7 Tjeij ^crts la tjm Busefmss

Ioekctm Yjluo` ^uboei ^loeiy Pry tl Aex< 55

Tmf`y Icroef cf` ^cuo Ymcbredjt

ILKKMFPY

Olj Tcj-Yefd 304

Gcf Yvmgfcr 3=3

Ilkkmfts lf Rmalrkefd ^uboei Ymrveim @moevmry,

by Pekltjy Bmsomy cf` Kcetrmmsj Djctch

Gmcf-^cuo Czck 3==

Dblr ^tmre 313


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Cblut Pjes Bllh

Pjm Cffuco Tlro` Bcfh Ilfamrmfim lf @mvmolpkmft Milflkeis es c alruk alr ès-

iusself cf` `mbctm la ekplrtcft ploeiy essums aciefd `mvmolpefd iluftrems. Pjm ilf-

amrmfims mkpjcsezm tjm ilftrebutelf tjct mkpereico milflkei rmsmcrij icf kchm tl

uf`mrstcfèfd `mvmolpkmft prlimssms cf` tl alrkuoctefd sluf` `mvmolpkmft ploe-

iems. Ilfamrmfim pcpmrs crm wrettmf by rmsmcrijmrs ef cf` lutse`m tjm Tlro` Bcfh.

Pjm ilfamrmfim smrems wcs stcrtm` ef 35:5. Ilfamrmfim pcpmrs crm rmvemwm` by tjm

mètlrs cf` crm cosl subgmit tl eftmrfco cf` mxtmrfco pmmr rmvemw. Ylkm pcpmrs wmrm

rmvesm` catmr tjm ilfamrmfim, tl rmaomit tjm ilkkmfts kc`m by èsiusscfts lr arlk tjm

aollr, wjeom klst èsiusscfts ilkkmfts wmrm flt rmvesm`. Cs c rmsuot, èsiusscftsilkkmfts kcy rmamr tl momkmfts la tjm pcpmr tjct fl olfdmr mxest ef tjmer lredefco

alrk. ^crteiepcfts caaeoectelfs e`mfteaem` ef tjes vloukm crm cs la tjm tekm la tjm ilf-

amrmfim, Kcy 343:, 2>>4.

Pjm pocffefd cf` lrdcfezctelf la tjm Kcy 2>>4 ilfamrmfim wcs c gleft maalrt by

tjm Dlvmrfkmft la Yolvmfec cf` tjm Tlro` Bcfh. Tm drctmauooy cihflwom`dm tekmoy

cf` vcoucbom ilftrebutelfs kc`m by coo tjm kmkbmrs la tjm stmmrefd ilkkettmm cf`

smvmrco cflfyklus rmvemwmrs. Tm wluo` cosl oehm tl tjcfh, Ometc Glfms, Ilfamrmfim

Illrèfctlr, wjlsm mximoomft lrdcfezctelfco sheoos jmopm` tl mfsurm c suiimssauo ilf-

amrmfim. Aefcooy, wm tjcfh tjm mètlreco stcaa alr puooefd tjes vloukm tldmtjmr, mspm-

iecooy Kcrh Efdmbrmtsmf, Ytucrt H. Puihmr, cf` Flrc Re`loae arlk tjm Laaeim la tjm

ûboesjmr.

ve e


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Eftrlùitelf

G]YPEF UEA] OEF CF@ BLREY ÔMYHLQEI

Pjm Cffuco Tlro` Bcfh Ilfamrmfim lf @mvmolpkmft Milflkeis (CBI@M) es c omc`-

efd alruk alr c`vcfim`, alrwcr`-ollhefd rmsmcrij lf ekplrtcft `mvmolpkmft essums.

Mcij ymcr, tjm CBI@M brefds ploeiy kchmrs cf` ploeteiecfs tldmtjmr wetj rmsmcrijmrs

arlk cic`mkm, eftmrfctelfco lrdcfezctelfs, cf` tjefh tcfhs. Pjm èvmrsm pmrspmitevms

la tjm eftmrfctelfco `mvmolpkmft ilkkufety kefdom cf` ilcomsim tjrludj ef-`mptj

`mbctms lf ekplrtcft tjmkms lf tjm `mvmolpkmft cdmf`c.

Pjm 2>>: CBI@M wcs `mvltm` tl tjm tjmkm Pjm ^revctm Ymitlr cf` @mvmolpkmft

cf` jedjoedjtm` suij essums cs aefcfieco efiouself, hmy acitlrs ef tjm busefmss ioekctm,

cf` tjm prlveself la puboei smrveims by flfstctm citlrs. Pjm ilfamrmfim, ilsplfslrm`by tjm dlvmrfkmft la Yolvmfec cf` tjm Tlro` Bcfh, tllh pocim ef Bom`, Yolvmfec,

Kcy 343:, 2>>4.

Pjm ilfamrmfim bmdcf wetj wlr`s la wmoilkm cf` lpmfefd rmkcrhs by Gcfmz

Gcfsc, ^rekm Kefestmr la Yolvmfec8 Cf`rmg Bcguh, Kefestmr la Aefcfim, Yolvmfec8 cf`

Arcfles Blurduedflf, Ijema Milflkest cf` Ymfelr Qeim ^rmse`mft, `mvmolpkmft

milflkeis ct tjm Tlro` Bcfh. Blurduedflf octmr dcvm lfm la tjm hmyfltm c``rmssms,

cs è` Pcruf @cs, Ijema Kmftlr la tjm Ilfam`mrctelf la Efècf Efùstry8 Gcfmz

^ltlifeh, Murlpmcf Ilkkesselfmr alr Yiemfim cf` Rmsmcrij8 Ycftecdl Omvy, Ymfelr

Amoolw ct tjm Brllhefds Efstetutelf8 cf` Cb`luocym Ycrrm, c suiimssauo mftrmprmfmur

cf` busefmsskcf arlk Ymfmdco. Pjm ilfamrmfims tjrmm pomfcry smsselfs amcturm`

alur pcpmrs prmsmftm` by omcèfd `mvmolpkmft milflkests. @moevmrefd tjm iolsefd

rmkcrhs wmrm Bcguh8 Yjedml Hctsu, Tlro` Bcfh Qeim ^rmse`mft alr Murlpm cf` Imf-

trco Csec8 cf` Prmvlr Kcfumo, Kefestmr la Aefcfim, Rmpuboei la Ylutj Careic.

3

Gustef Ueau Oef es Ijema Milflkest cf` Ymfelr Qeim ^rmse`mft alr @mvmolpkmft Milflkeis ct tjm Tlro` Bcfh. Blresômshlvei es Rmsmcrij Kcfcdmr alr @mvmolpkmft Milflkeis ct tjm Tlro` Bcfh.

Cffuco Tlro Bcfh Ilfamrmfim lf @mvmolpkmft Milflkeis 2>>:, Dolbco

2>>5 Pjm Eftmrfctelfco Bcfh alr Rmilfstruitelf cf` @mvmolpkmft/Pjm Tlro` Bcfh


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2 | G]YPEF UEA] OEF CF@ BLREY ÔMYHLQEI

Lpmfefd C``rmssms

Ef jes wmoilkefd c``rmss,Gcfmz Gcfsc mkpjcsezms tjm ekplrtcfim la tjm prevctm smitlr

ef ekprlvefd stcf`cr s la oevefd cf` kmmtefd ltjmr `mvmolpkmft ijcoomfdms. @mvmo-lpkmft milflkeis smmhs tl e`mfteay tjm klst ekplrtcft acitlrs efaoumfiefd milflkei

drlwtj cf` ekprlvmkmfts ef oevefd stcf`cr`s. Et tjus stcf`s ct tjm irux la tjmlry cf`

prciteim, hflwom`dm cf` citelf. Gcfsc prcesms tjm Tlro` Bcfhs spmieco rlom cs tjm

`revefd alrim bmjef` prldrmss ef `mvmolpkmft milflkeis cf` cs c prlve`mr la aefcfi-

efd cf` tmijfeico cssestcfim tl `mvmolpefd iluftrems. Cotjludj plvmrty rmkcefs c

dolbco ijcoomfdm, tjm Tlro` Bcfhs cijemvmkmfts ef cssestefd pllr iluftrems ef tjmer

milflkei `mvmolpkmft jcvm bmmf drmct. Gcfsc tjmf mfukmrctms Yolvmfecs ekprmssevm

cijemvmkmfts sefim et dcefm` ef`mpmf`mfim ef 3553. Ct tjm bmdeffefd la ef`mpmf`mfim,

Yolvmfecf mftmrpresms olst :> pmrimft la tjmer mxplrt kcrhmts lvmrfedjt, cf` ufmk-

polykmft drmw rcpe oy. But Yolvmfec tllh `mtmrkefm` ploeiy kmcsurms tl ekprlvm tjm

lpmrctefd mfverlfkmft alr tjm prevctm smitlr, cf` bmtwmmf 3552 cf` 2>>1 tjm prevctm

smitlrs sjcrm la drlss `lkmstei prlùit (D@^) drmw arlk 9> tl 1= pmrimft. Flw,

Yolvmfecs milflkei setuctelf jcs fmvmr bmmf bmttmr. Ef 2>>0 Yolvmfec drcùctm` arlk

Tlro` Bcfh cssestcfim (tjm aerst trcfsetelf iluftry tl `l sl), bmickm c Bcfh `lflr,

cf` glefm` tjm Murlpmcf ]felf (M]). Ef Gcfucry 2>>4 Yolvmfec c`lptm` tjm murl, cf`

ef Gcfucry 2>>: et cssukm` tjm sex-klftj prmse`mfiy la tjm Murlpmcf ]felf. Gcfsc

stctms tjct Yolvmfec es prlu` tl jcvm glefm` tjm Tlro` Bcfh cf` ltjmr eftmrfctelfco

lrdcfezctelfs cs c `lflr ef tjm aedjt cdcefst plvmrty cf` rmildfezms tjct bltj tjm pub-

oei cf` prevctm smitlrs kust pocy ekplrtcft rloms.Cf`rmg Bcguh rmkcrhs tjct tjm CBI@M, lredefcooy jmo` mcij ymcr ef Tcsjefdtlf,

@I, jcs bmilkm efirmcsefdoy dolbco. Jm lbsmrvms tjct ef 2>>1 et tllh pocim ef tjm

klst plpuolus iluftry ef tjm wlro`, Ijefc, cf` ef 2>>4 wcs bmefd jmo` ef lfm la

tjm skcoomst, Yolvmfec. Bcguh cosl fltms tjm ekplrtcfim la tjes ymcrs tjmkm. Jm plefts

lut tjct tjm Tlro` Bcfh, ef ets aerst alur `mic`ms, pce` sicft cttmftelf tl tjm prevctm

smitlr, aliusefd efstmc` lf puboei smitlr prlgmits. But, jm c``s, lvmr tjm pcst 2> ymcrs

tjm Tlro` Bcfh, colfd wetj tjm eftmrfctelfco ilkkufety cs c wjlom, jcs rmildfezm`

tjm iruieco sedfeaeicfim la tjm prevctm smitlr ef alstmrefd milflkei `mvmolpkmft cf`

drlwtj. Pjm `mvmolpkmft la tjm prevctm smitlr jcs bmmf iruieco tl Yolvmfecs sui-

imssauo milflkei trcfsetelf cf` ets c`lptelf la tjm murl. Bcguh rmplrts tjct flw tjctet jcs bmilkm c `lflr rctjmr tjcf c rmiepemft la eftmrfctelfco ce`, Yolvmfec es alius-

efd lf tjm prevctm smitlrs ilftrebutelf tl mrcèictefd plvmrty ef `mvmolpefd iluf-

trems.

Arcfles Blurduedflf stctms tjct tjm purplsm la tjm CBI@M es tl ilkbefm èvmrsm

pmrspmitevms lf `mvmolpkmft, omcrf arlk lfm cfltjmr, cf` sjcrm hflwom`dm tjct weoo

ekprlvm `mvmolpkmft maamitevmfmss. Jm cdrmms tjct tjrmm lr alur `mic`ms cdl tjm pre-

vctm smitlr wluo` jcròy jcvm bmmf tjm tjmkm la c kcglr `mvmolpkmft ilfamrmfim,

but sefim tjmf c ilfsmfsus jcs alrkm` rmdcrèfd tjm imftrco rlom la tjm prevctm smitlr

ef `mvmolpkmft. Pjm prlpmr tcsh la dlvmrfkmft es flw smmf cs tjm irmctelf la c

ploeiy mfverlfkmft cf` c`kefestrctevm struiturm ilfùievm tl `mvmolpkmft la tjm

prevctm smitlr, rctjmr tjcf eftmrvmftelf ef tjm prevctm smitlr. Blurduedflf prcesms


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EFPRL@]IPELF | 9

Yolvmfecs ciilkpoesjkmfts ef wmctjmrefd ets trcfsetelf, fltefd tjct rmco D@^ drlwtj

ef 2>>1 ckluftm` tl =.2 pmrimft cf` rmetmrctefd tjct tjm iluftry jcs glefm` tjm

Murlpmcf ]felf cf`, wetjef tjm Tlro` Bcfh, klvm` arlk blrrlwmr tl `lflr stctus.

Oehm coo iluftrems, Yolvmfec ilftefums tl acim ijcoomfdms, but et jcs bmilkm kuijwmcotjemr, cf` ets auturm wetjef Murlpm ollhs bredjt.

Hmyfltm C``rmssms

Pcruf @cs `msirebms tjm `mvmolpkmft ekpcits la Efècs rmvetcoezm` prevctm smitlr.

Catmr lutoefefd tjm milflkei jestlry la ef`mpmf`mft Efèc, jm `msirebms tjm ijcrcitmr

la tjm iluftrys prevctm smitlr. @urefd tjm pcst 3= ymcrs lr slc pmrel` la oebmrco-

ezctelf cf` lpmfefd tl tjm dolbco milflkytjm prevctm smitlr jcs bmmf trcfsalrkm`,

cf` c fmw speret la mftrmprmfmursjep jcs tchmf rllt. Efècs prevctm smitlr jcs `mvmo-

lpm` rcpeòy, alrkefd fukmrlus dmldrcpjei ioustmrs. @cs crdums tjct tjm psyijlold-

eico turfefd pleft alr tjm iluftrys prevctm smitlr wcs ets suiimss ef efalrkctelf tmij-

floldy ef tjm 355>s, wjeij dcvm Efèc acetj cf` ilfae`mfim tjct et iluo` ilkpmtm

wetj wlro` omc`mrs ef tjm efùstry. Cfltjmr ekplrtcft psyijloldeico ijcfdm jcs bmmf

ef tjm wcy Efèc vemws ets plpuoctelf. Bmalrm tjm 355>s Efècs mflrklus plpuoctelf

wcs rmdcr`m` cs c oecbeoety, but tl`cy ets 3 beooelf pmlpom crm smmf cs cf cssmt. @cs

fltms tjct c `mic`m cdl, busefmss omc`mrs ef Efèc ilfse`mrm` `mvmolpkmft tjm dlv-

mrfkmfts prlbomk, but tl`cy tjm busefmss ilkkufety smms `mvmolpkmft essums cs

tjmer prlbomk, tll. Pjm beddmst `mvmolpkmft ijcoomfdm aciefd tjm prevctm smitlr,ciilrèfd tl @cs, es tl strmfdtjmf jukcf icpciety. Cormc`y, tjm prevctm smitlr es trcef-

efd keooelfs la pmlpom, efiouèfd tjm èsc`vcftcdm`, smttefd up sheoos `mvmolpkmft

imftmrs cirlss Efèc, cf` supplrtefd rurco mùictelf. @cs plefts lut tjct tjm prevctm

smitlr jcs bmilkm `mmpoy efvlovm` ef ltjmr smitlrs cs wmoo, suij cs efarcstruiturm,

jmcotj icrm, keirlaefcfim, cf` mfverlfkmftco cf` mfmrdy essums. Tjeom tjm dlvmrf-

kmft prlve`ms omc`mrsjep cf` tjm ploeiy arckmwlrh, prevctm ilkpcfems crm puttefd

rmslurims cf` `revm eftl `mvmolpkmft. Pjm prevctm smitlrs omc`mrsjep ef Efècs `mvmo-

lpkmft jcs jmopm` lvmrilkm trcètelfco èstrust la prlaet-kchefd mftmrpresms, cf`

sliemtys mxpmitctelfs la tjm prevctm smitlr jcvm bmilkm vmry jedj ef`mm`.

Arcfles Blurduedflf lbsmrvms tjct et es flw we`moy ciimptm` tjct trcfsamrrefdlwfmrsjep arlk tjm puboei smitlr tl tjm prevctm smitlr brefds dcefs ef maaeiemfiy cf`

prlùitevety8 cf` cs c rmsuot, prevctezctelf la stctm-lwfm` mftmrpresms jcs bmmf mxtmf-

sevmoy prciteim` ef rmimft `mic`ms. Pjm maamits lf maaeiemfiy cf` prlùitevety crm wmoo

uf`mrstll`, but rmsmcrijmrs jcvm flt c`mquctmoy mxckefm` lfm iruieco crmc la prevc-

tezctelf7 ets èstrebutelfco maamits. Pjmsm maamits `msmrvm kuij drmctmr cttmftelf

bmicusm tjmy èrmitoy caamit puboei lpefelf cf` crm cbsloutmoy iruieco alr uf`mrstcf`-

efd tjm wmoacrm ilfsmqumfims cf` ploeteico milflky la prevctezctelf. Rmvemwefd tjm

oetmrcturm lf prevctezctelf, Blurduedflf lbsmrvms tjct wjmf mvcouctefd tjm sicom la

prevctezctelf, rmsmcrijmrs jcvm dmfmrcooy ilkpcrm` prevctezm` mftmrpresms (cssmts) ef c

devmf iluftry tl tjm iluftrys D@^ (c aolw). But wjct kcttmrs crm tjm rmoctevm sezms

la tjm prevctm cf` puboei smitlrs cf` tjm ijcfdms tchefd pocim. C bmttmr ilkpcreslf,


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Blurduedflf cssmrts, wluo` bm tjm rctel la prevctezm` cssmts tl tltco fctelfco cssmts.

Rludjoy spmchefd, tltco fctelfco cssmts icf bm ilkputm` usefd D@^ cf` c icpetco-

lutput rctel. Cppoyefd suij c kmcsurm, lfm icf scy tjct cpprlxekctmoy = pmrimft la

cssmts ef tjm trcfsetelf iluftrems la Murlpm cf` Imftrco Csec jcvm bmmf prevctezm`sefim 355:, cf` tjm aedurm es cblut 0 pmrimft ef Octef Ckmreic. Blurduedflf eoous-

trctms slkm la tjm auf`ckmftco essums la èstrebutelf tjct jcvm bmmf ocrdmoy lvmr-

ollhm` ef tjm oetmrcturm. ^rmsmftefd c styoezm` mxckpom la wctmr suppoy, jm sjlws tjct

trcfsamr la lwfmrsjep tl c wmoo-rmduoctm` prevctm klflploy iluo` bm mxpmitm` tl

yemo` iomcr maaeiemfiy dcefs but cosl ekplrtcft èstrebutelfco maamitsc rcfdm la wef-

fmrs cf` olsmrs. Pjm weffmrs kedjt bm tjm tcxpcymrs, tjm fmw lwfmrs, cf` fmw ilf-

sukmrs8 tjm olsmrs kedjt bm imrtcef ilfsukmrs wjl flw jcvm tl pcy klrm, cs wmoo cs

oce`-laa mkpolymms. ^revctezctelf ef c ilkpmtetevm mfverlfkmft wluo` oehmoy yemo`

skcoomr preim ijcfdms cf` omss ijcfdm ef tmrks la èstrebutelf. Ef tjct setuctelf, tjm

maamit la prevctezctelf wluo` bm klstoy maaeiemfiy dcefs. Blurduedflf stctms tjct klrm

rmsmcrij es fmm`m` tl uf`mrstcf` prevctezctelf ekpcits wetj rmspmit tl slieco wmoacrm

cf` ploeteico milflky, but jes sekpom eooustrctelf jedjoedjts kcfy lvmrollhm` èkmf-

selfs la prevctezctelf. Jm dlms lf tl rmvemw mkpereico mve`mfim arlk smvmrco `mvmo-

lpefd cf` trcfsetelf iluftrems, wjeij alr tjm klst pcrt sjlws tjm slrts la lutilkms

lfm kedjt mxpmit7 ef ilkpmtetevm efùstrems, fmdoedebom preim maamits cf` iomcr-iut maae-

iemfiy dcefs, cf` ef flfilkpmtetevm efùstrems, c ocrdm preim maamit wetj kcfy èstre-

butelfco maamits. Blurduedflf ilfiou`ms wetj tjm lbsmrvctelf tjct tjm èstrebutelfco

ekpcit la prevctezctelf es repm alr cfcoyses.

Gcfmz ltlifeh lbsmrvms tjct dolbcoezctelf es c acit la oeam tl`cy. Fmw dolbco prlb-omks, wjmtjmr ef jmcotj, slieco smiurety cf` cdefd, ioekctm ijcfdm, mfmrdy, mfverlf-

kmft, smiurety, lr all` suppoy, rmquerm c dolbco rmsplfsm. Pjm lfoy ilftmxt ef wjeij

c sustcefcbom auturm kedjt bm aluf` es ef tjm dolbco klvmkmft tlwcr` c hflwom`dm

sliemty. ^ltlifeh stctms tjct Murlpm es ef tjm ke`òm la c èaaeiuot trcfsetelf arlk c

rmslurim-bcsm` milflky tl c hflwom`dm-bcsm` milflky. Ef 2>>> tjm Murlpmcf

]felf c`lptm` tjm Oesblf Ytrctmdy tl kchm tjm M] tjm klst `yfckei cf` ilkpmte-

tevm hflwom`dm-bcsm` milflky ef tjm wlro` by 2>3>. ^ltlifeh smms iurrmft `mvmo-

lpkmfts cs c fmw efùstreco rmvloutelf ef wjeij tjm dolbcoezctelf la trc`m cf`

hflwom`dm weoo stekuoctm efflvctelf, milflkei `mvmolpkmft, cf` fmw cpprlcijms tl

dolbco prlbomks suij cs ioekctm ijcfdm. Jm stctms tjct Murlpm kust omc` by mxckpomcf` tjct et es rmc`y tl slovm dolbco mfmrdy cf` mfverlfkmftco prlbomks ef pcrtfmrsjep

wetj `mvmolpefd iluftrems. Pjes icf bm `lfm lfoy wetj prevctm smitlr efvlovmkmft cf`

omc`mrsjep, efiouèfd omc`mrsjep by acst-drlwefd `mvmolpefd iluftrems suij cs Efèc,

wjmrm tjmrm es c sedfeaeicft rmsmcrij cf` mvmolpkmft (R&@) bcsm. Ef 2>>2, ltlifeh

fltms, tjm Murlpmcf ]felf smt c dlco la efvmstefd 9 pmrimft la D@^ ef siemfim cf`

rmsmcrij, wetj twl-tjer`s ilkefd arlk tjm prevctm smitlr. Yl acr, Murlpm es acr arlk

tjct tcrdmt. Pjm klst ekplrtcft acitlrs alr cttrcitefd R&@ efvmstkmft crm tjm mxes-

tmfim la c kcrhmt, c strlfd hflwom`dm pllo, cf` c jedj-qucoety puboei rmsmcrij bcsm.

Yurpresefdoy, wcdm omvmos crm flt vmry ekplrtcft. M] rmsmcrij ploeiy es jmopefd `mvmo-

lpefd iluftrems bueo` tjmer hflwom`dm bcsm sl tjct tjmy weoo bm bmttmr cbom tl cttrcit

R&@ efvmstkmft cf` bmttmr plsetelfm` ef tjm dolbco milflky. Klrm tjcf jcoa la tjm


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EFPRL@]IPELF | =

M] arckmwlrh prldrck bu`dmt es `mèictm` tl illpmrctevm rmsmcrij prlgmits, efiou`-

efd eftmrfctelfco illpmrctelf.

Ycftecdl Omvy mxckefms tjm icsm la Kmxeil cf` sjlws tjct ploeiy eftmrvmftelfs

eftmf`m` tl prltmit wlrhmrs ef tjm efalrkco smitlr icf eftrlùim èstlrtelfs tjctacvlr tjm efalrkco smitlr lvmr tjm alrkco smitlr cf` omc` tl olwmr prlùitevety cf`

solwmr drlwtj. Kmxeils mxpmremfim `mklfstrctms tjct milflkei drlwtj `lms flt

efvcrecboy omc` tl efirmcsefd alrkcoezctelf la tjm milflky cf` tjct eftmrvmftelfs ef

tjm ocblr kcrhmt icf jcvm tjm ufeftmf`m` rmsuot la mftrmfijefd tjm efalrkco smitlr

cf` irmctefd ploeteico prmssurm tl kceftcef cf` mxpcf` tjm slieco prltmitelf bmfmaets

la efalrkco wlrhmrs. Omvy mxpocefs tjct Kmxeicf wlrhmrs mkpolym` ef tjm alrkco

smitlr rmimevm slieco smiurety bmfmaets aefcfim` by mkpolymr-pce` tcxms, wjeom wlrhmrs

ef tjm efalrkco smitlr rmimevm slieco prltmitelf bmfmaets aefcfim` arlk dmfmrco stctm

rmvmfums. Pjus, Kmxeicf mkpolymrs pcy scocry cf` bmfmaets alr alrkco wlrhmrs but

lfoy scocry alr efalrkco wlrhmrs. Ilfsmqumftoy, tjm ilst tl c aerk la jerefd c alrkco

wlrhmr es cblut => pmrimft jedjmr tjcf tjm ilst la jerefd slkmlfm efalrkcooy. Arlk

tjm milflkei pleft la vemw, tjm èijltlky la slieco smiurety alr scocrem` ocblr vmrsus

slieco prltmitelf prldrcks alr flfscocrem` ocblr cklufts tl c tcx lf aerks cf` c

subse`y tl efalrkco aerks. Omvys cfcoyses la tjm Kmxeicf milflky `mklfstrctms tjct

aerks ef tjm efalrkco smitlr crm klrm prlaetcbom cf` tjus cttrcit klrm efvmstkmft.

Mkpolymrs jcvm c iomcr efimftevm tl acvlr efalrkco mkpolykmft, but tjm cfcoyses

sjlws tjct wlrhmrs cosl jcvm cf efimftevm bmicusm tjmy `l flt vcoum slieco smiurety

bmfmaets ct tjmer auoo ilst. Ilfsmqumftoy, mvcself la alrkco mkpolykmft es kcssevm. Ef

acit, ciilrèfd tl Omvy, cblut =: pmrimft la Kmxeils ocblr alrim es ef tjm efalrkcosmitlr8 lfoy 9: pmrimft es ef tjm alrkco smitlr. Klrmlvmr, c ocrdm plrtelf la tjlsm ef

tjm alrkco smitlr `l flt rmimevm slieco smiurety mftetomkmfts bmicusm la mvcself. Omvy

ilfiou`ms tjct cotjludj et es we`moy mxpmitm` tjct milflkei drlwtj weoo omc` tl

drmctmr ocblr alrkcoezctelf cf` tjm mxpcfself la slieco smiurety ilvmrcdm, tjes es flt

cowcys tjm icsm, cs tjm mxpmremfim la Kmxeil sjlws. Ef acit, ef Kmxeil tjm iurrmft

kmijcfesk es mfocrdefd cf` mftrmfijefd tjm efalrkco smitlr, mvmf uf`mr ilfètelfs

la solw but sustcefm` drlwtj. Pjes es c omsslf tjct kcy cppoy tl ltjmr `mvmolpefd

iluftrems, cf` Omvy icutelfs tjct tjm ijcoomfdm es flt tl èskcftom slieco prltmitelfs

but tl esloctm tjmk arlk tjm ocblr kcrhmt.

Cb`luocym Ycrrm laamrs c prevctm smitlr pmrspmitevm arlk Careic, pleftefd lut tjcttjm puboei smitlr pocys c ocrdmr rlom ef tjm milflky ef Careic tjcf ef ltjmr pcrts la

tjm wlro`. Ycrrm ietms tjm dmfmrco cdrmmkmft tjct tjm prevctm smitlr es klrm maaeiemft

cf` sjluo` bm tjm `revefd alrim ef tjm milflky. Jm c``s tjct tjm prevctm smitlr cosl

fmm`s tl jcvm efput eftl slkm crmcs tjct iomcroy bmolfd tl tjm puboei smitlrcblvm

coo, mùictelf. Mùictelf ef Careic, mspmiecooy ct tjm ufevmrsety omvmo, es flt kmmtefd tjm

fmm`s cf` tjm mxpmitctelfs la busefmss. Ef Ymfmdco, Ycrrm fltms, klrm tjcf c tjer` la

tjm stctm bu`dmt es efvmstm` ef mùictelf. Pjm dlvmrfkmft cf` sliemty iomcroy vcoum

mùictelf cf` crm kchefd c ocrdm efvmstkmft ef et, but tjm ufevmrsety iurreiuouk es tll

èstcft arlk tjm fmm`s la tjm prevctm smitlr, wjeij jcs fl rmco vleim ef wjct es tcudjt.

Mùictelf es flt syfijrlfezm` wetj tjm fmm s la tjm milflky, cf` tjm trcefefd etsmoa

es latmf lbslomtm. Ef Ymfmdco, alr efstcfim, =,>>> stu`mfts crm stu`yefd jestlry cf`


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dmldrcpjy, but amwmr tjcf 2>> crm stu`yefd efalrkctelf tmijfloldy. Mftrmprmfmurs

cf` efvmstlrs crm ekplrtcft tl `mvmolpkmft ef Careic, Ycrrm lbsmrvms, but tjmy acim c

fukbmr la smrelus prlbomks7 olwmr-rcfhefd dlvmrfkmft laaeiecos crm suspeielus la

tjmk cf` `l flt uf`mrstcf` tjm ekplrtcfim la tjm prevctm smitlr8 tjm omdco mfverlf-kmft es lut`ctm` cf` jcs flt c`cptm` tl ekplrtcft fmw smitlrs suij cs smrveim mxplrt

cf` efalrkctelf tmijfloldy8 cf` tjm mùictelf systmk es flt prlùiefd pmlpom wetj

tjm redjt hef`s la sheoos. Aurtjmrklrm, tjm aefcfieco smitlr es flt suaaeiemftoy `mvmolpm`,

cf` eftmrmst rctms cf` ilooctmrco rmquermkmfts crm tll jedj. ^llr efarcstruiturm cf`

uteoetems cosl jef`mr `mvmolpkmft. Mvmf ef icsms wjmrm efarcstruiturm es dll , cs ef

Ymfmdcos tmomilkkufeictelfs smitlr, klflploy preiefd solws milflkei `mvmolpkmft.

Ycrrm ilfiou`ms wetj c èsiusself la crmcs ef wjeij tjm prevctm smitlr wluo oehm tjm

Tlro Bcfhs cssestcfim7 ekprlvefd tjm ciimss la skcoo cf` kmèuk-sezm busefmssms tl

icpetco kcrhmts8 mfilurcdefd olwmr eftmrmst rctms8 cf` aefcfiefd trcefefd prldrcks tl

efùim mftrmprmfmursjep, prlùitevety, cf` efflvctelf.

Aefcfieco Efiouself

Csoe @mkerd-Huft cf` Rlss Omvefm crdum tjct `mvmolpkmft milflkests fmm` tl pcy

klrm cttmftelf tl cssmssefd jlw alrkco aefcfieco smitlr ploeiems caamit milflkei

lpplrtufety cf` plvmrty. Et es we`moy rmildfezm` tjct ekpmramitelfs ef icpetco kcrhmts

icusm c ocrdmr sjcrm la sliemtys scvefds tl aolw tl tjlsm wetj ciiukuoctm` wmcotj. Et

es flt sl wmoo uf`mrstll` tjct tjmrm es cosl, cs tjm cutjlrs rmsmcrij efèictms, c strlfd

fmdctevm rmoctelfsjep bmtwmmf aefcfieco `mvmolpkmft, lf tjm lfm jcf`, cf` plvmrty,efmqucoety, cf` èsirekefctelf, lf tjm ltjmr. Ea tjm milflkeis prlamsself `mvmolps c

bmttmr uf`mrstcfèfd la jlw ekpmramitelfs ef aefcfieco kcrhmts caamit eftmrdmfmrc-

telfco efilkm `yfckeis, rmturfs tl sijlloefd, scvefd bmjcvelr, cf` sl lf, tjm fmw

aefèfds sjluo` pocy c prlkefmft rlom ef rmalrks cekm` ct ekprlvefd wmoacrm cf`

milflkei lpplrtufety. @mkerd-Huft cf` Omvefm lbsmrvm tjct rmimft tjmlrmteico

cf` mkpereico stuèms strlfdoy suddmst tjct tjm omvmo la `mvmolpkmft la tjm alrkco

aefcfieco smitlrbcfhs, smiuretems kcrhmts, cf` ltjmr aefcfieco efstetutelfses cf

ekplrtcft `mtmrkefcft la wjl icf mxpolet milflkei lpplrtufetems cf` wjl icfflt.

Pjm aefcfieco systmks omvmo la `mvmolpkmft es flt tjm lfoy `mtmrkefcft, but etcppmcrs tl bm c jedjoy sedfeaeicft acitlr ef `moeketefd efèveùco milflkei jlrezlfs.

Lf tjm sliemtco omvmo, aefcfieco `mvmolpkmft `mtmrkefms tjm mxtmft tl wjeij milflk-

ei lpplrtufety es lpmf tl tcomft cf` efetectevm lr, lf tjm ilftrcry, `mpmf`s lf ackeoy

wmcotj cf` slieco ilffmitelfs. Ef wmoo-`mvmolpm` aefcfieco systmks, irmètwlrtjy

aerks jcvm mcsemr ciimss tl mxtmrfco aefcfiefd, wjeij caamits tjmer drlwtj cf` pmr-

alrkcfim plsetevmoy. Tlrhefd wetj ltjmr rmsmcrijmrs, @mkerd-Huft cf` Omvefm

jcvm `mklfstrctm`, ef prmvelus ocrdm-sicom irlss-iluftry stuèms, tjct aefcfieco `mvmo-

lpkmft èsprlplrtelfctmoy bmfmaets tjm pllr, `mirmcsms efilkm efmqucoety, lpmfs fmw

milflkei lpplrtufetems alr tjm pllr, rmùims tjm aefcfiefd lbstcioms aciefd skcoo

aerks, cf` èsprlplrtelfctmoy bmfmaets skcoo aerks. Ytuèms la keirlmftmrpresms byltjmr rmsmcrijmrs yemo` ilfsestmft rmsuots.


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EFPRL@]IPELF | 4

Tjeij Acitlrs Kcttmr Klst alr Ekprlvmkmftla tjm Busefmss Ioekctm, wjmf tjm aerst kl`mo la `mvmolpkmft

milflkeis wcs alrkuoctm`, wm jcvm smmf kcfy tjmlrems cf` kl`mos tjct jcvm bmmf

ijcfdefd, `mvmolpefd, cf` ekprlvefd. @mvmolpkmft milflkeis jcs bmilkm efirmcs-

efdoy eftmrèsiepoefcry. Pl`cy et oefhs milflkeis, slieloldy, cftjrlploldy, ploeteico

siemfim, slielpsyijloldy, kmèiefm, dmldrcpjy, cf` ltjmr siemfims.

Kl`mrf `mvmolpkmft milflkeis smmhs tl `mtmrkefm wjct crm tjm iruieco momkmfts ef

smiurefd acstmr milflkei drlwtj cf` ekprlvmkmfts ef oevefd stcf`cr`s, ef `mvmolpefd

iluftrems ef pcrteiuocr. Es tjm hmy acitlr èmt, jmcotj systmks, prekcry cf` jedjmr

mùictelf, cf maaeiemft omdco systmk, acer trc`m, gust èstrebutelf la efilkm, lr tjm redjt

milflkei ploeiems cf` `mvmolpkmft strctmdems>:, Dolbco



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3> | GCFMW GCFYC

Keijcmo Pl`crl cf` Ytmpjmf Yketj `msirebm `mvmolpkmft milflkeis cs tjm illr-

èfctelf la jukcf ymcrfefd cf` jukcf mf`mcvlrs. Pjm mssmfim la `mvmolpkmft

milflkeis es tl klvm arlk tjmlry tl prciteim, tl turf wlr`s eftl `mm`s. C alrkmr

prmse`mft la tjm Tlro` Bcfh, Omwes ^rmstlf, sce` tjct `mvmolpkmft tjmlry by etsmoajcs oettom vcoum ufomss et es cppoem`, ufomss et trcfsoctms eftl rmsuots, cf` ufomss et

ekprlvms pmlpoms oevms. Ef ltjmr wlr`s, tjm aefèfds la c siemfim crm suiimssauo ea tjmy

jmop `mvmolpefd iluftrems klvm tlwcr` klrm rcpe` prldrmss cf` milflkei drlwtj.

Pjm Tlro` Bcfh es tjm `revefd alrim bmjef` c`vcfims ef `mvmolpkmft milflkeis

cf`, ct tjm sckm tekm, tjm kcef slurim la aefcfiefd cf` mxpmrt cssestcfim tl `mvmo-

lpefd iluftrems. Cotjludj tjm fmm`s crm drmct cf` cssestcfim es coklst cowcys efsua-

aeiemft, tjm Bcfhs cijemvmkmfts sefim ets mstcboesjkmft ef 3500 spmch alr tjmksmovms.

Pjm lrdcfezctelf, lwfm` by ets kmkbmr iluftrems, wjeij tl`cy fukbmr 3:0, jcs

ilftrebutm` tl c drmct mxtmft tl tjm coomvectelf la prlbomks ef tjm wlro`. Pjm mstcb-

oesjkmft la tjm Bcfh es c prlgmit tjct jcs brludjt tldmtjmr tjm fctelfs la tjm wlro`.

Pjm Tlro` Bcfh, aluf`m` wetj c flbom lbgmitevm, prlve`ms aefcfiefd tl iluftrems tjct

jcvm fl ciimss tl eftmrfctelfco kcrhmts. Et mxtmf`s eftmrmst-armm irmèt tl omcst `mvmo-

lpm` iluftrems cf` olw eftmrmst olcfs tl `mvmolpefd iluftrems, wetj c olfdmr rmpcy-

kmft tmrk. Et cosl laamrs mxpmrt cf` tmijfeico supplrt alr prlgmits tjct crm ekplrtcft

alr tjm ekprlvmkmft la pllr oevefd ilfètelfs cf` alr sustcefcbom `mvmolpkmft.

Ef tjm aesico ymcr mxtmfèfd arlk Gufm 2>>= tl Guoy 2>>1, tjm Tlro` Bcfh kc`m cvceo-

cbom coklst ]Y$29.40 beooelf ef olcfs alr 245 prlgmits.

Tm smt lursmovms ckbetelus dlcos ef tjm Keoomffeuk @miocrctelf ef 2>>>. Tm

pom`dm` tl rmùim plvmrty by jcoa by 2>3=. Tm pom`dm` tl jmop kmkbmr iluftremslvmrilkm mxtrmkm plvmrty cf` jufdmr, tl jmop mfsurm mùictelf alr ijeo`rmf cf`

redjts alr wlkmf, tl rmùim ijeo` klrtcoety, tl ekprlvm tjm jmcotj la prmdfcft

wlkmf, cf` tl mfsurm prltmitelf cdcefst omtjco èsmcsms suij cs JEQ, kcocrec, cf`

tubmriuolses. Tm pom`dm` tl prltmit fcturm cf` fcturco rmslurims cf` tl `mvmolp cf

eftmrfctelfco pcrtfmrsjep alr `mvmolpkmft.

Pjm Cffuco Bcfh Ilfamrmfim lf @mvmolpkmft Milflkeis es cf lpplrtufety

alr fukmrlus `mvmolpkmft milflkests tl lutoefm tjmer vemws lf tjm prlbomks la

sustcefcbom `mvmolpkmft ef tl`cys wlro`. Pjm ijleim la Bom` cs tjm ilfamrmfim vmfum

es la mxtrclrèfcry sykbloei sedfeaeicfim alr us, cf` wm crm `moedjtm` tjct by bmefd

smomitm` tl jlst tjm ilfamrmfim, wm stcf` se`m by se`m wetj Brussmos, Ckstmr`ck, cf`Plhylicpetcos tjct jcvm jlstm` tjes ilfamrmfim ef tjm pcst tjrmm ymcrs.

Yolvmfec es c ylufd stctm. Et stcrtm` lf ets ilursm la ef`mpmf`mfim cf` `mklirctei

ijcfdm ef 3553. Pjm pctj tjct wm jcvm trcvmom` ef tjmsm 31 ymcrs jcs flt bmmf mcsy.

Yolvmfecf ilkpcfems olst :> pmrimft la tjmer kcrhmt prciteicooy lvmrfedjt. Mkpoly-

kmft `rlppm` by 3> pmrimft ef 3552 cf` 3559 colfm. Rmco ekplrts `mioefm` sjcrpoy.

Pjmsm wmrm klkmfts la ufimrtcefty, cf` tjm Yolvmfecf milflky jc` tl aef` fmw

lpplrtufetems ef tjm `mkcfèfd kcrhmts la tjm Murlpmcf Ilkkufety. Et tllh c drmct

`mco la jcr` wlrh cf` ilurcdm tl cijemvm tjm rmsuots tjct crm vesebom tl`cy.

Mxplrts, wjeij crm la hmy ekplrtcfim alr tjm skcoo Yolvmfecf milflky, rlsm arlk

=3 tl 15 pmrimft bmtwmmf 3551 cf` 2>>1. Pjm prevctm smitlr wcs devmf c bmttmr

lpplrtufety, cf` bmtwmmf 3552 cf` 2>>1, et efirmcsm` ets sjcrm ef drlss `lkmstei


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L^MFEFD Y^MMIJ | 33

prlùit (D@^) arlk 9> tl 1= pmrimft. Pl`cy, Yolvmfec es ef tjm bmst milflkei

setuctelf mvmr ef ets jestlry. Tm crm vesebom ef tjm wlro` cs c `mvmolpm` iluftry. Tm

c`lptm` tjm murl cs lur lwf iurrmfiy, vmry suiimssauooy, ct tjm bmdeffefd la 2>>1,

tjm aerst cf` lfoy la tjm fmw Murlpmcf ]felf (M]) stctms tl l sl. Pjes suiimss es mvmfdrmctmr ea ylu ilfse`mr tjm acit tjct wm jcvm suiimm`m` ef kceftcefefd milflkei

bcocfim cf` olw efaoctelf. Ltjmr milflkei cf` puboei aefcfim efèictlrs crm

cosl vmry dll`. Ef 2>>1 milflkei drlwtj wcs =.2 pmrimft, cf` wm rmcijm` coklst

:0 pmrimft la tjm cvmrcdm M] D@^, kmcsurm` ef purijcsefd plwmr. Mkpolykmft

efirmcsm` ef 2>>1 by 3.9 pmrimft, cf` ufmkpolykmft iurrmftoy cklufts tl omss tjcf

1 pmrimft. Drlwtj la vcoum c``m` wcs =.9 pmrimft ef 2>>1, cf` ocblr prlùitevety

wcs 0 pmrimft.

E ck `moedjtm` tl c`` tjct tjm dll` milflkei efèictlrs jcvm bmmf suiimssauooy

trcfsoctm` eftl tjm oevms la pmlpom. Ef 2>>1 drlss scocrems ef Yolvmfec efirmcsm` ef bltj

flkefco cf` rmco tmrks, cf` wm rmùim` puboei `mbt, wjeij es flw 24.: pmrimft la

D@^. Pjm puboei `maeiet jcs bmmf olwmrm` cs wmoo, tl 3.0 pmrimft la D@^. Et es ekplr-

tcft, cosl, tjct acvlrcbom alrmicsts cs tl drlwtj cf` `mvmolpkmft jcvm bmmf kc`m by

alrmedf cf` `lkmstei efstetutelfs alr 2>>4 cf` 2>>:.

Cotjludj wm crm prlu` la lur cijemvmkmfts, wm crm wmoo cwcrm tjct tjmrm es c

drmct `mco la jcr` wlrh steoo tl bm `lfm ef lr`mr tl rmcoezm lur olfd-tmrk lbgmitevms.

Catmr coo, plvmrty cf` slieco mxiouself crm flt prlbomks acim` lfoy by `mvmolpefd

iluftrems. Ef tjm wlr`s la alrkmr Tlro` Bcfh prmse`mft Gckms Tloamfsljf,

Lur prekcry dlco ef `mvmolpkmft dlco kust bm tl rmùim tjm èspcretems cirlss cf`

wetjef iluftremstl brefd klrm pmlpom eftl tjm milflkei kcefstrmck cf` tl prl-kltm mquetcbom ciimss tl tjm aruets la `mvmolpkmft, rmdcròmss la fctelfcoety, rcim, lr

dmf`mr. . . XP[jm hmy `mvmolpkmft ijcoomfdm la lur tekm es tjm ijcoomfdm la efiouself.

Tm wesj tl rmùim plvmrty, lr mrcèictm et tl tjm drmctmst plssebom mxtmft ef Yolvmfec,

cf` rmimft trmf`s ef lur iluftry jcvm bmmf plsetevm. Lfm la tjm aerst `liukmfts tjct

tjm dlvmrfkmft la tjm Rmpuboei la Yolvmfec c`lptm` ct tjm bmdeffefd wcs c `mvmolp-

kmft strctmdy, c prldrck la milflkei cf` slieco rmalrks tjct wm jc` tl icrry lut tl

mfsurm Yolvmfecs cijemvmkmft la tjmsm dll` milflkei rmsuots ef tjm olfd tmrk. Tm

c`lptm` tcx ocws cs pcrt la milflkei rmalrks tjct sedfeaeicftoy omssmfm` tjm mxims-

sevm tcx bur`mf lf tjm milflky cf` mfilurcdm` mkpolykmft la jedjoy mùictm`

wlrhmrs cf`, ef dmfmrco, mkpolykmft tjct weoo bm omss ilstoy alr ilkpcfems. Aurtjmrprevctezctelf la ilkpcfems tjct crm steoo ijemaoy ef stctm lwfmrsjep es uf`mr wcy cf`

weoo bm icrrem` lut ef suij c wcy cs tl mfsurm tjm bmst plssebom maamits alr tjm drlwtj

cf` `mvmolpkmft la tjm milflky. Ypmieco cttmftelf es bmefd pce` tl tjm prevctezctelf

la tjm bcfhefd cf` efsurcfim smitlr, wjmrm et es lur ùty tl mfsurm tjm stcbeoety la tjm

aefcfieco systmk. Tm jcvm cosl c`lptm` c fukbmr la ltjmr milflkei cf` slieco

rmalrk kmcsurms tl efirmcsm tjm ilkpmtetevmfmss la Yolvmfecs milflky. Fmdltectelfs

wetj tjm slieco pcrtfmrs lf ocblr omdesoctelf crm ef tjm aefco stcdm. Pjmrm weoo bm

ilfse`mrcboy drmctmr aomxebeoety la tjm ocblr kcrhmt, cf` wm weoo tjus irmctm ilfè-

telfs alr jedjmr mkpolykmft. Tm jcvm c`lptm` c fmw kufeiepcoety-aefcfiefd cit.

]f`mr prmpcrctelf es omdesoctelf lf prlvefims wjlsm lbgmitevm es klrm jcrklfelus

rmdelfco `mvmolpkmft.


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32 | GCFMW GCFYC

Ef ets trcfsetelf arlk c mvmolpefd tl c `mvmolpm` iluftry, Yolvmfec jcs mfglym` tjm

cssestcfim cf` supplrt la `mvmolpm` iluftrems. Pjm `llr tl tjm Murlpmcf ]felf cf`

tjm murl zlfm wcs lpmf alr us. Lf Gcfucry 3, 2>>:, wm crm mftmrefd tjm Yijmfdmf vesc

systmk, cf` lf tjct `ctm wm weoo cssukm tjm sex-klftj prmse`mfiy la tjm Murlpmcf]felf. Yolvmfec jcs cosl rmimevm` cf laaeieco efvetctelf tl glef tjm Lrdcfesctelf alr

Milflkei Il-lpmrctelf cf` @mvmolpkmft (LMI@).

Tm crm cwcrm la tjm ekplrtcfim la lur mxpmremfim cf` hflwom`dm. Pl`cy, Yolvmfec

es redjtauooy mxpmitm` tl jmop ltjmr iluftrems wetj aefcfiefd, mxpmremfim, cf` hflwo-

m`dm. Yolvmfec wcs tjm aerst la tjm iluftrems ef trcfsetelf tl ilfiou`m tjm Tlro`

Bcfhs drcùctelf prlimùrm ef 2>>0. Tm uf`mrtllh c ilkketkmft tl imcsm blr-

rlwefd arlk tjm Tlro` Bcfh cf` `rcwefd lf armm-la-ijcrdm tmijfeico cssestcfim cf`,

efstmc`, tl jmop ltjmr iluftrems tlwcr` acstmr `mvmolpkmft. Jmrm et es fmimsscry tl

kmftelf Yolvmfecs olfd `lflr trcètelf. Ekkmèctmoy lf dcefefd ef`mpmf`mfim,

Yolvmfec, cs c `mvmolpefd iluftry, coolictm` cpprlxekctmoy >.>: pmrimft la ets D@^

tl `mvmolpkmft cssestcfim alr tjm iluftrems la tjm wmstmrf Bcohcfs.

Pl`cy, la ilursm, kuij klrm es mxpmitm` arlk us. ]f`mr tjm cuspeims la tjm Tlro`

Bcfh, wetjef tjm kuoteoctmrco `mbt rmoema efetectevm, wm crm citevm ef rmùiefd tjm `mbts

la tjm pllrmst iluftrems la tjm wlro`. Tm pcrteiepctm ef tjm rmpomfesjkmfts la tjm

Eftmrfctelfco @mvmolpkmft Cssliectelf (E@C) cf` tjm Dolbco Mfverlfkmft Acieoety.

Tm jcvm pcrteiepctm` ef tjm aedjt tl ilkbct JEQ, kcocrec, cf` tubmriuolses cf` ef tjm

prldrck alr ilkbctefd revmr boef`fmss ef Careic. Yolvmfec jcs ilftrebutm` auf`s tl

tjm Eftmrfctelfco Aefcfim Ilrplrctelf (EAI) alr tjm Bcohcfs. Tm crm tjm aerst trcfse-

telfco iluftry tl ilftrebutm auf`s tl tjm Tmstmrf Bcohcfs Auf` la tjm MurlpmcfBcfh alr Rmilfstruitelf cf` @mvmolpkmft, bmtwmmf 2>>4 cf` 2>3>. Yolvmfec jmops

wetj pcykmfts tl tjm M] bu`dmt, cf` wm weoo cosl bm pcyefd eftl tjm Murlpmcf

@mvmolpkmft Auf`.

Tm crm wmoo cwcrm tjct tjm fmm`s crm kuij drmctmr tjcf wjct es dctjmrm` ef tjmsm

auf`s. Et icf tjmrmalrm redjtauooy bm mxpmitm` tjct wm weoo `mvltm klrm cttmftelf tl

`mvmolpkmft tlpeis cf` `mvmolpkmft aefcfim. Lur lbgmitevm es ef`mm` tl cijemvm tjm

ilkketkmft la >.34 pmrimft la D@^ alr `mvmolpkmft cssestcfim by 2>3>.

Cotjludj `lflrsjep es flbom cf` efèspmfscbom, ltjmr alrks la cssestcfim kust bm

cosl usm` tl ilkbct plvmrty. Milflkei, slieco, ploeteico, cf` efstetutelfco kmijc-

fesks crm fmimsscry alr tjm sustcefcbom `mvmolpkmft prlimss cf` alr rcpe` cf` mxtmf-sevm ekprlvmkmft la oevefd ilfètelfs ef `mvmolpefd iluftrems. Pjmsm kmijcfesks

kust efiou`m bltj tjm puboei cf` prevctm smitlrs. Pjm rlom la tjm prevctm smitlr jcs

bmilkm efirmcsefdoy ekplrtcft ef `mvmolpkmft. Jmrm et es fmimsscry tl pleft lut

cdcef tjct tjm prevctm smitlr kust rmspmit tjm dolbco ruoms la tjm ]fetm` Fctelfs by

prltmitefd jukcf redjts, by flt usefd alrim` lr ilkpuoslry ocblr lr ijeo` ocblr, cf`

by rmspmitefd prldrmssevm stcf`cr`s la mfverlfkmftco prltmitelf.


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L^MFEFD Y^MMIJ | 39

Ocèms cf` dmftomkmf, C`ck Yketj sce` ef 3441, Fl sliemty icf surmoy bm aolur-

esjefd cf` jcppy, la wjeij tjm acr drmctmr pcrt la tjm kmkbmrs crm pllr cf`

kesmrcbom. Et es lur ùty cf` klrco lboedctelf tl gleftoy jmop pmlpom wjl icfflt oevm

ef `mimft ilfètelfs cf` tl kefekezm plvmrty cf` aefcooy mrcèictm et.Ef ilfiouself, E wesj tjes ilfamrmfim tl bm c rmslufèfd suiimss cf` tl ilftrebutm

tl tjm mxijcfdm la e`mcs tjct weoo yemo`, ef tjm auturm, maamitevm sloutelfs alr prlveèfd

cssestcfim tl tjm pllrmst cf` tl uf`mrpreveomdm` efjcbetcfts crluf` tjm wlro`. Tlr`s

crm usmomss ea flt aloolwm` by citelf.

E wesj ylu mvmry suiimss ef ylur wlrh cf` c pomcscft stcy ef Yolvmfec.

Pjcfh ylu vmry kuij.


24/180


25/180

Lpmfefd Ypmmij

CF@RMG BCG]H

^rekm Kefestmr, `mcr Arcfles, ylur mximoomfiems, ocèms cf` dmftomkmf.

E wluo` oehm tl bmdef by wesjefd ylu c wcrk wmoilkm tl Yolvmfec, cf` mspmiecooy

tl Bom`. Et es cf jlflr tl pcrteiepctm ef tjm lpmfefd la lfm la tjm Tlro` Bcfhs beddmst

cf` bmst-hflwf eftmrfctelfco mvmfts, bmefd jmo` ef Yolvmfec tjes ymcr.

E ck pomcsm` cblut tjm ijleim la Bom` bmicusm tjm vmfum omf`s tjm Cffuco Bcfh

Ilfamrmfim lf @mvmolpkmft Milflkeis (CBI@M) cf efirmcsefdoy klrm dolbco ijcr-

citmr. Ef ets mcroy `cys tjm ilfamrmfim wcs jmo` ef Tcsjefdtlf. Pjmf et klvm` tl tjm

icpetcos la `mvmolpm` Murlpmcf iluftrems, tjmf tl Gcpcf, cf` tjes ymcr tl Yolvmfec. Et

es `maefetmoy cf eftmrmstefd ilefie`mfim tjct tjes ymcrs rmdelfco CBI@M wcs lrdcfezmèf tjm beddmst iluftry ef tjm wlro`, tjct es, Ijefc8 cf` tjm dolbco CBI@M es bmefd

jmo` ef lfm la tjm skcoomst iluftrems ef tjm wlro`, Yolvmfec. Tjmf, ct tjm mf` la tjm

CBI@M ef Plhyl ef Kcy 2>>1, wm cfflufim` ef c ve`mlilfamrmfim tjm lrdcfezctelf

la tjes ymcrs ilfamrmfim, wm, tl bm jlfmst, è` flt rmcoezm jlw mxtmfsevm tjm prmpc-

rctelf wluo` bm. E bmoemvm tjct ùrefd tjes ymcr illpmrctelf bmtwmmf tjm Tlro` Bcfh

jmc`qucrtmrs ef Tcsjefdtlf, tjm laaeim ef ^cres, cf` Yolvmfecs Kefestry la Aefcfim

wcs mxmkpocry. E sjluo` oehm tl tchm tjes liicself tl tjcfh tjm stcaa la tjm Tlro`

Bcfh, tjm kmkbmrs la tjm stmmrefd ilkkettmm, cf` ky iloomcdums arlk tjm Kefestry

la Aefcfim alr wmoo-pmralrkm` wlrh. E cosl mxprmss ky drctetu`m tl tjm spmchmrs cf`

èsiusscfts alr tjmer qucoety ilftrebutelfs. E jlpm cf` bmoemvm tjct tjmer ilftrebutelfs

weoo treddmr eftmrmstefd èsiusselfs tjct weoo ilftrebutm tl irmctefd klrm maamitevm ploe-

iems ef `mvmolpefd iluftrems.

Pjm imftrco tjmkm la tjes ymcrs ilfamrmfim, tjm prevctm smitlr cf` `mvmolpkmft, wcs

ijlsmf tl mkpjcsezm tjm ekplrtcft rlom pocym` by tjm prevctm smitlr ef tjm `mvmolpkmft

la milflkems crluf` tjm wlro . Pjm sedfeaeicfim la tjm prevctm smitlr jcs flt bmmf smoa-

mve`mft. Et sjluo` bm fltm` tjct mvmf tjm Tlro` Bcfh, ùrefd ets aerst 0> ymcrs, è` flt

3=

Cf`rmg Bcguh smrvm` cs prekm kefestmr la Yolvmfec ef 2>>>, tjmf cs kefestmr la aefcfim arlk 2>>0 tl 2>>:.




26/180

31 | CF@RMG BCG]H

`mvltm mfludj cttmftelf tl tjm prevctm smitlr. Ef 35:= tjes wcs èrmitoy jedjoedjtm` by

tjm tjmf-prmse`mft la tjm Tlro` Bcfh, C. T. Iocusmf, wjl lbsmrvm`, Lvmr tjm ocst

twl tl tjrmm `mic`ms, tjm tjrust la tjm `mvmolpkmft maalrt jcs bmmf èrmitm` tlwcr`s

puboei smitlr citevetems. Tm jcvm bmmf omss ilfimrfm` wetj prlkltefd prevctm smitlrdrlwtj tjcf wetj cssestefd tjm `mvmolpkmft la cf maamitevm puboei smitlr. Ce` cdmfiems

ludjt tl bm tchefd c klrm bcocfim` cpprlcij. Et tjmf tllh smvmf ymcrs bmalrm tjm

Tlro` Bcfh eftrlùim` c spmieco veim prmse`mft alr Aefcfieco cf` ^revctm Ymitlr @mvmo-

lpkmft.

Pjm setuctelf tl`cy es ilkpomtmoy èaamrmft. Pjmrm es prciteicooy flt c sefdom `liu-

kmft lr puboeictelf essum` by tjm Tlro` Bcfh tjct `lms flt ilftcef c rmamrmfim tl

tjm prevctm smitlr. Tm coo cdrmm lf tjm sedfeaeicfim la tjm prevctm smitlr. Tm rmoy lf tjm

prevctm smitlr ef alstmrefd drlwtj cf` `mvmolpkmft. Yolvmfec es fl mximptelf ef tjes

rmspmit. Tetjlut c strlfd prevctm smitlr, lur trcfsetelf wluo flt jcvm prldrmssm`

sl queihoy, cf` Yolvmfec wluo` flt bm lfm la tjm aerst fmw kmkbmr stctms la tjm

Murlpmcf ]felf tl c`lpt tjm murl. Pjes mxpmremfim stmmrs Yolvmfecs eftmrfctelfco

`mvmolpkmft illpmrctelf. Lur `lflr citevetems crm `msedfm` tl `mvmolp prevctm smitlrs

tjct weoo mfcbom pmlpom arlk `mvmolpefd iluftrems tl mrc eictm plvmrty tjrludj tjmer

lwf ilkketkmft cf` wlrh.

@urefd tjes ilfamrmfim wm weoo tcoh cblut tjrmm cspmits la tjm rlom la tjm prevctm

smitlr ef tjm prlkltelf la `mvmolpkmft, ef tjrmm pomfcry smsselfs7 (3) Aefcfieco Efiou-

self8 (2) Tjeij Acitlrs Kcttmr tjm Klst alr Busefmss Ioekctm< cf` (9) ^rlveself la

ûboei Ymrveims by Flfstctm Citlrs. Pjm aerst pomfcry smsself weoo alius lf tjm mxtmft

tl wjeij rmalrks ef tjm aefcfieco smitlr icf efaoumfim tjm mrc eictelf la plvmrty cfèfilkm èstrebutelf. Tm weoo bm eftmrmstm` ef jlw milflkei ploeiy kmcsurms ef tjm

aefcfieco smitlr icf ekprlvm tjm milflkei plssebeoetems la tjm pllrmst efjcbetcfts.

Pjm smilf` smsself weoo bm `mèictm` tl tjm busefmss mfverlfkmft. Tm weoo ilfse mr tjm

`maefetelf la tjm busefmss mfverlfkmft, tjm efstetutelfco rmstreitelfs lf tjm lpmrctelfs

la prevctm ilkpcfems, cf` wjct es la tjm utklst ekplrtcfim alr tjm milflkei ploeiy

citlrs8 cf` wm weoo mf`mcvlr tl `maefm tjm rmoctm` puboei aefcfim prelretems cf` omd-

esoctevm kmcsurms. Pjm tjer` pomfcry smsself weoo jedjoedjt tjm lvmrocp la tjm puboei

cf` prevctm smitlrs. Tm weoo tluij lf tjm puboei dll`s tjct tjm prevctm smitlr sup-

plrts lr ilkpomkmfts cf` tjm cssliectm` milflkei ploeiy kmcsurms.

C fukbmr la mvmfts, èsiusselfs, wlrhsjlps, cf` rluf`tcboms weoo bm lrdcfezm`pcrcoomo tl tjm pomfcry smsselfs. Aefcooy, tjmrm weoo bm cf lpplrtufety tl kmmt efalr-

kcooy ef tjes mximptelfco ctklspjmrm la Bom`.

E wluo` oehm tl ilfiou`m wetj c rmamrmfim tl tjm ocst CBI@M ilfamrmfim. Ct tjm

iolsefd smsself ef Plhyl, lur Gcpcfmsm jlsts, ciilrèfd tl tjmer trcètelf, dcvm us c

@crukc `loo wetj lfoy lfm mym pceftm` ef. Et es lur ùty, ct tjm bmdeffefd la tjes

ymcrs ilfamrmfim, tl pceft tjm `loos ltjmr mym ef lr`mr tl brefd jcppefmss tl coo la

uslr sl wm wmrm tlo` ef Gcpcf. E jlpm tjct tjm èsiusselfs lf tlpeico essums la

`mvmolpkmft jmrm ef Bom` weoo ilftrebutm tl c bmttmr uf`mrstcfèfd la tjm rmoctelf-

sjep bmtwmmf tjm prevctm smitlr cf` `mvmolpkmft. E cosl wesj ylu mvmry suiimss ef

ylur wlrh.


27/180

Lpmfefd Ypmmij

ARCFLEY BL]RD]EDFLF

Kr. ^rekm Kefestmr, Kefestmr Bcguh, ocèms cf` dmftomkmf,

Lf bmjcoa la tjm Tlro` Bcfh, E wmoilkm ylu tl tjes fmw mètelf la tjm Cffuco

Bcfh Ilfamrmfim lf @mvmolpkmft Milflkeis (CBI@M). Cs ylu hflw, tjm lbgmitevm

la tjes ilfamrmfim es tl dctjmr c pcrt la tjm eftmrfctelfco `mvmolpkmft ilkkufety

alr ef-`mptj `mbctms rmdcr efd ekplrtcft essums lf tjm `mvmolpkmft cdmf`c. Pjm

ilfamrmfim es eftmf`m` tl bm c alruk tjct ilkbefms èvmrsm pmrspmitevms lf

mvmolpkmfttjlsm, alr efstcfim, la cic`mkeis, ploeiy kchmrs, ploeteiecfs, cf` ieveo

sliemty. By brefdefd tldmtjmr pcrteiepcfts wetj vmry èaamrmft bcihdrluf`s, mxpmre-

mfims, cf` lredefs, wm jlpm et weoo bm plssebom tl sjcrm auf`ckmftco hflwom`dmcblut tjm kmijcfesk la `mvmolpkmft cf` tjm maamitevmfmss la `mvmolpkmft ploeiy

cf` tl omcrf maamitevmoy arlk mcij ltjmr. Pjm olictelf alr tjes kutucooy mfreijefd,

mxtmfsevm, cf` eftmfsevm mxijcfdm la vemws ijcfdms mvmry ymcr. Pjes ymcr, wm jcvm

bmmf alrtufctm tjct Yolvmfec jcs cdrmm` tl jlst tjm ilfamrmfim cf` E wluo` oehm tl

tjcfh wjlomjmcrtmòy Yolvmfecs prekm kefestmr cf` kefestmr la aefcfim alr ilsplf-

slrefd cf` jlstefd tjes mvmft. Pjmer drcielus maaeiemfiy es mve`mft ef lur smttefd tl`cy

cf` wm icf quetm iomcroy coo ollh alrwcr` tl c vmry prlùitevm mvmft.

Pjes es ky aerst tekm ef Yolvmfec cf` ky aerst tekm ef Bom` cf` E kust scy tjct E ck

cbsloutmoy lvmrwjmokm` by tjes olictelf. E rmc` slkmwjmrm c vmry feim tcom cblut

Yolvmfec tjct, et smmks tl km, wlf`mrauooy aets tjm ocf`sicpm crluf` us cf` ef tjes

pocim wjmrm wm kmmt. Ciilrèfd tl tjct stlry, Dl` iluo` flt jmcr tjm Yolvmfecfs ct

tjm tekm jm coolictm` ocf` tl coo fctelfs lf mcrtj. Pjmrm wmrm flt mfludj Yolvmfecfs,

cf` tjmer vleims wmrm tll slat. Yl ef tjm mf`, tjm Yolvmfecfs jc` cbsloutmoy fl ocf`,

cf` tjmy cdcef cshm` Dl` tl devm tjmk c pemim la ocf`, cf` aefcooy Dl` tlo` tjmk,

Ollh, E jcvm tjes pemim la ocf` wjeij wcs alr km, but E cdrmm tl devm et tl ylu.

34

Arcfles Blurduedflf es èrmitlr la tjm ^cres Yijllo la Milflkeis. Jm es c pcst smfelr veim prmse`mft cf` ijema milfl-kest la tjm Tlro` Bcfh.




28/180

3: | ARCFLEY BL]RD]EDFLF

Ef ltjmr wlr`s, Yolvmfec es c oettom pcrc esm. Pjes es tjm aerst tekm tjct tjm CBI@M es

tchefd pocim ef tjm pcrcèsm, cf` wm crm vmry drctmauo tl lur jlsts alr kchefd et

jcppmf.

Pjrmm lr alur `mic`ms cdl, Ek flt surm tjct tjm tlpei la tjes ilfamrmfim wluo`jcvm smmkm` cpprlprectm alr suij c pcrcèsecico olictelf. Ef`mm`, alr slkm tekm tjm

prevctm smitlr wcs mvmf ilfse`mrm` ef tjm aemo` la `mvmolpkmft cs rctjmr mveo, lr ct

omcst cs flt dll` mfludj tl aufitelf wetjlut kcssevm stctm eftmrvmftelf ef tjm `mvmo-

lpkmft prlimss. Et es quetm rmkcrhcbom tl smm tjct ef tjrmm lr alur `mic`ms tjefds jcvm

ilkpomtmoy ijcfdm`. C ilfsmfsus jcs mkmrdm` lf tjm cbsloutmoy imftrco rlom tjct tjm

prevctm smitlr pocys ef `mvmolpkmft cf` tjm acit tjct tjm klst ekplrtcft tcsh la

dlvmrfkmft es tl prlve`m cf c`mquctm mfverlfkmft cf` cf cpprlprectm ploeiy cf`

c`kefestrctevm smttefd alr tjm prevctm smitlr tl `mvmolp ef c `yfckei cf` mquetcbom

wcy. Qcrelus èkmfselfs la tjes prevctm smitlr tlpei weoo bm èsiussm` tl`cy cf`

tlklrrlw. E weoo flt rmpmct wjct Kefestmr Bcguh jcs cormc`y sce`, cf` E weoo flt

rmpmct wjct es ef tjm prldrck. E ck sekpoy vmry jcppy tjct, wetj tjm stmmrefd

ilkkettmm, wjeij, cs Kefestmr Bcguh sce`, jcs bmmf wlrhefd vmry jcr` lf tjm

prldrck, et wcs plssebom tl `rcw up suij c sctesacitlry cf` mxietefd prldrck alr

tjmsm twl `cys. Cf` E tjcfh tjm kmkbmrs la tjm stmmrefd ilkkettmm, cf` E tjcfh coo

la ylupcrteiepcfts, spmchmrs, cf` èsiusscftsalr cttmfèfd tjes kmmtefd.

Omt km dmt bcih alr c klkmft tl tjm icsm la Yolvmfec cf` tjm omsslfs tjct tjm eftmr-

fctelfco `mvmolpkmft ilkkufety icf omcrf arlk ets `mvmolpkmft. Cs ^rekm Kefestmr

Gcfsc sce`, Yolvmfec es plesm` tl tchm lvmr tjm Murlpmcf ]felf prmse`mfiy ef 2>>:,

cf` et acims c auturm auoo la ijcoomfdms cf` prlkesm. But tjm ekplrtcft pleft es tjcttjm iluftry smmks tl bm wmoo prmpcrm` alr tjes fmw rlom, pcrtoy bmicusm la dlvmrf-

kmft ploeiems tjct jcvm prlkltm` c wmoo-dlvmrfm` bcfhefd smitlr cf` rcpeòy

ekprlvefd busefmss rmduoctelfs. Yolvmfec wmctjmrm` ets trcfsetelf rmkcrhcboy wmoo, cs

tjm prekm kefestmr sce`, cf` et icf tchm pre`m ef rmimft cijemvmkmfts. Ef 2>>0 et glefm`

tjm Murlpmcf ]felf cf` drcùctm` arlk Tlro` Bcfh blrrlwmr stctus tl `lflr

stctus. Ef Gcfucry 2>>4 et c`lptm` tjm murl.

^lsetelfm` ct tjm jmcrt la Murlpm cf` bomssm` wetj skcrt, wmoo-mùictm` pmlpom,

rmco drlss `lkmstei prlùit (D@^) drlwtj la =.2 pmrimft ef 2>>1, cf` wmcotj tjct

flw surpcssms tjct la ^lrtudco cf` Drmmim ef tjm Murlpmcf ]felf, tjes iluftry acims

c bredjt auturm ef wjeij tjm prevctm smitlr weoo prlspmr. Yolvmfec ollhs oehm c pmramitmxckpom alr tjm `mvmolpkmft la iluftrems wjeij jcvm flt ymt rmcijm` tjct vmry acvlr-

cbom stcdm ef tjmer `mvmolpkmft prlimss.

Pl iolsm, omt km scy tjct wetj tjes CBI@M ilfamrmfimwetj coo la us dctjmrm`

tl`cy alr c vmry mxietefd cf` prlkesefd cf` ckbetelus prldrck alr èsiusselftjm

Tlro` Bcfh stcys rmkcrhcboy aerk ef ets ilkketkmft tl wlrh wetj tjm rmst la

tjm `mvmolpkmft ilkkufety alr tjm mrcèictelf la plvmrty ef tjm wlro`, wjeij wm

crm cbom tl pursum tl`cy wetj tjm jmop la lur jlst, Yolvmfec.

Omt km wesj ylu c vmry feim ilfamrmfim alr tjmsm twl `cys, cf` tjcfh coo la ylu

cdcef.


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Et es c drmct preveomdm tl bm jmrm ct tjm Tlro` Bcfh kmmtefd, mspmiecooy ef tjes tmrreaei

mfverlfkmft la Bom`, Yolvmfec. E jcvm acoomf ef olvm wetj tjm crmc sefim ymstmr`cy,

wjmf E crrevm`, cs E ck surm kcfy la ylu jcvm.

Ky eftmftelf es tl sjcrm wetj ylu tjm Efècf mxpmremfim, bmicusm tjct es ky mxpm-

remfim cf` E tjludjt et iluo` bm rmomvcft tl ltjmrs. Et jcs bmmf c stlry la struddom tl

prlkltm tjm prevctm smitlr cf` tjm rlom la tjm prevctm smitlr ef `mvmolpkmft.

Tm dlt lur ef`mpmf`mfim ef 3504. Yl et es 1> ymcrs, cs la 2>>4, la ef`mpmf`mfim

cf` `mvmolpkmft wetj `mklirciy. Pjct es tjm arckmwlrh ef wjeij wm jcvm lpmrct-

m`, cf` E wcft tl kcrh lut slkm pcrteiuocr bolihs la tekm sl tjct ylu icf smm tjmmvloutelf la Efècf ploeiy cf` la tjm Efècf prevctm smitlr.

Pjm aerst bolih la tekm es 3504 tl 3553, 00 ymcrs. Mssmftecooy, tjm milflky wcs

jmcveoy ilftrloom`, jmcveoy rmduoctm`, prltmitm`, flt lpmf, esloctm`. Cs c rmsuot, tjm

prevctm smitlr wcs flt ilkpmtetevm, flt maaeiemft, cf` flt ilkalrtcbom wetj tjm wlro`,

flt mfdcdefd wetj tjm wlro`. Pjlsm ploeiems wmft tjrludj c pcrcèdk sjeat. Pjm

iluftry wcs ef drmct milflkei èaaeiuotyef acit, ef c ireses. Cf` sl tjm fmw pcrc-

èdk la ploeiy stcrtm` ef 3553.

Pjm fmxt tekm arckm es tjm aevm ymcrs 3553 tl 3551, c pmrel` la oebmrcoezctelf,

`mrmduoctelf, lpmfefd tl alrmedf efvmstkmft cf` eftmrfctelfco trc`m, prldrmssevm

rmùitelf la tcreaas, cf` ilkpmtetelf ciilkpcfem` by drlwtj. Tm wmft arlk

9 pmrimft drlwtj tl aevm ymcrs la 1 pmrimft drlwtj. Pjmrm wcs ilkpmtetelf, but

mvmrybl`y wcs jcppy bmicusm la tjm drlwtj.

Cf` tjmf ickm 3554. Ef tjm pmrel` 3554 tl 2>>2, aloolwefd tjm Ylutjmcst Csecf

aefcfieco ireses, Efèc wcs flt ef aefcfieco ireses, but lur drlwtj `mirmcsm`. Pjmrm wcs

pcef ef tjm milflky, pcef ef efùstry ef tjm prevctm smitlr, mspmiecooy ef kcfuacitur-

efd efùstry, cf` tjmrmalrm rmstruiturefd, `lwfsezefd. Yl, tjm pcrcèdk ijcfdm` arlk

prltmitelf, tl drlwtj, tl fl drlwtj cf` jcvefd tl survevm ef tjct setuctelf. Tetj tjm

35

Pcruf @cs es ijema kmftlr la tjm Ilfam`mrctelf la Efècf Efùstry (IEE), wjmrm jm wcs ijema mxmiutevm arlk 3540 tl 2>>0.




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olwmr tcreaas, ekplrts wmrm ilkefd ef arlk Mcst Csec8 efùstry wcs uf`mr tjrmct8 cf`

tjmrm wcs c olt la èaaeiuoty ct tjct tekm. But et wcs c dll` tekm ef rmtrlspmit bmicusm

tjct wcs tjm tekm la rmco ijcfdm ef tjm prevctm smitlr.

Pjct brefds us tl tjm pmrel` arlk 2>>9 tl 2>>4. Efùstryilkpmtetevm cf` flolfdmr carce` la dolbcoezctelf, jcvefd wetjstll` tjm pcef la tjm prmvelus aevm ymcrs

es flw ilfae`mft cf` rmc`y tl mfdcdm tjm wlro`, cf` ylu icf smm et flw cs wm efvmst

eftmrfctelfcooy, cs wm rmcij bmylf` lur lwf sjlrms cf` lur lwf bluf`crems eftl tjm

wlro` bmylf`. Ef tjes prlimss wm wmft arlk 9 pmrimft drlwtj tl 1 pmrimft drlwtj,

jc` c èp ef drlwtj, cf` crm flw rludjoy ct : tl 5 pmrimft drlwtj, wetj tjm prevctm

smitlr drlwefd ef `lubom-èdet aedurms, ct klrm tjcf 3> pmrimft.

Tjct `lms tjm auturm ollh oehm< Cs E weoo mxpocef, et ollhs oehm 3> pmrimft drlss

`lkmstei prlùit (D@^) drlwtj alr tjm fmxt 3> ymcrs, pous lr kefus 3 pmrimft.

Kcybm 3>, kcybm 5.=, kcybm 33.= pmrimft, but tjcts tjm hef` la rcfdm lr lutollh.

Cf` tjct ilolrs ploeiy cf` wjmrm tjm prevctm smitlr es.

Yl, tjes judm ijcfdm jcppmfm` bmtwmmf 3504 cf` 2>>48 ijcfdm ef Efèc, ijcfdm

ef ploeiy arckmwlrhs, cf` ijcfdm ef tjm prevctm smitlr. Flw tjm prevctm smitlr, trc-

ètelfcooy, wcs mssmftecooy slkm ocrdm ilkpcfems, slkm ackeoy busefmssms. Ylkm èm`

lut ùrefd tjm pmrel` 3554 tl 2>>>. Ylkm jcvm rmstruiturm` cf` crm dolbcooy ilk-

pmtetevm cf` `lefd wmoo. Cf` kcfy fmw pmlpom cf` fmw mftrmprmfmurs jcvm mftmrm`

tjes ocrdm busefmss brcihmt. Tm jcvm c rmspmitm` fmwspcpmr ef lur iluftry icoom`

Busefmss Ytcf`cr`, cf` tjct pcpmr icrrems lut cf cffuco survmy la Efècs beooelfcerms.

C rmimft survmy sjlws tjct 39> la Efècs beooelfcerms crm aerst-dmfmrctelf mftrmprm-

fmurs, kmcfefd, mssmftecooy, tjct tjmy jcvm bmmf ef busefmss alr tjm ocst 3> tl 32 ymcrs,sefim tjm lpmfefd up la tjm milflky ef 3553. Pjcts c trcfsalrkctelf.

Pjm smilf` pcrt la busefmss, skcoo cf` kmèuk-sezm mftmrpresms, suaamrm` ilfse`-

mrcboy arlk tjm keirlkcfcdmkmft la tjm milflky cf` wmrm rmcooy efmaaeiemft. Pjmy

jcvm bmmf drmctoy trcfsalrkm`, cf` tjm mftrmprmfmursjep cf` tjm mftmrpresm la tjmsm

pmlpom jcvm ilkm tl tjm alrm ef tjm fmw mfverlfkmft ef Efèc. Pjm skcoo cf`

kmèuk-sezm mftmrpresms drlw crluf` ocrdm ilkpcfems, ef => ioustmrs. Pjmy crm ef

spmieaei dmldrcpjei crmcs, cf` wetj tjm jmop la Gcpcfmsm mxpmrts, wm jcvm wlrhm` lf

trcfsalrkefd tjmsm ilkpcfems cf` tjmsm ioustmrs la skcoo efùstrems eftl ilkpmtetevm

alrims. Cf` et jcs bmmf c drmct suiimss stlry.

Flw, wjct crm tjm judm ijcfdms cf` judm ijcoomfdms tjct wm smm alr Efèc cf`tjmrmalrm alr tjm prevctm smitlr< Aerst lf tjm oest es jukcf rmslurim icpciety bueoèfd7

trcefefd cf` mùictefd keooelfs la pmlpom wjl crm pcrt la c ilkpmtetevm prevctm smi-

tlr, c dolbcoezm` prevctm smitlr. Pjm Efècf prevctm smitlr jcs vlouftcreoy uf`mrtchmf

cf caaerkctevm citelf prldrck tjct es bmefd icrrem` lut cirlss tjm iluftry, ilkpcfy

by ilkpcfy. Ef ltjmr wlr`s, tjmy crm rmcijefd lut tl tjm èsc`vcftcdm`, trcefefd

tjmk, cf` tjmf mkpolyefd tjmk lr jmopefd tjmk tl bm smoa-mkpolym`. Eoo devm ylu

cfltjmr mxckpom. Pjm prevctm smitlr, uf`mr tjm Ilfam`mrctelf la Efècf Efùstry

(IEE), jcs smt up c sheoos `mvmolpkmft efetectevm bmicusm, mvmf wetj tjes drlwtj la 5 lr

3> pmrimft tjct wm crm su``mfoy aciefdwm jcvm keooelfs cf` keooelfs la pmlpom, but

sjlrtcdms la tjm sheoo smts tjct wm rmquerm. Yl, tjm prevctm smitlr es dlefd bmylf` ets

flrkco rmsplfsebeoetems, tjrludj tjm dlvmrfkmft, wjeij jc` mcroemr smt up trcefefd

efstetutms cirlss tjm iluftry. Pjm dlvmrfkmft jcs =,>>> la tjmsm efstetutms. Pjm prevctm


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smitlr jcs aluf` tjct kcfy la tjm prlùits la tjmsm dlvmrfkmft efstetutelfs crm flt

rmcooy cs dll` cs rmquerm`. Yl, tjm prevctm smitlr es smttefd up sheoos `mvmolpkmft imf-

tmrs cirlss tjm iluftry tl suppomkmft tjm dlvmrfkmfts wlrh.

Ef c`ètelf, prevctm smitlr ilkpcfems jcvm mstcboesjm` aluf`ctelfs tjct crm tchefdprekcry mùictelf tl tjm veoocdms cf` rurco crmcs la Efèc. Pjm bmst hflwf es tjm

Czek ^rmkge Aluf`ctelf. Cfltjmr, ^rctjck, wcs smt up by tjm EIEIE Bcfh. Cf` wm

ct tjm IEE jcvm smt up slkmtjefd icoom` Yjehsjc, wjeij es efalrkctelf

tmijfloldymfcbom` mùictelf. Tm prmpcrm ilftmft ef èaamrmft ocfducdms (Efèc jcs

2= ocfducdms) cf` `moevmr et tl sijllos sl tjct tjm ijeo`rmf icf bmfmaet. Ef pcrteiuocr,

tjes cpprlcij icf jmop ef èstcfim mùictelf. Pjm IEE jcs cosl smt up trcefefd imftmrs

cirlss tjm iluftry sl tjct tjm trcefefd `moevmry systmk es strmfdtjmfm` cf`, cdcef,

pmlpom bmilkm mkplwmrm` tjrludj tjm prlimss.

Pjm smilf` ijcoomfdm es efarcstruiturm `mvmolpkmft cf` efvmstkmft. Alr coklst

=> ymcrs, tjm dlvmrfkmft lwfm`, ilftrloom`, cf` kcfcdm` tjm efarcstruiturm. Pjct

jcs ijcfdm`. Pjm dlvmrfkmft jcs rmcijm` lut tl tjm prevctm smitlr. Et wcs c èaaeiuot

trcfsetelf bmicusm tjm mxpmitctelf tjct jc` drlwf ef Efèc wcs tjct efarcstruiturm

wcs armm. Et ickm arlk tjm dlvmrfkmft8 wjy `l wm jcvm tl pcy alr et< Pjm prevctm

smitlr jcs tl blrrlw, jcs tl rcesm mquety, jcs tl mcrf klfmy arlk efarcstruiturm smrv-

eims, jcs tl pcy bcih ets sjcrmjlo`mrs. Yl tjes fmw pcrcèdk tjct jcs mkmrdm` jcs

brludjt cblut fmw due`moefms, ef`mpmf`mft rmduoctlrs, cf` coo tjct. Ef tjm pcst 3>

ymcrs tjm prevctm smitlr jcs bmilkm `mmpoy efvlovm` ef efarcstruiturm, alr tjm aerst

tekm ef tjm 1> ymcrs la ef`mpmf`mft Efèc.

Pjm tjer` es mfverlfkmft cf` mfmrdy. Tm crm c``rmssefd tjmsm essums vmry citevmoyef Efèc, cf` tjm dlvmrfkmft es prlveèfd tjm omc`mrsjep cf` tjm cpprlprectm ploeiems.

Alr mxckpom, coo busms cf` puboei trcfsplrt ef @moje ruf lf ilkprmssm` fcturco dcs

(IFD), wjeij jcs jmopm` mflrklusoy ef rmùiefd plooutelf. Pjm IEE jcs smt up c

drmmf `mvmolpkmft imftmr ef Jy`mrcbc`, stcaam` by mfdefmmrskmf cf` wlkmf

trcefm` ef tjm ]fetm` Ytctmswjl crm c`vesefd cf` jmopefd ilkpcfems cf` crijetmits

cf` `msedfmrs tl bueo` c drmmf sliemty. Pjes es vmry prciteico. Tm jcvm c drmmf bueo`-

efd prldrck8 ef acit, tjm bueoèfd etsmoa ef Jy`mrcbc` jcs c poctefuk rctefd, tjm jedj-

mst rctefd uf`mr tjm ].Y. drmmf bueoèfd il`m cf` tjm lfoy lfm la ets hef`, cs acr cs E

hflw, lutse`m tjm ]fetm` Ytctms. Pjm ]fetm` Ytctms etsmoa lfoy jcs twl lr tjrmm. Tm

crm `revefd c klvmkmft alr ilfsmrvefd mfmrdy, iuttefd mfmrdy usm, cf` bueoèfd cbmttmr cf` scamr mfverlfkmft8 cf` tjm prevctm smitlr es `lefd tjes, puttefd rmslurims

eftl tjes wlrh.

Pjm alurtj crmc la ijcfdm es jmcotj icrm. Pjm prevctm smitlr jmcotj icrm efùstry es

suppomkmftefd tjm dlvmrfkmft systmk, drlwefd rcpeòy, cf` prlveèfd flt lfoy ilk-

kmrieco jmcotj icrm smrveims but cosl c drmct `mco la subseèzm`, armm jmcotj icrm smrv-

eims alr pmlpom wjl icft caalr` wlro`-iocss jmcotj icrm acieoetems. Ulu weoo flw aef`

ef rmkltm èstreits la Efèc prevctm smitlrsupplrtm` jlspetcos ruf by flfdlvmrf-

kmftco lrdcfezctelfs (FDLs). Cf` tjct es c fmw èkmfself8 FDLs cf` tjm prevctm

smitlr crm drcùcooy dmttefd lvmr tjmer lo` kestrust cf` crm cbom tl wlrh tldmtjmr ef

bueoèfd up icpcbeoetems, mspmiecooy lf tjm slieco efarcstruiturm se`m.

Ky aefco mxckpom es keirlaefcfim. Pmf ymcrs cdl IEE mstcboesjm`, wetj prevctm smi-

tlr aufèfd, c prldrck alr jmopefd pmlpom smt up skcoo mftmrpresms. Arlk tjct auf`,


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wm wluo` devm c skcoo olcf, cf` bmicusm la lur irmèbeoety, wm wluo` pmrsuc`m tjm

bcfhs tl devm cf c`ètelfco ckluft. But tjm klst ekplrtcft pleft wcs tjct mvmry

icsm jc` c kmftlr, c vlouftmmr arlk c prevctm smitlr ilkpcfy. Pjct kmcfs tjm blr-

rlwmr es dmttefd jmop arlk c prlamsselfco, armm la ijcrdm, tl jmop ruf c busefmss.Rmpcykmft rctms crm ckczefdoy jedj. Tm crm `moedjtm`. Cf` by tjm wcy, klrm tjcf

=> pmrimft la tjm pmlpom wjl jcvm bmfmaetm` arlk tjes prldrck crm wlkmf. Pjm aerst

wlkmf wjl tllh olcfs arlk us ef tjm 355>s crm flw keooelfcerms. Pjmy crm mkpoly-

efd ltjmr pmlpom. Pjmy `lft spmch Mfdoesj. Pjmy crm arlk rmkltm ilkkufetems. But

et es c tmrreaei suiimss, cs ef`mm` tjm keirlaefcfim prldrck jcs bmmf ef Bcfdoc`msj cf`

mosmwjmrm. Octmoy, bmicusm tjm prekm kefestmr, Kcfkljcf Yefdj, jcs bmmf wcftefd us

tl dmt mfdcdm` ef rurco `mvmolpkmft prldrcks, wm jcvm stcrtm` wlrhefd wetj tjm ilr-

plrctm smitlr cf` tjm èstreit c`kefestrctelf ct tjm olico omvmo tl smt up rurco busefmss

jubs cf` `mvmolp mkpolykmft lpplrtufetems ef efùstry ef rurco crmcs, usefd olico

rmslurims cf` olico pmlpom. Et es vmry ijcoomfdefd, vmry tludj alr tjm prevctm smitlr,

but ilkpcfems crm ilkefd alrwcr` tl pcrtfmr cf` splfslr sekeocr prldrcks cf` tl

buy prlùits kc`m ef tjmsm rurco crmcs.

Tm jcvm struddom` alr ijcfdm ef Efèc. Et jcs flt bmmf cf mcsy stlry. Pmf lr 32 ymcrs

cdl, wjmf E wluo` dl tl ky blcr` cf` tcoh cblut tjmsm essums, tjmy wluo` scy, Pjes

es flt ky prlbomk8 tjes es tjm dlvmrfkmfts prlbomk. Lr kcybm et es tjm Tlro`

Bcfhs prlbomk tl `mco wetj tjmsm `mvmolpkmftco essums. But tl`cy tjmrm jcs bmmf c

trcfsalrkctelf. La ilursm, et es c wlrh ef prldrmss but tjm prevctm smitlr es ollhefd

bmylf` prlaetcbeoety cf` sjcrmjlo`mr sctesacitelf, ct omcst ef Efèc.

Pjm prevctm smitlr essum` ets lwf il`m alr ilrplrctm dlvmrfcfim bmalrm tjm dlv-mrfkmft ickm eftl tjes crmc ef tjm 355>s. Cf` tjct octmr bmickm tjm kl`mo alr tjm

dlvmrfkmfts il`m cf` tjm dlvmrfkmfts ocws. Pjm prevctm smitlr jcs cosl tchmf tjm

efetectevm tl mfdcdm wetj `mvmolpkmft essums cf` dl bmylf` gust etsmoa. But ct tjm mf`

la tjm `cy, tjm prevctm smitlr jcs tl bm maaeiemft, jcs tl bm ilkpmtetevm, cf` jcs tl dmf-

mrctm rmslurims tl `l coo tjmsm tjefds.

Pjm dll` fmws lut la Efèc tl`cy es tjct klrm cf` klrm prevctm smitlr ilkpcfems

crm ilkpmtetevm, cf` ilkpmtetevm ef tjm smfsm la flt wlrryefdtjct es, flt wlrryefd

cblut Ijefmsm ekplrts ilkefd eftl Efèc, alr mxckpom. Ef 3555 Ijefc-Efèc trc`m

wcs ]Y$3 beooelf, cf` Efècf ilkpcfems iomcroy wmrm carce` cf` wmrm vmry wlrrem`,

cf` tjmrm wcs cf ekbcocfim la trc`m. Pl`cy, trc`m bmtwmmf Ijefc cf` Efèc es lvmr]Y$2> beooelf cf` es resefd oehm c rlihmt. Qmry sllf Ijefc weoo bm lur kcglr trcèfd

pcrtfmr, but trc`m es, by cf` ocrdm, bcocfim`, pous lr kefus = tl 4 pmrimftfl bed

`mco. Yl, Efècf ilkpcfems crm cbom tl ilkpmtm cf` tl mftmr tjm Ijefmsm kcrhmt. Efè-

cf efalrkctelf tmijfloldy (EP) ilkpcfems, pjcrkcimuteico ilkpcfems, cf` cutl

ilkplfmft ilkpcfems jcvm efvmstm` coo crluf` Yjcfdjce cf` jcvm smt up

kcfuaciturefd lr slatwcrm `mvmolpkmft acieoetems. Lfm Efècf ilkpcfy es trcefefd

3,>>> Ijefmsm ef slatwcrm `mvmolpkmft, cf` tjct es tjm mkpjcses ef Bcfdcolrm. Pjm

wjlom simfcrel alr tjm prevctm smitlr jcs ijcfdm` mflrklusoy cs c rmsuot la tjes fmw

ilkpmtetevmfmss, cf` tjmrmalrm klrm rmslurims crm bmefd plurm` eftl tmijfloldy

`mvmolpkmft, fmw prlùits, fmw prlimssms, cf` sl lf.

Pjes es flt tjm mf` la tjm rlc`. E tjefh wm jcvm c olfd jcuo cjmc`. E weoo gust jedj-

oedjt twl tjefds. Tjct wcs tjm turfefd pleft alr tjm prevctm smitlr< Pjm turfefd pleft


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wcs tjm suiimss ef efalrkctelf tmijfloldy ef tjm 355>s. Fl qumstelf cblut et. Et dcvm

us acetj. Et dcvm us ilfae`mfim. Et dcvm us smoa-bmoema tjct wm iluo` bm cklfd tjm bmst

ef tjm wlro`. Tm è`ft jcvm tl set ef c ilrfmr slkmwjmrm8 wm iluo` ilkm fmcr imftmr

stcdm. Yl tjm EP ijcfdm wcs c judm tjefd. Cf` tjm smilf` wcs tjm wjlom uf`mr-stcfèfd la jlw wm ollhm` ct pmlpom. ]fteo tjm 355>s, wm ollhm` ct Efècs plpuoc-

telf cs c oecbeoety. Cf` tjes wcs ilfstcft8 lur plpuoctelf wcs judm4>> keooelf, :>>

keooelf pmlpom, jlwmvmr kcfy. Pl`cy, wetj tjm cssestcfim cf` wetj tjm jmop la tmij-

floldy cf` mspmiecooy EP, wm flw smm lur 3 beooelf pmlpom cs cf cssmt. Cf` tjmrmalrm

coo tjes tcoh cblut caaerkctevm citelf lr tcoh cblut sheoos `mvmolpkmft es bmicusm wm

crm ollhefd ct tjmsm pmlpom cf` scyefd, Pjmy icf kchm c èaamrmfim. Ea ylu mkplw-

mr tjmk, cf` ea ylu jmop tjmk, tjmy icf kchm c èaamrmfim alr Efèc. Yl tjmsm crm twl

bed tjefds tjct jcvm jcppmfm`.

Pjm prekm kefestmr jcs ciimptm` ky rmqumst tl mfdcdm ef c ècoldum wetj tjm

prevctm smitlr. Cf` tjm ècoldum es tjct wm fmm` efiousevm drlwtj, efiousevm `mvmolp-

kmft, ef Efèc. Pjct kmcfs tcihoefd tjm essum la èspcretems, tjm essum la 4>> keooelf

pmlpom tl`cy oevefd ef rurco crmcs, =>> keooelf pmlpom uf`mr cdm 9>8 jlw `l wm eftm-

drctm tjmk eftl tjm kcefstrmck la milflkei oeam, eftl tjm kcefstrmck la lur sliemty pmrimft drlwtj, dolbcoezctelf, cf` sl lf.

Tjct icf tjm prevctm smitlr `l tl kuotepoy ets maalrts ef tjes essum la efiousevm drlwtj> pmlpom ef tjm IEE> pmlpom,

2=> crm wlrhefd lf `mvmolpkmft essums la èaamrmft hef`s7 mfverlfkmft, mfmrdy, ilr-

plrctm slieco rmsplfsebeoety, rurco `mvmolpkmft, cf` sl lf. Pjes es flt fmm`m` ef ltjmr

iluftrems, pmrjcps, but et es fmm`m` ef Efèc. Lur efstetutelf jcs tjm rmsplfsebeoety la

bmefd c pcrtfmr tl tjm dlvmrfkmft ef `mvmolpkmft.


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20 | PCR]F @CY

Alurtj, tjm puboei-prevctm pcrtfmrsjep (^^^) kl`mo es mvlovefd. Tm crm omcrfefd

mvmry `cy. Tm crm kchefd kestchms. Tm crm acooefd `lwf cf` dmttefd up cf` dlefd

alrwcr`, but et es slkmtjefd tjct jcs ilkm tl stcy. Cf` wm smm tjes cs fmw due`moefms

crm bmefd `mvmolpm` gleftoy, cf` fmw arckmwlrhs crm bmefd `mvmolpm` alr puboei-prevctm pcrtfmrsjep ef Efèc. Et es wlrhefd cf` weoo surmoy wlrh bmttmr wetj tekm.

Aeatj es tjm mvlovefd trust ef tjm prevctm smitlr. Pjes es c judm ijcfdm. Ulu hflw,

ylu dmt vmry kltevctm` wjmf tjm prekm kefestmr lr tjm aefcfim kefestmr rmcijms lut

tl ylu, cf` tjes es jcppmfefd cirlss coo ploeteico pcrtems. Tm jcvm 3: pcrtems ef tjm

ilcoetelf cf` 2= pcrtems ef tjm lpplsetelf, but mvmrybl`y es rmcijefd lut tl tjm pre-

vctm smitlr. Cf` tjes drlwefd trust es kltevctefd tjm prevctm smitlr tl bmjcvm bmttmr

tjcf pmrjcps et wluo` jcvm bmjcvm` ltjmrwesm.

Aefcooy, tjmrm es tjm mxpolself la mftrmprmfmursjep cf` mftmrpresm ef Efèc cresefd

arlk tjm lpplrtufetems cf` tjm spcim wjeij es bmefd devmf by dlvmrfkmft ploeiems.

Dlvmrfkmft es klvefd bcih, cf` efùstry es klvefd cjmc` cf` es bmefd devmf tjm

spcim tl dmt dlefd.

Yl, tjcts tjm stlry la tjm pcst 1> ymcrs, cf` et ollhs dll` alr tjm auturm7 judm ijco-

omfdms, judm prlbomksbut c dll` ammoefd tjct tldmtjmr, wm icf kchm et.


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Hmyfltm C``rmss

^revctezctelf ef @mvmolpkmft7

Ylkm Omsslfs arlk Mxpmremfim

ARCFLEY BL]RD]EDFLF CF@ IOC]@EC YMÔQM@C

Pjm rlom la tjm prevctm smitlr ef `mvmolpkmft, wjeij es tjm tjmkm la tjes ilfamrmfim,

icfflt bm c``rmssm` auooy wetjlut èsiussefd prevctezctelftjm prlimss wjmrmby cf

citevety es sjeatm` arlk tjm stctm, kcefoy stctm-lwfm` mftmrpresms (YLMs), tl tjm

prevctm smitlr.3 Pjm ilfvmftelfco wes`lk es tjct prevctezctelf sjluo` efirmcsm tjm

maaeiemfiy la tjm milflky bmicusm prevctm aerks crm maamitevm ilst kefekezmrs cf`

prlaet kcxekezmrs, wjmrmcs YLMs latmf acim slat bu`dmt ilfstrcefts cf` mfdcdm

ef lbgmitevms ltjmr tjcf ilst kefekezctelf, suij cs ekpomkmftefd tjm stctms slieco

wmoacrm ploeiems.

Pjm maaeiemfiy crdukmft alr prevctezctelf es vleim` ct tekms wetj mximmèfd alrim-auofmss by slkm milflkests. Flt c olfd tekm cdl, c Flbmo ocurmctm ef milflkeis

cttmfèfd c ilfamrmfim lf drlwtj cf` `mvmolpkmft ilfiou`m` jes prmsmftctelf lf

drlwtj strctmdems wetj tjes sekpom rmilkkmf`ctelf7 Ef lr`mr tl drlw, ef lr`mr tl

`mvmolp, ylu fmm` tl `l tjrmm tjefds7 oebmrcoezm, stcbeoezm, cf` prevctezm.

Ef tjes pcpmr wm bremaoy rmvemw wjct es hflwf cblut prevctezctelf ef `mvmolpefd

iluftrems (efiouèfd trcfsetelf milflkems) ef lr`mr tl `rcw slkm omsslfs alr ploeiy

cf` tl laamr slkm suddmstelfs lf jlw tl cssmss prevctezctelf, ct omcst ef iluftrems

wjmrm tjmrm es steoo silpm alr et. Tm weoo sjlw tjct tjm prmsireptelf alr cijemvefd

drlwtj cf` `mvmolpkmft es flt cs sekpom cs tjm rmilkkmf`ctelf la tjm Flbmo

ocurmctm.

Et es trum tjct lur uf`mrstcfèfd la tjm maaeiemfiy dcefs la prevctezctelf jcs

efirmcsm` sedfeaeicftoy ef rmimft ymcrs, but tjmrm es cf ekplrtcft crmc cblut wjeij wm

hflw oettom7 tjm èstrebutelfco maamits la prevctezctelf. Tjmtjmr wm crm crduefd arlk

tjm stcf`pleft la wmoacrm milflkeis lr la ploeteico milflky, èstrebutelfco maamits crm

ireteico tl tjm lutilkm, lr tjm pmrimevm` lutilkm, la prevctezctelf. Ef`mm`, et es

2=

Arcfles Blurduedflf es èrmitlr la tjm ^cres Yijllo la Milflkeis cf` es c pcst smfelr veim prmse`mft cf` ijema milfl-

kest la tjm Tlro` Bcfh. Iocuèc Ympovm`c es c smfelr milflkest ef tjm Laaeim la tjm Ijema Milflkest, Tlro` Bcfh.Pjm cutjlrs crm drctmauo alr tjm mximoomft rmsmcrij cssestcfim prlve`m` by Yjeopc ^jc`hm cf` Brufl Qefimft.




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21 | ARCFLEY BL]RD]EDFLF CF@ IOC]@EC YMÔQM@C

plssebom tjct kuij la tjm cttetu`m la tjm puboei tlwcr` prevctezctelf kedjt bm oefhm`

tl èstrebutelfco maamits tjct crm flt bmefd wmoo icpturm` ef lur iurrmft cfcoyses.

Aedurm 3 sjlws ef`mxms la èssctesacitelf wetj prevctezctelf ef Octef Ckmreic alr

tjm ymcrs 355: cf` 2>>= cs rmplrtm` by Octeflbcrkmtrl, cf cffuco puboei lpefelf

survmy icrrem` lut ef 3: iluftrems ef tjm rmdelf. Pjm ploo cshm` tjm puboei ef smvmrco

Octef Ckmreicf iluftrems wjmtjmr prevctezctelf jc` bmmf bmfmaeieco alr tjm iluftry.

Cs mcroy cs 355:, fmdctevm lpefelfs cblut prevctezctelf cvmrcdm` 0> pmrimft, cf`

smvmf ymcrs catmr prevctezctelf jc` pmchm` ef tjm rmdelf, klrm tjcf 1> pmrimft la

rmsplf`mfts ef coo rmplrtefd iluftrems mxprmssm` fmdctevm vemws.2

Ea wm bmoemvm tjct tjm maaeiemfiy crdukmft es sl strlfd, wjy crm tjmrm suij jedj

omvmos la fmdctevm lpefelf cblut tjm bmfmaets la prevctezctelf< Pjct es tjm imftrco

qumstelf la tjes pcpmr.

Ef wjct aloolws, wm aerst `msirebm tjm trmf`s ef prevctezctelf ef `mvmolpefd iluf-

trems cf` tjm efèictlrs usm` tl kmcsurm tjm mxtmft la prevctezctelf. Fmxt, wm bremaoy

èsiuss tjm milflkei tjmlry bmjef` prevctezctelf. Tm `l flt cttmkpt c ilkprmjmf-

sevm rmvemw8 tjmrm crm kcfy dll` cf` mxjcustevm bllhs lf tjes tlpei, ijema cklfd

tjmk tjlsm by tjm èstefduesjm` octm Gmcf-Gciqums Ocaalft cf` jes iloomcdum Gmcf

Perlom. Rctjmr, wm sekpoy eooustrctm c amw bcsei plefts ilfimrfefd tjm milflkeis la

prevctezctelf. Tm tjmf prmsmft mkpereico mve`mfim lf tjm kcef maamits la prevctezctelfcf`, aefcooy, `rcw ilfiouselfs.

Crdmftefc

Bloevec

Brczeo

Ijeom

Kmxeil

Feicrcduc

^mru

> 2> 0> 1> :> 3>>

pmrimft la rmsplf`mfts wjl `l flt cdrmm tjctprevctezctelf jcs bmmf bmfmaeieco alr tjm iluftry

355: 2>>=

AED]RM 3.Fmdctevm Qemws la ^revctezctelf ef Octef Ckmreic, 355: cf` 2>>=

Ylurim7 Octeflbcrkmtrl.


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^REQCPEWCPELF EF @MQMOL^KMFP7 YLKM OMYYLFY ARLK MZ^MREMFIM | 24

Prmf`s ef ^revctezctelf ef @mvmolpefd Iluftrems

Yefim tjm 35:0 prevctezctelf la Bretesj Pmomilk, `mvmolpm` cf` `mvmolpefd iluftrems

jcvm c`lptm` prevctezctelf prldrcks tl èaamrmft mxtmfts. Pl `ctm, coklst mvmry`mvmolpefd iluftry jcs èvmstm` slkm YLMs tl tjm prevctm smitlr8 iukuoctevm prl-

imm`s rcesm` by prevctezctelfs ùrefd tjm pmrel` 35::2>>= cpprlcij ]Y$=9> beooelf

ef ilfstcft 2>>> ].Y. `loocrs.

Ilfse`mrefd aerst tjm twl klst we`moy usm` efèictlrs, prlimm`s cf` fukbmr la

`mcos, wm smm tjct prevctezctelf stcrtm` solwoy ef tjm 35:>s, wetj amwmr tjcf :5 trcfs-

citelfs pmr ymcr cf` prlimm`s la omss tjcf ]Y$0.> beooelf. Pwl `mic`ms catmr tjm

prevctezctelf la Bretesj Pmomilk, jlwmvmr, prlimm`s cpprlcijm` ]Y$=1 beooelf pmr

ymcr, cf` tjm fukbmr la trcfscitelfs jc` efirmcsm` tl cblut 2>> pmr ymcr. @urefd

tjlsm twl `mic`ms, `mvmolpefd iluftrems wetfmssm` vcrelus wcvms la prevctezctelf.

Arlk tjm stcf`pleft la prlimm`s arlk prevctezctelf, tjrmm wcvms icf bm e`mfteaem`7

arlk 355> tl 3550, arlk 3551 tl 2>>2, cf` stcrtefd ef 2>>9 (aedurm 2, tlp pcfmo).

But wjmf tjm alius es lf tjm fukbmr la `mcos (trcfscitelfs), tjm setuctelf es èaamrmft.

Pjmrm wcs lfoy lfm bed wcvm, ef tjm ke`-355>s, cf` et wcs `revmf klstoy by tjm

prevctezctelf prlimss ef Murlpm cf` Imftrco Csec (aedurm 2, blttlk pcfmo). C ilk-

pcreslf la tjm prlimm`s arlk prevctezctelf cf` tjm fukbmrs la `mcos sjlws tjct tjm

cvmrcdm sezm la prevctezctelf lpmrctelfs jcs efirmcsm` substcftecooy lvmr tjm ymcrs. Ef

355= tjm cvmrcdm sezm la c prevctezctelf wcs rctjmr skcoo, ct ]Y$0> keooelf, but

by 2>>= tjm cvmrcdm wcs ]Y$25> keooelf.

^rlimm`s arlk prevctezctelf cf` tjm fukbmr la `mcos crm fmetjmr suaaeiemft flrefalrkctevm mfludj cs efèictlrs la tjm mxtmft la prevctezctelf. Alr c bmttmr cf` klrm

ilkpomtm peiturm, efèictlrs tjct rmoctm prevctezctelf tl tjm sezm la tjm milflky, cs

kmcsurm` by drlss `lkmstei prlùit (D@^), cddrmdctm icpetco stlih, lr tjm ekplr-

tcfim la puboei mftmrpresms ef tjm milflky, wluo` bm klrm vcoucbom. Aedurm 9 sjlws

tjm prlimm`s arlk prevctezctelf cs c sjcrm la D@^ ef tjrmm wlro` rmdelfs. Ef Octef

Ckmreic cf` tjm Icrebbmcf twl wcvms la ilkpcrcbom ekplrtcfim crm mve`mft, ef tjm

mcroy 355>s cf` ef tjm octm 355>s. Cklfd tjm iluftrems rmsplfsebom alr tjlsm bed wcvms

crm Kmxeil, wjmrm tjm prlimm`s arlk prevctezctelf rmprmsmftm` 9.1 pmrimft la D@^ ef

3553, cf` Brczeo, wetj 0.3 pmrimft la D@^ ef 355:. Pjus, tjm prevctezctelf prlimss

ef Octef Ckmreic cf` tjm Icrebbmcf ùrefd tjm 355>s wcs rctjmr sezcbom.Pjm Murlpm cf` Imftrco Csec rmdelf mxjebets klrm pmchs cf` trludjs tjcf ltjmr

rmdelfs ef prlimm`s cs c sjcrm la D@ , cf` ufteo rmimftoy, tjm sezm la tjm prlimm`s wcs

bmolw Octef Ckmreicf omvmos. But tjm 2>>>s jcvm wetfmssm` c rcèico ijcfdm ef tjm

octtmr efèictlr, wetj ciiukuoctm` prlimm`s ùrefd tjm pmrel` 35::2>>= cpprlcij-

efd ]Y$3=> beooelf ef ilfstcft 2>>> ]Y `loocrs, cdcefst ]Y$229 beooelf alr Octef

Ckmreic cf` tjm Icrebbmcf. Aefcooy, ef Mcst Csec cf` tjm ^cieaei prlimm`s arlk

prevctezctelf jcvm bmmf dmfmrcooy olw cs c sjcrm la D@^.

Ef cssmssefd tjm pltmfteco rlom la prevctezctelf, wjct kcttmrs klst es tjm rmoctevm

sezms la tjm prevctm cf` puboei smitlrs cf` tjm struiturco ijcfdm cttrebutcbom tl

prevctezctelf. Ciilrèfdoy, et es usmauo tl cfcoyzm flt lfoy tjm cffuco aolws la


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2: | ARCFLEY BL]RD]EDFLF CF@ IOC]@EC YMÔQM@C

>

4>

1>

=>

0>

9>

2>

3>

35:: 355> 3552 3550 3551

prlimm`s

355: 2>>> 2>>2 2>>0

beooel

fsla].Y.

`loocrs

2>>=

`mvmolpefd iluftrems`mvmolpefd iluftrems, mxiouèfd Murlpm cf` Imftrco Csec

>

1>>

=>>

0>>

9>>

2>>

3>>

35:: 355> 3552 3550 3551

fukbmr la `mcos

355: 2>>> 2>>2 2>>0

fu

kbmr

2>>=

`mvmolpefd iluftrems`mvmolpefd iluftrems, mxiouèfd Murlpm cf` Imftrco Csec

AED]RM 2.^revctezctelf ef @mvmolpefd Iluftrems, 35::2>>=

Ylurim7 Tlro` Bcfh ^revctezctelf @ctcbcsm, jttp7//rru.wlro`bcfh.lrd/^revctezctelf/.


39/180


prevctezctelf prlimm`s but cosl tjm iukuoctevm aolws, cs eooustrctm` by aedurm 0. Pjm

ciiukuoctm` prlimm`s arlk prevctezctelf ef Murlpm cf` Imftrco Csec alr tjm pmrel`

35:: tl 2>>= ickm tl cblut 31 pmrimft la 2>>> D@^, mquevcomft tl crluf` = pmr-

imft la prlùitevm cssmts ef tjlsm iluftrems (cssukefd c icpetco-lutput rctel la

cblut 9). Ef Octef Ckmreic cf` tjm Icrebbmcf tjm ciiukuoctm` prlimm`s ckluftm` tl

cblut 33 pmrimft la 2>>> D@^, lr iolsm tl 0 pmrimft la prlùitevm cssmts. Hmmpefd ef

kef` tjct prevctmoy lpmrctm` cssmts crm klrm prlùitevm tjcf puboeioy lpmrctm` cssmts,tjm ilftrebutelf la tjm prevctezctelf prlimss tl D@^ drlwtj, ef stctei tmrks, jcs bmmf

substcfteco. Alr efstcfim, lf tjm cssukptelf tjct tjm prlùitevety la cssmts es tweim cs

jedj wjmf tjmy crm prevctmoy lpmrctm` tjcf wjmf tjmy crm puboeioy kcfcdm`, prevcte-

zctelf ef Octef Ckmreic cf` tjm Icrebbmcf ilftrebutm` cblut c qucrtmr la c pmrimft-

cdm pleft cffucooy tl drlwtj, wjeij es flt fmdoedebom. Ef Mcst Csec, Ylutj Csec, cf`

Yub-Ycjcrcf Careic tjm eftmfsety la prevctezctelf jcs bmmf kuij omss cf` kcy jcvm

ilftrebutm`, ct klst, >.3 pmrimft la drlwtj ùrefd tjes pmrel`.

Pjm `lkefcft smitlrs alr prevctezctelf ùrefd tjm pmrel` 35::-wmrm efarcstrui-

turm, aefcfim, cf` mfmrdy. Pjes es ekplrtcft bmicusm octmr wm crdum tjct tjmsm smitlrs

crm prlbcboy omss ilkpmtetevm tjcf tjm kcfuaciturefd smitlrs, wetj ekplrtcft ekpoe-ictelfs alr tjm ekpcit la prevctezctelf.

>

>.2

2.>

>.0>.1

>.:

3.>

3.2

3.0

3.1

3.:

35:: 355> 3552 3550 3551 355: 2>>> 2>>2 2>>0

pmrimft

2>>=

Octef Ckmreic cf`tjm Icrebbmcf

Murlpm cf` Imftrco Csec Mcst Csec cf cieaei

AED]RM 9.^revctezctelf ^rlimm`s cs Yjcrm la Rmdelfco D@^, by Rmdelf, 35::2>>=

Ylurim7 Tlro` Bcfh ^revctezctelf @ctcbcsm8 Tlro` @mvmolpkmft Efèictlrs.

Fltm7 D@^, drlss `lkmstei prlùit.


40/180

9> | ARCFLEY BL]RD]EDFLF CF@ IOC]@EC YMÔQM@C

Cotjludj wm `l flt jcvm rmoecbom efalrkctelf lf tjm sezm la tjm puboei smitlr

ct mcij pleft la tekm, wm `l jcvm slkm `ctc dctjmrm` by tjm Tlro` Bcfh ef tjm

ke`-355>s lf tjm sjcrm la YLM citevety ef D@^ cf` tjm sjcrm la YLMs efvmst-

kmft ef drlss `lkmstei efvmstkmft (D@E). Pjmsm `ctc, ilkbefm` wetj tjm aedurms

lf ciiukuoctm` prlimm`s cs c sjcrm la D@ , prlve`m c klrm ilkpomtm peiturm la

tjm mxtmft la prevctezctelf ef c sckpom la iluftrems lvmr tjm ocst 3= ymcrs. EfCrdmftefc, alr efstcfim, YLM citevety wcs cblut 9 pmrimft la D@^ ef 355>, cs

sjlwf ef aedurm =, cf` tjm ciiukuoctm` prlimm s arlk prevctezctelf alr tjm pmrel`

35::2>>= wmrm cblut 30 pmrimft la 2>>> D@ . ]sefd c icpetco-lutput rctel la

rludjoy 9, lfm icf ilfgmiturm tjct ef c iluftry suij cs Crdmftefc, prevctezctelf

la tjm milflky jcs bcseicooy bmmf ilkpomtm`. Ef Efèc, by ilftrcst, tjm cssmts

tjct jcvm bmmf prevctezm` crm skcoo ef ilkpcreslf wetj tjm sjcrm la YLMs ef

D@^ ef 3559, cf` sl tjm silpm alr prevctezctelf tjmrm es steoo rctjmr ocrdm. Pjm

sckm icf bm sce` la Ijefc cf` kcfy Careicf iluftrems, suij cs Itm Èvlerm.9

Yl, prevctezctelf es flt cf essum tjct bmolfds tl tjm pcst cf` et es coo tjm klst

ekplrtcft tl uf`mrstcf` jlw bmst tl prevctezm ef iluftrems wjmrm tjmrm es steoosilpm alr et.

pmrimft

>

2

0

1

:

3>

32

30

31

3:

2>

Murlpm cfÌmftrco Csec

Octef Ckmreiccf` tjm

Icrebbmcf

Mcst Cseccf` ^cieaei

Ke`òm Mcstcf` Flrtj

Careic

Yub-YcjcrcfCareic

YlutjCsec

kefefd cf` ltjmraefcfimkcfuaciturefd cf` smrveims

mfmrdy efarcstruiturm

AED]RM 0.Ciiukuoctm` ^rlimm`s cs Yjcrm la 2>>> D@^, by Rmdelf cf` Ymitlr, 35::2>>=

Ylurim7 Tlro` Bcfh ^revctezctelf @ctcbcsm8 Tlro` @mvmolpkmft Efèictlrs.

Fltm7 D@^, drlss `lkmstei prlùit.


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Pjm Yekpom Milflkeis la ^revctezctelf

Tm bmdef tjes smitelf wetj c brema rmvemw la tjm kcef tjmlrems la stctm vmrsus prevctm

lwfmrsjep. Fmxt, c sekpom mxckpom es prmsmftm` tl eooustrctm tjm trc`m-laas tjct ploeiy

kchmrs acim wjmf ilfse`mrefd prevctezctelf, ef pcrteiuocr wetj rmspmit tl èstrebutelf-

co essums. Pjm kcef ilfiouself la tjes èsiusself es tjct tjmlry colfm es ufoehmoy tl yemo`c `maefetevm cfswmr cblut tjm kmrets (lr sjlrtilkefds) la prevctezctelf. Pjm typm la

prevctm lwfmrsjep tl mkmrdm catmr prevctezctelf, tjm ijcrcitmresteis la tjm prlùit

kcrhmt (ilkpmtetevm lr flfilkpmtetevm), tjm kmtjl` la prevctezctelf, cf` ltjmr ilf-

se`mrctelfs weoo `mtmrkefm tjm lvmrcoo lutilkm la prevctezctelf.

Pjmrm es c judm tjmlrmteico oetmrcturm lf puboei vmrsus prevctm lwfmrsjep cf` kcf-

cdmkmft. Alr tjm klst pcrt, tjm `mbctm ilfimrfefd tjm rlom la YLMs jcs bmmf arckm`

ciilrèfd tl tjrmm vemws. Pjm slieco vemw smms YLMs cs efstetutelfs irmctm` by c slieco

wmoacrmkcxekezefd dlvmrfkmft tl rmslovm cituco lr pmrimevm` kcrhmt aceourms8

wjmrmcs prevctm aerks kcxekezm prlaets, YLMs kcxekezm brlc`mr slieco lbgmitevms

(Cthefslf cf` Ytedoetz 35:>). Pjm cdmfiy vemw cosl cssukms tjct dlvmrfkmfts smmhtl kcxekezm slieco wmoacrm but aliusms lf tjm èsirmpcfiy bmtwmmf tjm lbgmitevms la

>

9

1

5

32

3=

3:

23

20

24

9>

99

91

Purhmy,3554

Kmxeil,355=

Efèc,3559

Itm Evlerm,3553

Ijefc,3554

Crdmftefc,355>

ciiukuoctm` prlimm`s, 35::2>>=, cs sjcrm la 2>>> D@^

YLM efvmstkmft cs sjcrm la D@EYLM milflkei citevety cs sjcrm la D@^

pmrimft

AED]RM =.^revctezctelf ^rlimm`s cf` tjm Yezm la Ytctm-Lwfm` Mftmrpresms (YLMs), YmomitmÌluftrems, 355>s

Ylurim7 Tlro` @mvmolpkmft Efèictlrs 2>>>.

Fltm7 D@E, drlss `lkmstei efvmstkmft8 D@^, drlss `lkmstei prlùit.

8/14/2019 Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 2008, Globa

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Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 2008, Global: Private Sector and Development