Annual Report - North Dakota · 2016-08-17 · 11 Inhalable Continuous PM 2.5 ... 2.5 analyzer, and various meteorological parameters. These data are included in this report to present

Annual Report

North Dakota Air Quality Monitoring

Data Summary 2011

Annual Report

North Dakota

Air Quality Monitoring Data Summary

2011

October 2012

Jack Dalrymple

Governor

Terry L. Dwelle, M.D. State Health Officer

L. David Glatt

Environmental Health Section Chief

North Dakota Department of Health

Division of Air Quality

Air Quality Monitoring Branch

918 E. Divide Ave.

Bismarck, N.D. 58501-1947

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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ...................................................... ii LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................... iii LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................... iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................... 2 DESCRIPTION ........................................................ 3

Department Sites ................................................... 3 Industry Sites ...................................................... 3

NETWORK CHANGES .................................................. 7

Department Changes ................................................. 7 Industry Changes ................................................... 7

MONITORING RESULTS................................................. 8

Introduction ....................................................... 8 Sulfur Dioxide .................................................... 10 Sulfur Dioxide 5-Minute Average ...................................... 13 Nitrogen Dioxide .................................................. 14 Ammonia ....................................................... 16 Carbon Monoxide ................................................. 17 Ozone ......................................................... 19 Particulate Matter (PM2.5 & PM10) .................................... 21

Inhalable PM2.5 Particulates ..................................... 22 Inhalable Continuous PM2.5 Particulates ............................ 24 Inhalable Continuous PM10 Particulates ............................. 25

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ......................................... 26 REFERENCES ......................................................... 28 APPENDICES ......................................................... 30

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LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Page No. 1 State AAQM Network Description ......................................................................................................5 2 Sulfur Dioxide ....................................................................................................................................11 3 Sulfur Dioxide Trace Level ................................................................................................................12 4 SO2 5-Minute Averages ......................................................................................................................13 5 SO2 5-Minute Averages Trace Level ..................................................................................................13 6 Nitrogen Dioxide ................................................................................................................................15 7 Ammonia ............................................................................................................................................16 8 Carbon Monoxide ...............................................................................................................................18 9 Ozone ..................................................................................................................................................20 10 Inhalable PM2.5 Particulates..............................................................................................................22 11 Inhalable Continuous PM2.5 ................................................................................................................23 12 Inhalable Continuous PM10 ................................................................................................................24 A1-1 North Dakota Ambient Air Quality Standards ...................................................................................32 A1-2 Federal Ambient Air Quality Standards .............................................................................................34

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Page No. 1 North Dakota Air Quality Monitoring Network .................................................................................6 A2-1 Air Quality Organizational Chart .....................................................................................................36 A3-1 Bear Paw Star Charts ........................................................................................................................38 A3-2 Beulah-North Star Charts .................................................................................................................39 A3-3 Bismarck Residential Charts ............................................................................................................40 A3-4 DGC Star Charts...............................................................................................................................41 A3-5 Dunn Center .....................................................................................................................................43 A3-6 Fargo Star Charts ..............................................................................................................................44 A3-7 Hannover Star Charts .......................................................................................................................45 A3-8 Hess Star Charts ...............................................................................................................................46 A3-9 Lostwood NWR Star Charts .............................................................................................................47 A3-10 TRNP - NU Star Charts ....................................................................................................................48 A3-11 TRNP - SU Star Charts ....................................................................................................................49 A4-1 Bear Paw Trends ..............................................................................................................................52 A4-2 Beulah North Trends ........................................................................................................................53 A4-3 Bismarck Residential Trends ...........................................................................................................55 A4-4 DGC Trends .....................................................................................................................................57 A4-5 Dunn Center Trends .........................................................................................................................58 A4-6 Fargo NW Trends .............................................................................................................................59 A4-7 Hannover Trends ..............................................................................................................................61 A4-8 Hess Trends ......................................................................................................................................62 A4-9 Lostwood NWR Trends ...................................................................................................................63 A4-10 TRNP - NU Trends ..........................................................................................................................64 A4-11 TRNP - NU(cont.)/TRNP - SU Trends ............................................................................................65

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LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix No. Page No. 1 North Dakota and Federal Ambient Air Quality Standards ....................................................................30 2 Air Quality Personnel Organizational Chart ..........................................................................................35 3 Wind and Pollution Star Charts ..............................................................................................................36 4 2000-2009 Trends ...................................................................................................................................50

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The North Dakota Department of Health operated seven ambient air quality monitoring sites and industry operated eight source-specific air quality monitoring sites. The National Park Service maintains a monitoring site at the Theodore Roosevelt National Park – South Unit’s Painted Canyon Overlook. The ambient monitoring data from this site is included in this report. There were no sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone or particulate matter exceedances of either the state or federal ambient air quality standards measured during 2011. North Dakota is one of thirteen states that are in attainment for all criteria pollutants. North Dakota also has been designated attainment for both the 2.5 particulates and the 8-hour ozone standards.

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INTRODUCTION

The North Dakota Department of Health, Environmental Health Section, Division of Air Quality, henceforth known as “the department,” has the primary responsibility for protecting the health and welfare of North Dakotans from the harmful effects of air pollution. The department ensures that the ambient air quality in North Dakota is better than the levels required by the state and federal Ambient Air Quality Standards and the “Prevention of Significant Deterioration of Air Quality Rules.” To address this responsibility, the department operates a network of ambient air quality monitors. In addition to the state-operated ambient air quality monitoring sites, three industrial sources operated air quality monitoring sites within their immediate spheres of influence. These site locations are selected based on computer dispersion modeling and prevailing wind directions. This report provides an overview of air quality monitoring activities conducted by the department and industry during the 12-month period beginning Jan. 1, 2011, and ending Dec. 31, 2011. The report includes data summaries for the monitored pollutants and significant changes that occurred to the monitoring program. Also included are wind and pollution star charts and trend graphs. The pollution star charts (Appendix 3) indicate the percentage of time a pollutant is detected when the wind is from each direction. The trend graphs (Appendix 4) show the maximum concentration for each pollutant standard.

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NETWORK DESCRIPTION Department Sites

During 2011, the department operated seven air quality monitoring sites. Table 1 lists the department monitoring sites that were active during the year.

In general, department ambient air quality monitoring (AAQM) sites obtain air quality data to meet six monitoring objectives: (1) to determine the highest pollutant concentrations expected to occur in the area covered by the network; (2) to measure typical concentrations in area of high population density; (3) to determine the impact of significant sources or class categories; (4) to determine general background concentration levels, (5) to determine the impact on air quality by regional transport; and, (6) to determine welfare-related impacts (such as visibility impacts and vegetation effects). The department has determined that three sites are required to satisfy these six monitoring objectives. They are identified as “Required” in Table 1, in the “Station Type” column. The remaining four sites collect data used to support and/or supplement the department’s dispersion modeling activities

The department’s ambient air quality monitoring network normally does not include source-specific monitoring; i.e., monitoring a single, specific source. However, the department, in issuing Permits to Construct and Permits to Operate for major sources, may require those sources to operate ambient air quality monitoring programs to assess impacts on local air quality.

The ambient monitoring site at Theodore Roosevelt National Park – South Unit (TRNP – SU) is a part of the National Park Service’s national network. However, the Park Service has asked the department to install and operate sulfur dioxide and ozone analyzers and a PM2.5 manual sampler on their behalf. Also installed at this site are a continuous PM2.5 analyzer, and various meteorological parameters. These data are included in this report to present a better and more complete picture of the air quality in the State.

Industry Sites Industry operated eight source-specific air quality monitoring sites during 2011. Table 1 also lists the industry networks and monitoring sites active during the year. In general, industry air quality monitoring sites obtain data at locations expected to show high concentrations of pollution from a specific source or group of sources. These source specific sites are selected using computer dispersion modeling programs and annual wind patterns. The distance a

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monitoring site is located from a source is determined by the primary pollutant monitored, if the site is a multi-pollutant site. Figure 1 displays department and industry monitoring sites. If an industry has more than one site, only the approximate location within the county is indicated.

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TABLE 1 State AAQM Network Description

Site Name AQS Site #

Station Type

Parameter Monitored1

Operating Schedule

Monitoring Objective2

1 Beulah North 380570004

SLAMS Required

PM2.5 SO2, NO2, O3, MET NH3 cont. PM2.5 PM10

6th Day cont. cont. cont. cont.

Population Exposure & Significant Source

2 Bismarck Residential 380150003

SLAMS

SO2, NO2, O3, MET cont PM2.5(BAMM) PM10 5 PM2.5

cont. cont. cont. 3rd Day

Population Exposure

3 Dunn Center 380250003

SLAMS Required

SO2

4,NO2, O3, MET cont. PM2.5, PM10

cont. General Background

4 Fargo NW 380171004

SLAMS Required

SO2,NO2, O3, CO, NOY,MET Cont. PM2.5 (BAMM) PM2.5 PM2.5 Speciation

cont. cont. cont. 3rd Day 3rd Day

Population Exposure

5 Hannover 380650002

SLAMS

SO2, NO2, O3, MET cont PM2.5

cont. cont.

Significant Source

6 Lostwood 380130004

SLAMS

SO2

4,NO2, O3, NH3, MET, PM10 cont PM2.5,(BAMM)

cont.

General Background & Significant Source

7 TRNP - NU 380530002

SLAMS Required

SO2

4,NO2, O3, MET cont. PM2.5, (BAMM) PM10

cont.

General Background, Long range Transport, Welfare-Related

Company

Site Name AQS Site #

8 Amerada Hess Corporation

TIOGA #1 381050103 TIOGA #3 381050105

SO2 SO2

cont. cont.

Source Impact Source Impact

9 Bear Paw Energy, Inc.

MGP #3 380530104 MGP #5 380530111

SO2, MET SO2, MET

cont. cont.

Source Impact Source Impact

10 Dakota Gasification Company

DGC #12 380570102 DGC #14 380570118 DGC #16 380570123 DGC #17 380570124

SO2, NO2, MET SO2 SO2 SO2, NO2

cont. cont. cont. cont.

Source Impact Source Impact Source Impact Source Impact

1. MET refers to meteorological and indicates wind speed and wind direction monitoring equipment. 2. Not applicable to MET. 3. This analyzer will serve a dual role of population exposure and general background. 4. The analyzer was changed to a SO2 Trace Level affective June 1,2007

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Figure 1 North Dakota Air Quality Monitoring Network

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NETWORK CHANGES Department Changes The department installed four continuous PM2.5 analyzer at the Beulah-North, Fargo NW, Lostwood, and TRNP-NU sites in preparation for the changeover to equivalent method analyzers. Industry Changes There were no Industry changes.

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MONITORING RESULTS Introduction Ambient and source-specific air quality data collected during the year at monitoring sites operated by the department and industry are summarized in tables for the following pollutants: sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), ammonia (NH3), inhalable 2.5 particulates (PM2.5) and inhalable particulates (PM10). Each section contains a description of the physical characteristics and health effects, a comparison to the state standards and a data summary. The data summaries for gaseous pollutants include maximum concentrations, arithmetic and means for the analytical method used for each parameter. Where applicable, the number of times a state standard was exceeded is indicated. The concentrations for gaseous pollutants are reported in parts per billion (ppb). The PM2.5 data summaries contain the three highest 24-hour average concentrations; annual arithmetic mean; the number of times the 24-hour standard was exceeded, if applicable; and an asterisk (*) if the annual standard is exceeded, if applicable. The concentrations are reported in micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m3). Continuous PM2.5 and PM10 data summaries contain the two highest 1-hour averages and the four highest 24-hour averages; the annual average; the number of times the 24-hour standard was exceeded, if applicable; and an asterisk (*) if the annual standard is exceeded, if applicable. The concentrations are reported in micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m3). Since the PM2.5 data are not collected with a reference or equivalent method the data cannot be used for comparison for any regulatory purpose. If this data indicates an exceedance, then a reference or equivalent method sampler must be installed at the site of the possible air quality standard exceedance. For statistical purposes, pollutant concentrations less than the minimum detectable value (MDV) for the analytical method used are assigned a value equal to one-half the MDV. The MDV for SO2 is 2 ppb; SO2 – trace level is 0.2 ppb; NO2 is 1 ppb; O3 is 4 ppb; manual PM2.5 is 2.0 µg/m3; and manual PM10 is 4 µg/m3. The MDV for the continuous PM2.5 is -10.0 µg/m3 and for continuous PM10 is -50.0 µg/m3. Annual means are calculated for SO2, NO2, PM2.5, and PM10. However, only those means with more than 75 percent of data greater than the MDV are unbiased calculations. As part of the statistical evaluation, the data recovery (NUM OBS) is evaluated to determine if the data recovery complies with the state’s required 80 percent data recovery rate. A continuous analyzer

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operating fewer than 7,008 hours per year may achieve at least an 80 percent data recovery for the period operated; however, it does not meet the 80 percent data recovery for the full year. Each analyzer at a site not meeting the 80 percent data recovery for the year is flagged in the “NUM OBS” column by placing “***” underneath the number of observations. Particulate matter samplers must collect at least 48 samples per year for 1-in-6 day sampling and 96 samples per year for 1-in-3 day sampling to meet the 80 percent data recovery rate.

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Sulfur Dioxide Physical Characteristics and Sources

Sulfur dioxide is a colorless gas with a pungent odor detectable by the human nose at concentrations of 500 to 800 ppb. It is highly soluble in water where it forms sulfurous acid (H2SO3). In the atmosphere, sulfurous acid is easily converted to sulfuric acid (H2SO4), the major acidic component of “acid rain,” which then may convert to a sulfate. On a worldwide basis, sulfur dioxide is considered to be a major pollutant. It is emitted mainly from stationary sources that burn coal and oil - such as utility boilers. Other sources of sulfur dioxide include re2.5ries, natural gas processing plants, oil well heaters and flares.

Health Effects

Sulfur dioxide can be converted in the atmosphere to sulfuric acid aerosols and particulate sulfate compounds, which are corrosive and potentially carcinogenic (cancer-causing). The major health effects of sulfur dioxide appear when it is associated with high levels of other pollutants, such as particulate. Sulfur dioxide also may play an important role in the aggravation of chronic illnesses, such as asthma. The incidence and intensity of asthma attacks have increased when asthmatics are exposed to higher levels of sulfur dioxide and particulate matter sulfates, which are products of atmospheric sulfur dioxide reactions.4

Standards Comparison

Sulfur dioxide was monitored at 16 sites. Seven sites were run by the department, one by NPS, and eight by industry.

The 3-year average 99th percentile 1-hour standard (75 ppb) was not exceeded during the year. The maximum 3-year average 99th percentile 1-hour concentration was 70 ppb at Hess - Tioga #3.

The 3-hour federal secondary standard (500 ppb) was not exceeded during the year. The maximum 3-hour average concentration was 104.6 ppb at Hess - Tioga #1.

The 24-hour state standard (140 ppb) was not exceeded during the year. The maximum 24-hour average concentration was 29.3 ppb at DGC #16.

Among those sites that collected at least 80 percent of the possible data during the year, the maximum annual arithmetic mean was 1.56 ppb at Hess - Tioga #3.

The sulfur dioxide data are summarized in Table 2 and SO2 Trace Level in Table 3.

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TABLE 2

COMPARISON OF AIR QUALITY DATA WITH THE NORTH DAKOTA AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS * POLLUTANT : SULFUR DIOXIDE (ppb)

M A X I M A NUM 1 ─ HOUR 99TH % 3 – HOUR 24 ─ HOUR ARITH 3yr 1HR 24HR LOCATION YEAR OBS 1ST 2ND 1HR 1ST 2ND 1ST 2ND MEAN Avg #>273 #>99 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Bear Paw - MGP #3 2011 8634│ 10 7 │ 6 │ 7.3 5.3 │ 3.3 2.7 │ 0.27 │ 14 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Bear Paw - MGP #5 2011 8340│ 11 11 │ 7 │ 7.6 5.6 │ 3.3 2.6 │ 0.35 │ 10 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Beulah - North 2011 8662│ 28 25 │ 52 │ 17.6 17.6 │ 5.7 5.0 │ 1.02 │ 34 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Bismarck Residential 2011 8623│ 47 28 │ 22 │ 25.6 21.3 │ 8.2 7.7 │ 0.86 │ 31 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ DGC #12 2011 8713│ 35 33 │ 46 │ 19.0 16.0 │ 5.8 4.5 │ 0.71 │ 38 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ DGC #14 2011 8714│ 38 38 │ 32 │ 29.0 27.0 │ 7.4 5.4 │ 0.66 │ 38 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ DGC #16 2011 8704│ 90 69 │ 38 │ 78.6 47.6 │ 29.3 19.3 │ 0.87 │ 35 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ DGC #17 2011 8657│ 45 45 │ 31 │ 37.6 28.6 │ 6.4 4.9 │ 0.65 │ 32 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Hannover 2011 8684│ 128 118 │ 52 │ 96.6 63.3 │ 16.4 12.0 │ 0.75 │ 51 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Hess - Tioga #1 2011 8176│ 130 104 │ 75 │104.6 82.3 │ 25.6 13.6 │ 1.10 │ 45 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Hess - Tioga #3 2011 8052│ 121 120 │ 68 │ 76.6 42.3 │ 21.2 13.4 │ 1.56 │ 70 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ TRNP - SU (Painted Canyon)2011 8672│ 11 7 │ 5 │ 8.3 4.3 │ 2.0 1.6 │ 0.15 │ 7 │ │ │ │ │ │ The highest 1-hour concentration is 130 ppb at Hess – Tioga #1 The highest Three year 1-hour 99th percentile concentration is 70 ppb at Hess – Tioga #3 The highest 3-hour maximum concentration is 104.6 ppb at Hess – Tioga #1 The highest 24-hour concentration is 29.3 ppb at DGC #16 The highest arithmetic mean is 1.56 ppb at Hess - Tioga #3 * The air quality standards are: STATE Standards ─ 1) 75 ppb Three year average of the annual 99th percentile (4th highest) of the daily maximum 1─hour average concentration in a year. 2) 500 ppb highest 3─hour average concentration not to be exceeded more than once per year. FEDERAL Standards ─ 1) 75 ppb Three year average of the annual 99th percentile (4th highest) of the daily maximum 1-hour average concentration in a year. 2) 500 ppb highest 3-hour average concentration not to be exceeded more than once per year. 3) 140 ppb highest 24─hour concentration not to be exceeded more than once per year. 4) 30 ppb annual arithmetic mean.

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TABLE 3

COMPARISON OF AIR QUALITY DATA WITH

THE NORTH DAKOTA AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS * POLLUTANT : TRACE LEVEL SULFUR DIOXIDE (ppb)

M A X I M A NUM 1 ─ HOUR 99TH % 3 – HOUR 24 ─ HOUR ARITH 3yr 1HR 24HR LOCATION YEAR OBS 1ST 2ND 1HR 1ST 2ND 1ST 2ND MEAN Avg #>273 #>99 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Dunn Center 2011 6927│ 30.9 11.0 │ 10.0 │ 5.7 5.6│ 2.2 1.8 │ 0.27 │ 13 ***│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Fargo NW 2011 8134│ 9.1 5.6 │ 5.0 │ 5.8 4.8│ 2.4 2.3 │ 0.29 │ 5 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Lostwood NWR 2011 8607│ 47.4 34.6 │ 30.0 │ 30.9 25.3│ 7.8 17.8 │ 0.79 │ 43 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ TRNP - NU 2011 8695│130.3 17.5 │ 9.0 │ 53.7 13.5│ 7.6 5.5 │ 0.53 │ 10 │ ** │ │ ** │ │ │ The highest 1-hour concentration is 130.3 ppb at TRNP - NU The highest Three year 1-hour 99th percentile concentration is 43 ppb at Lostwood NWR The highest 3-hour maximum concentration is 53.7 at TRNP - NU The highest 24-hour concentration is 19.8 ppb at Lostwood NWR The highest arithmetic mean is 0.79 ppb at Lostwood NWR * The air quality standards are: STATE Standards ─ 1) 75 ppb Three year average of the annual 99th percentile (4th highest) of the daily maximum 1-hr average concentration in a year. 2) 500 ppb highest 3─hour average concentration not to be exceeded more than once per year. FEDERAL Standards ─ 1) 75 ppb Three year average of the annual 99th percentile (4th highest) of the daily maximum 1-hour average concentration in a year. 2) 500 ppb highest 3-hour average concentration not to be exceeded more than once per year. 3) 140 ppb highest 24─hour concentration not to be exceeded more than once per year. 4) 30 ppb annual arithmetic mean. *** Less than 80% of the possible samples (data) were collected. ** Qualified prescribed burn.

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Sulfur Dioxide 5-Minute Average Sulfur dioxide 5-minute averages were collected at state-operated sites and both the Hess and Bear Paw Energy networks. The maximum 5-minute average was 823 ppb at Hess - Tioga #3. The sulfur dioxide 5-minute data are presented in Table 4 and Trace Level data in Table 5.

TABLE 4

COMPARISON OF AIR QUALITY DATA WITH THE NORTH DAKOTA AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS *

POLLUTANT : SO2 5-Minute Averages (ppb) 5 ─ M I N U T E M A X I M A NUM # HOURS LOCATION YEAR OBS 1ST 2ND 3RD >600 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Bear Paw - MGP #3 2011 8634│ 35 │ 22 │ 21 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Bear Paw - MGP #5 2011 8340│ 20 │ 19 │ 17 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Beulah - North 2011 8559│ 114 │ 68 │ 66 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Bismarck Residential 2011 8623│ 71 │ 61 │ 58 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ DGC #12 2011 8713│ 83 │ 77 │ 66 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ DGC #14 2011 8714│ 100 │ 84 │ 80 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ DGC #16 2011 8704│ 140 │ 134 │ 134 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ DGC #17 2011 8657│ 118 │ 87 │ 85 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Hannover 2011 8684│ 290 │ 283 │ 191 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Hess - Tioga #1 2011 8176│ 358 │ 325 │ 303 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Hess - Tioga #3 2011 8052│ 333 │ 279 │ 225 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ TRNP - SU (Painted Canyon) 2011 8673│ 14 │ 12 │ 9 │ │ │ │ │ * No Standard is currently in effect:

TABLE 5

COMPARISON OF AIR QUALITY DATA WITH THE NORTH DAKOTA AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS *

POLLUTANT : Trace Level SO2 5-Minute Averages (ppb) 5 ─ M I N U T E M A X I M A NUM # HOURS LOCATION YEAR OBS 1ST 2ND 3RD >600 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Dunn Center 2011 6927│ 40.6 │ 23.9 │ 15.5 │ ***│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Fargo NW 2011 8134│ 12.1 │ 10.5 │ 9.5 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Lostwood NWR 2011 8607│ 118.1 │ 84.5 │ 72.3 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ TRNP - NU 2011 8188│ 298.6 │ 67.7 │ 20.3 │ │ ** │ ** │ │ The maximum 5-minute concentration is 358 ppb at Hess – Tioga #1 * No Standard is currently in effect: *** Less than 80% of the possible samples (data) were collected. ** Qualified prescribed burn

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Nitrogen Dioxide

Physical Characteristics and Sources In its pure state, nitrogen dioxide is a reddish-orangish-brown gas with a characteristic pungent odor. It is corrosive and a strong oxidizing agent. As a pollutant in ambient air, however, it is virtually odorless, although it may be an irritant to the eyes and throat. Oxides of nitrogen, nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide are formed when the nitrogen and oxygen in the air are combined in high-temperature combustion. Nitric oxide released into ambient air combines with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide. Major nitrogen dioxide sources in North Dakota are coal conversion processes, natural gas processing plants and natural gas compressor stations.

The dark orangish-brown colored plume frequently seen downwind from a major source is most likely the result of the conversion of nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide. It is the nitrogen dioxide that causes the plume’s dark appearance. The speed with which this conversion occurs is dependent on several factors, primarily the relative concentrations of nitric oxide and ozone, the amount of ultraviolet light available and meteorological conditions.

Health Effects

The negative effects of nitrogen dioxide on personal comfort, well-being and the environment include respiratory distress, as well as impacts on vegetation, materials, visibility and acid deposition.


Nitrogen dioxide was monitored at nine sites. Seven were operated by the department and two by industry.

The state annual standard (53 ppb) was not exceeded during the year. The maximum annual arithmetic mean of those sites collecting at least 80 percent of the possible data for the year was 4.85 ppb at Bismarck Residential. The state 1-hour standard (100ppb) was not exceeded during the year. The maximum three year average 98th percentile daily 1-hour was 40 at Fargo NW.

The nitrogen dioxide data are summarized in Table 6.

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TABLE 6

COMPARISON OF AIR QUALITY DATA WITH THE NORTH DAKOTA AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS * POLLUTANT : NITROGEN DIOXIDE (ppb) M A X I M A NUM 1 ─ HOUR 98TH ARITH 3yr LOCATION YEAR OBS 1ST 2ND PCTL MEAN Avg ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Beulah - North 2011 8354│ 36 30 │ 22 │ 2.30 │ 25 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Bismarck Residential 2011 8213│ 53 48 │ 37 │ 4.85 │ 38 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ DGC #12 2011 8382│ 29 22 │ 19 │ 2.67 │ 23 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ DGC #17 2011 8626│ 27 24 │ 19 │ 2.25 │ 22 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Dunn Center 2011 6912│ 12 10 │ 10 │ 1.38 │ 11 *** │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Fargo NW 2011 8085│ 55 45 │ 40 │ 4.45 │ 42 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Hannover 2011 8292│ 21 18 │ 13 │ 1.29 │ 17 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Lostwood NWR 2011 8597│ 22 20 │ 14 │ 1.78 │ 17 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ TRNP - NU 2011 8042│ 229 18 │ 10 │ 1.12 │ 9 │ ** │ │ │ The highest 1-hour concentration is 229 ppb at TRNP – NU (see foot note) The highest Three year average of the annual 98th percentile is 42 ppb at Fargo NW The highest Arithmetic Mean concentration is 4.85 ppb at Bismarck Residential * The air quality standards are: STATE Standards ─ 1) 100 ppb Three year average of the annual 98th percentile (8th highest) of the daily maximum 1-hour average concentration in a year. 2) 53 ppb annual arithmetic mean. FEDERAL Standards ─ 1) 100 ppb Three year average of the annual 98th percentile (8th Highest) of the daily maximum 1-hour average concentration in a year. 2) 53 ppb annual arithmetic mean. *** Less than 80% of the possible samples (data) were collected. ** Qualified prescribed burn

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Ammonia

Physical Characteristics Ammonia is a corrosive, colorless gas with a strong irritating odor. It is used in making fertilizer, plastics, dyes, textiles, detergents and pesticides. It reacts with acids and oxidizing materials (fluorine, chlorine, etc.). It is corrosive to copper, zinc and many metal surfaces. It reacts with hypochlorite and halogens to form explosive compounds that are pressure and temperature sensitive.

Health Effects

In mild concentrations (<25,000 ppb), ammonia will cause conjunctivitis and dermatitis. At higher concentrations, it will cause swelling, painful burns, lesions, and possible loss of vision. On contact with the skin, it will cause caustic-like burns and inflammation. Toxic level (300,000 ppb) skin exposure may cause skin lesions resulting in early necrosis and scarring. Inhalation is corrosive and irritating to the upper respiratory system and all mucus-type tissue. Depending on the concentration inhaled, it may cause burning sensations, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, headache and nausea, with eventual collapse and death.


There is no ambient air quality standard for ammonia. Because ammonia is important to the newer air quality dispersion models, the ammonia analyzer is maintained at the Beulah - North site. Long-term average ambient ammonia concentration is a required input to the dispersion modeling system. Chemistry governing the conversion of sulfur oxides to sulfate and the conversion of nitrogen oxides to nitrate in Calpuff is constrained by the availability of ambient ammonia. Therefore, the ambient level of ammonia affects dispersion modeling predictions for SO2/NO2 concentrations, general visibility and particulate deposition.

The ammonia data are summarized in Table 7.

TABLE 7 COMPARISON OF AIR QUALITY DATA WITH THE NORTH DAKOTA AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS * POLLUTANT : AMMONIA (PPB) M A X I M A 1 - HOUR NUM LOCATION YEAR OBS 1ST 2ND 3RD 4TH │ Beulah ─ North 2011 8587│ 215.0 205.0 179.0 176.0 │ Lostwood NWR 2011 7270│ 26.0 24.0 23.0 19.0 The highest 1-hour concentrations is 215.0 at Beulah - North * No Standard is currently in effect:

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Carbon Monoxide

Physical Characteristics and Sources Carbon monoxide is an odorless, colorless and toxic gas. Because it is impossible to see, taste or smell the toxic fumes. At lower levels of exposure, CO causes mild effects that are often mistaken for the flu. These symptoms include headaches, dizziness, disorientation, nausea and fatigue. The effects of CO exposure can vary greatly from person to person depending on age, overall health and the concentration and length of exposure. Worn or poorly adjusted and maintained combustion devices (e.g., boilers, furnaces) can be significant sources, or if the flue is improperly sized, blocked, disconnected, or is leaking. Auto, truck, or bus exhaust from nearby roads, or parking areas can also be a source.

Health Effects

Carbon Monoxide at low concentrations, fatigue in healthy people and chest pain in people with heart disease. Carbon Monoxide at higher concentrations, impaired vision and coordination, headaches, dizziness, confusion, and nausea. Can cause flu-like symptoms that clear up after leaving home. Fatal at very high concentrations. Acute effects are due to the formation of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood, which inhibits oxygen intake. At moderate concentrations, angina, impaired vision, and reduced brain function may result. At higher concentrations, CO exposure can be fatal.


Carbon Monoxide was monitored at one state-run site Fargo NW. The 1-hour state standard (35,000 ppb) was not exceeded during the year. The maximum 1-hour concentration was 682 ppb at Fargo NW.

The 8-hour standard (9,000 ppb) was not exceeded during the year . The maximum 8-hour concentration was 400 ppb at Fargo NW. The Carbon Monoxide data are summarized in Table 8.

18

TABLE 8 COMPARISON OF AIR QUALITY DATA WITH THE NORTH DAKOTA AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS * POLLUTANT : CARBON MONOXIDE (PPB) M A X I M A NUM 1 - HOUR 8 - HOUR 1HR 8HR LOCATION YEAR OBS 1ST 2ND 1ST 2ND #>35000 #>9000 │ │ │ Fargo NW 2011 8137 │ 682.0 674.0 │ 400.0 400.0 │ * The STATE and FEDERAL air quality standards are: 1) The maximum allowable 1-hour concentration is 35000 ppb not to be exceeded more than once per year. 2) The maximum allowable 8-hour concentration is 9000 ppb not to be exceeded more than once per year.

19

Ozone

Physical Characteristics and Sources Ozone is a highly reactive form of oxygen. At very high concentrations, it is a blue, unstable gas with a characteristic pungent odor. It often can be detected around an arcing electric motor, lightning storms or other electrical discharges. However, at ambient concentrations, ozone is colorless and odorless.

At ground level where it can be breathed, ozone is a pollutant. However, ground-level ozone should not be confused with the stratospheric ozone located between 12 and 30 miles above the earth’s surface. The stratospheric ozone layer shields the earth from intense cancer-causing ultraviolet radiation. Concentrations of ozone in this layer are approximately 10,000 to 12,000 ppb or 100 times the state’s ambient air quality standard for ozone. Occasionally, meteorological conditions can result in stratospheric ozone being brought to ground level. This can increase concentrations by 50 to 100 pbb.

Ozone is not emitted directly from a source like other pollutants, but forms as a secondary pollutant. Its precursors are certain hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides that react chemically in sunlight to form ozone. The sources for these reactive hydrocarbons are automobile exhaust; gasoline and oil storage and transfer; industrial paint solvents; degreasing agents; cleaning fluids; and ink solvents. Nitrogen oxides are created when nitrogen and oxygen in the air combine during high-temperature combustion. Also, vegetation gives off some reactive hydrocarbons; for example, pine trees give off terpene.

Ozone production is a year-round phenomenon. However, the highest ozone levels generally occur during the summer season when sunlight is stronger and stagnant meteorological conditions can cause reactive pollutants to remain in an area for several days. Ozone produced under these conditions can be transported many miles.

Health Effects

Short-term exposure to ozone in the range of 150 to 250 ppb may impair mechanical functions of the lungs and may induce respiratory difficulties and related symptoms in sensitive individuals (those who have asthma, emphysema or reduced lung function). Symptoms and effects of ozone exposure are more readily induced in people who are exercising.

20

Ozone is the major component of photochemical “smog,” although the haziness and odors of the smog are caused by other components. The deterioration and degradation of material, especially the splitting and cracking of rubber tires and windshield wiper blades, is associated with ozone. Many plants, such as soybeans and alfalfa, are sensitive to ozone and can be damaged by extended exposure to low levels of ozone.


Ozone was monitored at seven state-run sites and the National Park Service’s TRNP - SU site. These data are used in computer dispersion models as part of both the primary and secondary chemical transformation equations.

The 3-year average of the fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour concentrations. The highest 3-year average fourth-highest 8-hour concentration was 60 ppb at Lostwood NWR and TRNP-NU.

The ozone data are summarized in Table 9.

TABLE 9 COMPARISON OF AIR QUALITY DATA WITH THE NORTH DAKOTA AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS *

POLLUTANT : Ozone (ppb) M A X I M A VAL 1 ─ HOUR 8 ─ HOUR 3yr 1HR 8HR LOCATION YEAR DAYS 1ST 2ND 1ST 2ND 3RD 4TH Avg #>120 #>75 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── │ │ │ Beulah North 2011 153 │ 66 64 │ 62 62 59 59 │ 58 │ │ │ │ │ │ Bismarck Residential 2011 147 │ 63 63 │ 62 60 58 56 │ 57 │ │ │ │ │ │ Dunn Center 2011 152 │ 60 60 │ 58 57 54 54 │ 55 │ │ │ │ │ │ Fargo NW 2011 129 │ 66 64 │ 61 60 58 57 │ 59 │ │ │ │ │ │ Hannover 2011 140 │ 78 65 │ 62 62 60 58 │ 58 │ │ │ │ │ │ Lostwood NWR 2011 149 │ 68 65 │ 65 62 61 60 │ 60 │ │ │ │ │ │ TRNP - NU 2011 144 │ 327 65 │ 62 62 60 59 │ 59 │ ** │ │ │ │ │ TRNP ─ SU (Painted Canyon)2011 153 │ 65 63 │ 59 59 58 58 │ 58 │ │ │ The highest 1─hour concentration is 327 ppb at TRNP – NU (see foot note) The Three year average 4th highest 8─hour concentration is 60 ppb at Lostwood NWR * The air quality standards for ozone are: STATE – 75ppb Three year average of the annual 4th highest daily maximum 8-hour concentrations. FEDERAL Standards - 75 ppb Three year average of the annual 4th highest daily maximum 8-hour concentrations. *** Less than 80% of the possible samples (data) were collected. ** Qualified prescribed burn

21

Particulate Matter (PM2.5 & PM10)

Physical Characteristics and Sources Particulate matter is the term given to the tiny particles of solid or semi-solid material found in the atmosphere. Particulates ranging in size from less than 0.1 micrometer to 50 micrometers are called Total Suspended Particulate (TSP). Particles larger than 50 micrometers tend to settle out of the air quickly and are not considered to have a health impact. Particulate matter 10 micrometers (microns) in diameter and smaller is considered inhalable. This particulate matter is called PM10.

The majority of anthropogenic (man-made) particulate are in the 0.1 to 10 micrometer diameter range. Particles larger than 10 micrometers usually are due to Afugitive dust@ (windblown sand and dirt from roadways, fields and construction sites) and contain large amounts of silica (sand-like) materials. PM10 particulate, on the other hand, generally is created during a burning process and includes fly ash (from power plants), carbon black (from automobiles and diesel engines) and soot (from fireplaces and wood-burning stoves). PM10 particulates from these sources contain a large percentage of elemental and organic carbon, which play a role in both visual haze and health issues.

In addition, particles less than 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5) are major contributors to visibility degradation because of their ability to “scatter” light.

Health Effects

The health risk from an inhaled dose of particulate matter depends on the size and concentration of the particulate. Size determines how deeply the inhaled particulate will penetrate into the respiratory tract, where it can persist and cause respiratory damage. Particles less than 10 micrometers in diameter are easily inhaled deeply into the lungs.

Fine particulate (PM2.5) pollution affects the health of certain subgroups. Such groups can be identified as potentially at risk of adverse health effects from airborne pollutants. There is very strong evidence that asthmatics are much more sensitive (i.e., respond with symptoms at relatively low concentrations) to the effects of particulates than is the general healthy population.

The effects of particulate exposure may be the most widespread of all pollutants. Because of the potential for extremely long-range transport of 2.5 particles and because of the chemical reactions that occur, no place on earth has been spared from the particulate generated by urban and rural sources. The effects of particulate range from visibility degradation to climate

22

changes to vegetation damage. General soiling, commonly thought to be just a nuisance, can have long-term effects on paint and other materials. Acid deposition can be detected in the most remote areas of the world.

Inhalable PM2.5 Particulates

Inhalable PM2.5 particulates were monitored at four sites using manual samplers and seven sites now monitor PM2.5 on a continuous basis. The sites at Beulah, and TRNP - SU collect a sample once every six days. Sites at Bismarck and Fargo collect a sample once every three days. Sites at Beulah, Bismarck, Dunn Center, Fargo, Hannover, Lostwood, and TRNP-NU also monitor PM2.5 (BAMM) on a continuous basis.


The 24-hour federal standard (35 µg/m3) was not exceeded during the year. The maximum 24-hour average concentration was 29.3 µg/m3 at TRNP – NU. The federal standard is defined as the 3 year average of the 98th percentile values, not the maximum individual 24-hour average.

The federal annual standard (15 µg/m3) was not exceeded for the year. The maximum annual average was 8.7 µg/m3 at TRNP-NU.

The inhalable PM2.5 data are summarized in Table 10.

23

TABLE 10 COMPARISON OF AIR QUALITY DATA WITH THE NORTH DAKOTA AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS * POLLUTANT : Inhalable PM2.5 Particulates (µg/m3) M A X I M A VAL 24 – HOUR 24-HR 24-HR WTD Annual LOCATION YEAR DAYS MIN 1ST 2ND 3RD 98th% 3yr Avg MEAN 3yr Avg #>35 AM>15 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Beulah - North 2011 59 │ 11.0 10.9 10.8│ 10.9 │ (NA) │ 5.08 │ (NA) │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Beulah - North (BAMM) 2011 353 │ 21.6 18.3 18.1│ 15.3 │ 15.0 │ 6.88 │ 6.3 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Bismarck Residential 2011 116 │ 12.3 12.2 12.2│ 12.2 │ (NA) │ 5.67 │ (NA) │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Bismarck Residential (BAMM) 2011 291 │ 22.5 22.5 19.2│ 15.0 │ 16.0 │ 6.80 │ 6.9 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Dunn Center (BAMM) 2011 96 │ 17.1 13.9 13.8│ 13.9 │ 14.0 │ 6.39 │ 6.4 *** │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Fargo NW 2011 110 │ 23.5 21.6 21.3│ 21.3 │ (NA) │ 7.73 │ (NA) │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Fargo NW (BAMM) 2011 337 │ 22.5 20.2 18.9│ 18.0 │ 21.0 │ 7.11 │ 8.1 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Hannover (BAMM) 2011 43 │ 16.8 9.1 8.9│ 16.8 │ 17.0 │ 3.91 │ 3.9 *** │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Lostwood NWR (BAMM) 2011 354 │ 2.04 19.5 19.5│ 13.7 │ 15.0 │ 7.38 │ 7.7 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ TRNP - NU (BAMM) 2011 345 │ 29.3 23.1 18.6│ 17.0 │ 18.0 │ 8.80 │ 8.7 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ TRNP - SU (Painted Canyon) 2011 61 │ 11.7 9.8 8.8│ 9.8 │ 11.0 │ 4.13 │ 4.3 │ │ │ │ │ The highest 24-hour concentration is 29.3 µg/m3 at TRNP - NU The highest Three year average 24-hour concentration is 21.0 µg/m3 at Fargo NW The highest Annual Weighted Mean concentration is 8.8 µg/m3 at TRNP - NU The highest Three year average Annual weighted Mean concentration is 8.7 µg/m3 at TRNP – NU * The ambient air quality standards are: FEDERAL Standards ─ 1) 24─hour: 3─year average of 98th percentiles not to exceed 35 µg/m3. 2) Annual: 3─year average not to exceed 15 µg/m3. *** Less than 80% of the possible samples (data) were collected.

24

Inhalable Continuous PM2.5 Particulates

Inhalable particulates are monitored continuously at one site. Since these data are not collected by an EPA reference or equivalent method, the data cannot be used for regulatory purposes. However, if these data were to indicate an exceedance of a standard, then a reference or equivalent method sampler must be installed to verify the data collected by these analyzers.

The maximum 1-hour average concentration was 38.8 µg/m3 at TRNP - SU. The maximum 24-hour average concentration was 17.1 µg/m3 at TRNP - SU. The maximum annual average for the year was 5.88 µg/m3 at TRNP - SU.

The inhalable continuous PM2.5 data are summarized in Table 11.

Table 11 COMPARISON OF AIR QUALITY DATA WITH THE NORTH DAKOTA AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS * POLLUTANT : Inhalable Continuous PM2.5 (µg/m3) M A X I M A NUM 1 ─ HOUR 24 ─ HOUR 24HR LOCATION YEAR OBS 1ST 2ND 1ST 2ND 3RD 4TH MEAN #>35 AM>15 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── │ │ │ TRNP - SU (Painted Canyon)2011 8390│ 38.8 36.1 │ 17.1 15.8 14.8 13.2│ 5.88 │ │ * The EPA─required analyzer used to collect this data is not a reference or equivalent method; this data cannot be compared to the PM2.5 standards. This data can only be used as an indicator of the actual PM2.5 ambient concentrations. If this data were to indicate there may be an exceedance of the ambient standards, then the department could be required to install a designated reference or equivalent sampler.

25

Inhalable Continuous PM10 Particulates Inhalable continuous PM10 particulate concentrations were monitored at seven sites.


The 24-hour state standard (150 µg/m3) was not exceeded during the year. The maximum 24-hour concentration was 98 µg/m3 at Fargo NW.

The inhalable continuous particulate (PM10) data are summarized in Table 12. TABLE 12 COMPARISON OF AIR QUALITY DATA WITH THE NORTH DAKOTA AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS * POLLUTANT : Inhalable Continuous PM10 (µg/m3) M A X I M A NUM 24 ─ HOUR 24HR LOCATION YEAR OBS 1ST 2ND 3RD 4TH MEAN #>150 AM>50 ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── │ │ Beulah - North 2011 8550│ 53.0 46.0 43.0 37.0│ 10.7 │ │ Bismarck Residential 2011 8545│ 74.0 62.0 55.0 48.0│ 14.1 │ │ Dunn Center 2011 6811│ 96.0 74.0 61.0 57.0│ 13.9 ***│ │ Fargo NW 2011 8020│ 98.0 89.0 85.0 81.0│ 17.7 │ │ Hannover 2011 963│ 14.0 14.0 13.0 11.0│ 7.4 ***│ │ Lostwood NWR 2011 8567│ 63.0 52.0 48.0 45.0│ 11.0 │ │ TRNP - NU 2011 8490│ 35.0 30.0 25.0 25.0│ 7.9 │ The highest 24-hour concentration is 98.0 µg/m3 at Fargo NW The highest Annual Mean concentration is 17.7 µg/m3 at Fargo NW FEDERAL air quality standards are: 150 µg/m3 highest averaged over a 24─hour period with no more than one expected exceedance per year. *** Less than 80% of the possible samples (data) were collected.

26

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The state of North Dakota has relatively clean air. North Dakota is one of only 13 states to comply with all federal ambient air quality standards. The air quality in North Dakota also meets all state ambient air quality standards. Site and pollutant combinations that do not meet the 80 percent data recovery for the full year are reported as a partial year. A summary for each pollutant is provided below. Sulfur Dioxide

Neither the state nor federal standards were exceeded at any monitoring site. The maximum concentrations and the maximum concentrations expressed as a percentage of the applicable standard were as follows: 3-year average 1-hour 99th percentile – 70ppb (93.33%) See page 10; 3-hour – 104.6 ppb (20.9%); 24-hour – 29.3 ppb (29.5%); annual 1.56 ppb (6.7%).

Sulfur Dioxide 5-Minute Averages

There is no SO2 5-minute standard currently in effect. The maximum 5-minute average was 358 ppb. Nitrogen Dioxide

Neither the state nor federal standards were exceeded at any of the monitoring sites. The maximum concentrations and the maximum concentrations expressed as a percentage of the applicable standard were as follows: Three year average of the 98th percentile 1-hour average concentrations – 42 ppb (42.0%); annual – 4.85 ppb (9.1%).

Ammonia

No standard is currently in effect. The maximum 1-hour average was 215.0 ppb. Carbon Monoxide

Neither the state nor federal standard was exceeded during the year. The 1-hour maximum and maximum 8-hour concentrations and the concentrations expressed as a percentage of the applicable standard are were follows: 1-hour - 682 ppb (1.9%); highest fourth-highest 8-hour - 400 ppb (4.4%).

27

Ozone

Neither the state nor federal standard was exceeded during the year. The highest fourth-highest 8-hour concentrations and the concentrations expressed as a percentage of the applicable standard are were follows: See Page 21; highest fourth-highest 8-hour - 60 ppb (80.0%).

Inhalable PM2.5 Particulates

The federal PM2.5 standards were not exceeded during the year. The maximum concentrations and maximum concentrations expressed as a percentage of the standard were as follows: 24-hour - 21.0 µg/m3 (60%) See Page 23; annual – 8.7 µg/m3 (58%).

Inhalable Continuous PM10 Particulates

Neither the state nor federal PM10 standards were exceeded during the year. The maximum concentrations and the maximum concentrations expressed as a percentage of the applicable PM10 standard were as follows: 24-hour – 98 µg/m3 (65.3%).

REFERENCES

29

REFERENCES 1 Environmental Protection Agency, December 2008. Quality Assurance Handbook for Air

Pollution Measurement Systems Volume II, Ambient Air Specific Methods (as amended), EPA-454/B-08-003, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, N.C.

2 Environmental Protection Agency, May 10, 1979. Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 58

(as amended), United States Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C.

3 Environmental Protection Agency, August 7, 1980. Prevention of Significant Deterioration, Title

40, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 52 (as amended), United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

4 Environmental Protection Agency, National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1995,

October 1996. 5 Environmental Protection Agency Strategies and Air Standards Division, Preliminary Assessment

of Health and Welfare Effects Associated with Nitrogen Oxides for Standards-Setting Purposes, United States Government Printing Office, Washington D.C.; October 1981, pp i-iii.

6 New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Hazardous Substance Sheet, Ammonia,

June 1998. 7 BOC Gases Material Safety Data Sheet, Ammonia (MSDS: G-11), June 1, 1999. 8 National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standard for Ozone, Title 40 Code of

Federal Regulations, Part 50.9 (as amended), United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

9 Miller, R. and M. J. Utell, Elements of Meteorology, C. E. Merrill Co., Columbus, Ohio, 1975. 10 The Perils of Particulates. American Lung Association, New York, March 1994. 11 Sulfur Dioxide, Minimum Lethal Exposure & Maximum Tolerated Exposure, in TOMES Medical

Management file [database online]. Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, 1995 [cited September 12, 1995]. Available from Micromedex Inc. Englewood, Co.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1

North Dakota and Federal Ambient Air Quality Standards

32

STANDARDS In general, air pollutants are divided into two classes: primary pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, particulate matter (<2.5 microns) particulate matter (<10 microns); secondary pollutants, which are formed as the result of a chemical reaction. Sources of primary pollutants include power plants, natural gas processing plants, oil wells, oil refineries, asphalt plants, factories, wind-blown dirt, automobiles, fireplaces and incinerators. Secondary pollutants result from a primary pollutant undergoing a chemical reaction; for example, ozone is formed as a result of a photochemical reaction between hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen. Table A1-1 presents the current North Dakota Ambient Air Quality Standards. Table A1-2 presents the federal Ambient Air Quality Standards. State standards must be as stringent as (but may be more stringent than) federal standards.

33

TABLE A1-1 North Dakota Ambient Air Quality Standards

Air Contaminants

Standards

(Maximum Permissible Concentrations) Inhalable Particulate (PM10)

150

micrograms per cubic meter of air maximum 24-hour average concentration with no more than one expected exceedance per year

Sulfur Dioxide*

30

75

140

500

parts per billion (80 micrograms per cubic meter of air), maximum annual arithmetic mean concentration parts per billion (196 micrograms per cubic meter of air), 99th percentile of the daily 1-hour maximum concentrations parts per billion (365 micrograms per cubic meter of air), maximum 24-hour average concentrations. Not to be exceeded more than once per calendar year parts per billion (1309 micrograms per cubic meter of air), maximum 3-hr average concentrations. Not to be exceeded more than once per calendar year

Hydrogen Sulfide

10.0

0.20

0.10

0.02

parts per million (14 milligrams per cubic meter of air), maximum instantaneous (ceiling) concentration not to be exceeded parts per million (280 micrograms per cubic meter of air), maximum 1-hour average concentration not to be exceeded more than once per month parts per million (140 micrograms per cubic meter of air), maximum 24-hour average concentration not to be exceeded more than once per year parts per million (28 micrograms per cubic meter of air), maximum arithmetic mean concentration averaged over three consecutive months

Carbon Monoxide

9

35

parts per million (10 milligrams per cubic meter of air), maximum 8-hour concentration not to be exceeded more than once per year parts per million (40 milligrams per cubic meter of air), maximum 1-hour concentration not to be exceeded more than once per year

Ozone

75

parts per billion (147 micrograms per cubic meter of air), Three year average of the annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hr concentrations

Nitrogen Dioxide

53

100

parts per billion (100 micrograms per cubic meter of air), maximum annual arithmetic mean parts per billion (188 micrograms per cubic meter of air), Three year average of the annual 98th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hr average concentrations in a calendar year

Lead

1.5

micrograms per cubic meter of air, maximum arithmetic mean averaged over a calendar quarter

TABLE A1-2 Federal Ambient Air Quality Standards

Pollutant

Description

Primary

Secondary

Inhalable Particulate (<2.5 microns)

3-year average of annual arithmetic mean concentrations

15 µg/m3

15 µg/m3

3-year average of the 98th percentile of the 24-hour concentrations

35 µg/m3

35 µg/m3

Inhalable Particulates (<10 microns)

99th percentile of the 24-hour concentrations averaged over 3 years

150 µg/m3 150 µg/m3

Sulfur Dioxide

Annual arithmetic mean

30 ppb (80 µg/m3)

-

Three year average or the annual 98th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hr average concentrations in a calendar year

75 ppb (196 µg/m3)

-

Maximum 24-hour concentration not to be exceeded more than once per year

140 ppb (365 µg/m3)

-

Maximum 3-hour concentration not to be exceeded more than once per year

-

500 ppb (1309 µg/m3)

Carbon Monoxide

8-hour concentration not to be exceeded more than once per year

9 ppm (10,000 µg/m3)

-

1-hour average concentration not to be exceeded more than once per year

35 ppm (40,000 µg/m3)

-

Ozone

3-year average of the annual highest 4th highest daily maximum 8- hour concentrations, not to be exceeded

75 ppb

75 ppb

Nitrogen Dioxide

Annual arithmetic mean 3-year average of the annual 98th percentile of the daily maximum 1hr average concentrations in a calendar year

53 ppb (100 µg/m3) 100 ppb (100 µg/m3)

53 ppb (100 µg/m3) 100 ppb (100 µg/m3)

Lead

Maximum arithmetic mean averaged over a calendar quarter

1.5 µg/m3

1.5 µg/m3

34

APPENDIX 2

Air Quality Personnel Organizational Chart

A2-1 Air Quality Organizational Chart

36

APPENDIX 3

Wind and Pollution Star Charts

38

The figures in this appendix are arranged with the site’s wind star chart in the upper left-hand position. To remove most of the wind direction bias caused by low wind speeds, wind speeds less than 5 mph were removed from the data. For department-operated sites, the pollution star charts are arranged with sulfur dioxide in the upper right-hand position. Next is either hydrogen sulfide or nitrogen dioxide. For industry networks, the wind star chart is presented first, followed by the parameters monitored at each site. There is only one MET station for each network except for the Bear Paw - McKenzie Gas Plant network, which has wind direction at each site. The pollution star charts present the percentage of time a pollutant is detected when the wind is from a given direction. For example, a wind star chart shows a frequency of 122, and a pollution star chart shows a 66 for the same direction. This means that 66 percent of the time (80 of the possible 122 hours) the wind was greater than 5 mph from that direction and an hourly average for that pollutant had a detectable concentration. Ozone pollution star charts are not presented because the percentage of time would be essentially 100 percent for each wind sector.

39

Figure A3-1 Bear Paw - MGP

40

Figure A3-2 Beulah North

41

Figure A3-3 Bismarck Residential

42

Figure A3-4 DGC

43

Figure A3-4 DGC (cont.)

44

Figure A3-5 Dunn Center

45

Figure A3-6 Fargo NW

46

Figure A3-7 Hannover

47

Figure A3-8 Hess-Tioga

48

Figure A3-9 Lostwood NWR

49

Figure A3-10 TRNP - NU

50

Figure A3-11 TRNP - SU

51

APPENDIX 4

2002-2011 Trends

52

The trend graphs for 2002 through 2011 are presented in alphabetical order, grouped by site, unless multiple sites would fit on a single page. Each graph depicts the maximum concentration for each applicable standard (left scale) and percentage of time an hourly concentration is detected (right scale).

53

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PPB

Year

Bear Paw - MPG #3Sulfur Dioxide

1-HR 3-HR 24-HR Annual 3yr 99th

050

100150200250300350400450500550600

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PPB

Year

Bear Paw - MPG #3Sulfur Dioxide 5 Minute

1-Max 2-Max 3-Max

050

100150200250300350400450500550600

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PPB

Year

Bear Paw - MPG #5Sulfur Dioxide 5 Minute

1-Max 2-Max 3-Max

Figure A4-1 Bear Paw - MGP

020406080

100120140160180

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PPB

Year

Bear Paw - MPG #5Sulfur Dioxide


54

020406080

100120140160180

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PP

B

Year

Beulah NorthSulfur Dioxide


0255075

100125150175200225250275300

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PPB

Year

Beulah NorthSulfur Dioxide 5 Minute

1-Max 2-Max 3-Max

0102030405060708090

100

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PP

B

Year

Beulah NorthNitrogen Dioxide

1-HR Annual 3yr 98th

0102030405060708090

100

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PPB

Year

Beulah NorthOzone

1-HR 4th Max 8-HR Avg. 4th Max 3yr avg

020406080

100120140160180200220

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PPB

Year

Beulah NorthAmmonia

1st Max 2nd Max 3rd Max 4th Max

Figure A4-2 Beulah North

55

0102030405060

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

µg/m

3

Year

Beulah NorthContinuous PM (<2.5 microns)

24-HR Max Annual

05

101520253035404550

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

µg/m

3

Year

Beulah NorthPM (2.5 microns)

24-HR Max 24hr 3yr Avg Annual 3yr 98th

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

µg/m

3

Year

Beulah NorthContinuous PM (<10 microns)

24-HR Max Annual

Figure A4-2 Beulah North (cont.)

56

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PP

B

Year

Bismarck ResidentialSulfur Dioxide


0

25

50

75

100

125

150

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PPB

Year

Bismarck ResidentialSulfur Dioxide 5 Minute

1-Max 2-Max 3-Max

0102030405060708090

100

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PP

B

Year

Bismarck ResidentialNitrogen Dioxide


0102030405060708090

100

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PPB

Year

Bismarck ResidentialOzone


05

101520253035404550

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

µg/

m3

Year

Bismarck ResidentialFEM PM (2.5 microns)


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

µg/

m3

Year

Bismarck ResidentialContinuous PM (<10 microns)

24-HR Max Annual

Figure A4-3 Bismarck Residential

57

020406080

100120140160180

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PP

B

Year

DGC #12Sulfur Dioxide


0102030405060708090

100

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PP

B

Year

DGC #12Nitrogen Dioxide


020406080

100120140160

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PP

B

Year



020406080

100120140160

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PP

B

Year



020406080

100120140160180200

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PP

B

Year



0102030405060708090

100

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PPB

Year

DGC #17Nitrogen Dioxide


Figure A4-4 DGC

58

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PP

B

Year

Dunn CenterSulfur Dioxide


0

25

50

75

100

125

150

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PPB

Year

Dunn CenterSulfur Dioxide 5 Minute

1-Max 2-Max 3-Max

0

10

20

30

40

50

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PP

B

Year

Dunn CenterNitrogen Dioxide


0102030405060708090

100

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PPB

Year

Dunn CenterOzone


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

µg/m

3

Year

Dunn CenterFEM PM (<2.5 microns)


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

µg/

m3

Year

Dunn CenterContinuous PM (<10 microns)

24-HR Max Annual

Figure A4-5 Dunn Center

59

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PP

B

Year

Fargo NWSulfur Dioxide


0

25

50

75

100

125

150

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PPB

Year

Fargo NWSulfur Dioxide 5 Minute

1-Max 2-Max 3-Max

0102030405060708090

100

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PP

B

Year

Fargo NWNitrogen Dioxide

1-HR 3yr 98th Annual

0102030405060708090

100

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PPB

Year

Fargo NWOzone


(173)

Figure A4-6 Fargo NW

60

05

101520253035404550

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

µg/

m3

Year

Fargo NWPM (2.5 microns)


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

µg/

m3

Year

Fargo NWContinuous PM (<10 microns)

24-HR Max Annual

Figure A4-6 Fargo NW (cont.)

61

020406080

100120140160

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PP

B

Year

HannoverSulfur Dioxide


04080

120160200240280320360

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PPB

Year

HannoverSulfur Dioxide 5 Minute

1-Max 2-Max 3-Max

05

101520253035404550

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PP

B

Year

HannoverNitrogen Dioxide


(53)

0102030405060708090

100

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PPB

Year

HannoverOzone


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

µg/m

3

Year

HannoverContinuous PM (<2.5 microns)


Figure A4-7 Hannover

62

050

100150200250300350400

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PP

B

Year

Hess #1Sulfur Dioxide


04080

120160200240280320360400

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PP

B

Year

Hess #1Sulfur Dioxide 5 Minute

1-Max 2-Max 3-Max

(757)

050

100150200250300350400

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PP

B

Year

Hess #3Sulfur Dioxide


0100200300400500600700800900

1000110012001300

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PP

B

Year

Hess #3Sulfur Dioxide 5 Minute

1-Max 2-Max 3-Max

Figure A4-8 Hess

63

0102030405060708090

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PP

B

Year

LostwoodSulfur Dioxide


0

25

50

75

100

125

150

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PPB

Year

LostwoodSulfur Dioxide 5 Minute

1-Max 2-Max 3-Max

0102030405060708090

100

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PP

B

Year

LostwoodNitrogen Dioxide


0102030405060708090

100

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PPB

Year

LostwoodOzone


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

µg/m

3

Year

LostwoodContinuous PM (<2.5 microns)


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

µg/

m3

Year

LostwoodContinuous PM (<10 microns)

24-HR Max Annual

Figure A4-9 Lostwood

64

0102030405060708090

100110120130140

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PP

B

Year

TRNP - NUSulfur Dioxide


0255075

100125150175200225250275300

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PPB

Year

TRNP - NUSulfur Dioxide 5 Minute

1-Max 2-Max 3-Max

0255075

100125150175200225250

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PP

B

Year

TRNP - NUNitrogen Dioxide


0102030405060708090

100

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PPB

Year

TRNP - NUOzone


(327)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

µg/m

3

Year

TRNP - NUContinuous PM (<2.5 microns)


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

µg/

m3

Year

TRNP - NUContinuous PM (<10 microns)

24-HR Max Annual

Figure A4-10 TRNP - NU

65

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PP

B

Year

TRNP - SUSulfur Dioxide


0

25

50

75

100

125

150

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PP

B

Year

TRNP - SUSulfur Dioxide 5 Minute

1-Max 2-Max 3-Max

0102030405060708090

100

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

PP

B

Year

TRNP - SUOzone


05

101520253035404550

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

µg/m

3

Year

TRNP - SUPM (2.5 microns)


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

µg/m

3

Year

TRNP - SUContinuous PM (<2.5 microns)

24-HR Max Annual

Figure A4-11 TRNP - SU