ANNUAL REPORT - Hill Agrichillagric.ac.in/edu/coa/agronomy/AnnualReports/APR_Agron_PLP_2008-09.pdf · Annual Report (2008-09) 4 wheat with zero-till seed-cum fertilizer drill. Three

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ANNUAL REPORT (2008-09)

Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management College of Agriculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi

Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176062 (India)

This is the 35th Annual Progress Report of the Department of Agronomy,

Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur. In this report, activities and

achievements of the department in the field of Teaching, Research and Extension

Education for the period July, 2008-June, 2009 have been described in different sections.

The report is based on the technical matter supplied by the Agronomists located at the

Main campus, Regional Research Stations, Research Stations, Krishi Vigyan Kendras

and Extension Centres of the university. This time an attempt has been made to include

details of all the activities of the department with appropriate photographs so that it serve

as a useful document for future use.

The Department of Agronomy received financial assistance through various

agencies in the form of short/long-term Projects. The department is having projects

financed by State Government, Govt. of India, ICAR and Private Agencies. I thankfully

acknowledge each one of them for their generous financial help.

The support, guidance, encouragement and appreciation by the Hon’ble Vice-

Chancellor, Dean, College of Agriculture, Dean, Post Graduate Studies, Director of

Research and Director of Extension Education to fulfill the objectives of the department

from time to time are thankfully acknowledged.

The team work of the staff of the department at Main Campus, Outstations and

KVKs in the areas of Teaching, Research and Extension Education helped in fulfilling

the objective and mandate of the department despite the constraints of men and material.

The help and cooperation extended by the faculty members and supporting staff of the

department at Palampur, different Research Stations and KVK’s are thankfully

acknowledged.

The help rendered by Dr. S S Rana, Agronomist in bringing this annual report in

present form after compiling and editing is thankfully acknowledged for which he

deserve special appreciation.

Senior Agronomist and Head

Department of Agronomy, Forages and Grassland Management

CONTENTS

Summary 1-9

Heads of the department and Faculty 10-11

Schemes/Projects 11-12

Budget 12-13

Background of the Department 14

Teaching 15-23

Research 24-81

Cropping systems and crop production 25-42

Fertility and Water management 42-52

Weed Science Research 52-75

Forage and grassland management 75-77

Agro-meteorology 77-81

Extension 82-90

On-farm Research 82-88

Frontline Demonstrations 88-89

Biological management of Parthenium 89

Parthenium awareness week 89

Internationals biodiversity day 89

Recommendation in package of practices 90

Organization of Earth day 90

Other extension activities 90

Trainings organized/Extension Lectures

delivered/OFTs/demonstrations/exhibitions

90

TV/Radio talks and exhibitions 91

Trainings workshops/meetings attended and association in research/extension projects

91

Publications 91-101

VIP visitor 101-102

Awards and Honours 102

Visits Abroad 102

Annual Report (2008-09)

1

SUMMARY

Teaching

At UG level, the department imparts teaching in 13 core courses to the students of

Agriculture, Home Science and Veterinary and Animal Sciences. Few courses are exclusively

Field Practicals which expose the students to all the field problems for raising successful crops.

At PG level the department offered 17 and 14 courses during I and II semester, respectively

under different fields of specialization. One student in Ph. D and three in M. Sc. were admitted

during the academic session of 2008-09. Three Ph. D students and two M. Sc. completed their

degrees during 2008-09.

Research

A. Cropping Systems & Crop Production

• Under mid hill conditions (Palampur), Maize (Baby corn) + Asparagus beans- Pea-

Summer squash and Maize (Baby corn) + French bean (Pole type) - Pea-Summer squash

sequences produced significantly higher maize grain equivalent yield and net return over

the conventional Maize – Wheat as well as other vegetable (brinjal and lady’s finger)

based crop sequences.

• Based upon the last 17 year’s experimentation in rice-wheat sequence, significantly

highest total productivity and sustainability index were under the treatment where 50%

NPK (through fertilizers) + 50% N (through FYM) was applied to rice and 100% NPK

(fertilizers) to wheat.

• Based upon last six years study in babycorn-Chinese sarson-onion cropping sequence,

integrated nutrient management comprising of 50% NPK through inorganics and 50% N

through FYM resulted in highest baby corn equivalent yield and sustainability index.

INM resulted in nearly four times higher baby corn equivalent yield over the

management of nutrients completely through inorganic sources. The nutrient

management completely through organic sources was next to INM.

• Recommended NPK+ Zn SO4 25 kg/ha + Sunhemp (green manure) followed by FeSO4

1% foliar spray resulted in significantly higher grain yield of rice during the last three


2

years. Treatments involving FYM 5 t/ha resulted higher wheat grain yield. The residual

effect of FYM applied in wheat became visible on rice only during the third year.

• Transplanted rice cultivar IET 19628 realized highest grain yield of 5.38 t/ha with 135 kg

N/ha at Malan.

• Under SRI, a newly released hybrid rice HRI 152 (Arize 6129) gave highest yield at

Malan followed by HPR 1068.

• In Poanta valley, KU-223 variety of mash produced highest yield as intercrop (1.92 q/ha)

followed by KU-59 (1.59 q/ha), KU-6-363 (0.92q/ha) and KU-553 (0.89 q/ha).

• In Poanta valley, SRI planted at 30 cm x 30 cm spacing (78.0 q/ha) being at par with 25

cm x 25 cm spacing resulted in 21.4% increase in yield over conventional transplanting at

15 cm x 15 cm.

• A plant spacing of 60 x 20 cm resulted in significantly higher grain yield of ‘Bajaura

sweet corn’ as compared to 45 x 20 cm plant spacing. ‘Bajaura pop corn’ gave maximum

yield at 45 x 20 cm spacing, whereas maximum baby corn yield (VL 78) was recorded at

40 x 20 cm plant spacing.

• Pure crop of gram (28.82 q/ha) resulted in the highest wheat grain equivalent yield (86.51

q/ha). Wheat + gram intercropping in 4:2 row ratio produced the highest seed yield of

gram as compared to rest of the intercropping ratios. Planting geometry of 4:2 while

remaining statistically at par with row ratio of 2:1 produced significantly higher wheat

equivalent yield than 4:1 and 3:1 planting geometries of wheat + gram intercropping.

• Under timely (5th Nov) and late sown conditions (26th November), VL 907 a new test

entry of wheat resulted in significantly higher grain yield. Late sowing of wheat (26th

Nov.) resulted in 27% reduction in yield over timely sown crop of 5th Nov.

• Under late sown (27th Nov) restricted irrigated conditions, HS-490 was highest yielder.

However, under very late sown conditions (16th Dec), HS-295 being at par with HS-490

gave significantly higher yield.


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• Under zero tillage conditions, timely sown HPW-184 remaining at par with HS-420 was

significantly superior to rest of the varieties. Whereas under late sown zero tillage

conditions, HPW-184 performed better than HPW-42, VL-892 & HS-295.

• Dual-purpose barley responded to 40 kg N/ha. BHS-169 resulted in highest grain yield,

whereas, HBL-276 gave significantly higher forage yield.

B. Mineral Nutrition and Water Management

• Under rainfed conditions at Malan, significant increase in wheat grain yield was observed

up to 60 kg N/ha. New wheat genotypes VL 907 (31.6 q/ha) resulted in significantly

higher grain yield.

• At Bajaura, recommended dose of fertilizers or integrated use of chemical fertilizers +

vermicompost resulted in significantly higher yield of all the three specialty corn

cultivars released for sweet corn, pop corn and baby corn namely; ‘Bajaura Sweet Corn’,

‘Bajaura Pop Corn’ and ‘VL 78’, respectively as compared to application of

vermicompost 5 and 10 t/ha alone.

• At Bajaura, site-specific nutrients dose (188-79-0-25 of N-P2O5-K2O-ZnSO4 kg/ha in

maize and 188-97-0 of N-P2O5-K2O kg/ha in wheat) resulted in 24.86% higher wheat

grain yield as compared to state recommendation of 120 kg N, 60 kg P2O5 and 30 kg

K2O/ha.

• Shifting basal application of N to 10-12 days after emergence of rice had tremendous

yield advantage at Malan.

• In Poanta valley, lentil (DPL 61) planted on 5 November with 25% more fertility had

highest seed yield of 19.25 q/ha.

• On acidic soils at Malan, RDF+ FYM + Lime 600 kg/ha + 100% extra K resulted in

maximum grain yield of rice.

• Sowing wheat by opening furrows with hand plough and band placement of fertilizer

resulted in significantly higher grain and straw yields over sowing of wheat by opening

furrow and broadcast application of fertilizer before pre sowing irrigation and sowing of


4

wheat with zero-till seed-cum fertilizer drill. Three irrigations, at CRI, jointing and

flowering resulted in significantly higher wheat grain yield than single irrigation at CRI.

• Application of 2 cm water for first month and 4 cm thereafter resulted in highest broccoli

and French bean yields.

• Mulching with waste biomass significantly increased yields of broccoli, French bean and

potato over no mulching.

• Furrow planting produced more potato tubers than raised bed planting. Irrigation with

garden pipe resulted in significantly higher potato tuber yield than irrigation with drip

method.

• Conservation tillage in wheat (maize-radish-wheat cropping sequence) recorded higher

soil moisture at all soil depths and stages of plant growth and resulted in significantly

higher grain yield compared to conventional and zero tillage. There was a progressive

increase in grain yield with increasing nitrogen level. Application of 150% of

recommended N increased grain yield by 10.00 %, 16.43 % and 26.11 % during 2006-07,

2007-08 and 2008-09, respectively, over 100% N.

• The okra equivalent yields were significantly higher under okra-based cropping

sequences compared to maize-based cropping sequences under rain fed as well as

irrigated conditions. WUE under rain fed and irrigated conditions varied from 0.97 - 1.05

kg/ha-mm and 0.99 - 1.14 kg/ha-mm, respectively for maize-based cropping sequences

and 2.72 - 2.74 and 2.70 - 2.75 kg/ha-mm, respectively for okra-based cropping

sequences.

• In different cropping sequences, rice grown with conventional transplanting method

(CTR) utilized maximum harvested rain-water (irrigation) followed by brinjal. Highest

economic returns were obtained under SRI (System of rice intensification).

• Puddle rice and SRI increased grain yield over conventional transplanted rice by 41.21 %

and 26.67 %, respectively. Application of recommended P and K along with 30 kg N/ha

at sowing and remaining 60 kg N/ha in two equal splits resulted in significantly higher

grain yield and WUE than application of recommended P and K along with 30 kg N/ha at


5

sowing and remaining nitrogen as per LCC3 (Leaf colour chart). Puddle rice resulted in

significantly higher WUE over transplanted rice.

C. Weed Management

• In barley, isoproturon 1.0 kg/ha + metsulfuron 4 g/ha was as good as isoproturon 0.75

kg/ha, Isoproturon 1.0 kg/h + 2,4 D (0.5 kg/ha) and two hand weeding for controlling

weeds and influencing grain yield.

• Post emergence application of fenoxaprop -p- ethyl 50 g/ha resulted in significantly

higher number of pods and mash seed yield of 7.40 q/ha under Poanta valley conditions

of Himachal Pradesh. However, post emergent imazethapyr 300 g/ha was quite effective

against weeds in mash.

• Application of glyphosate before puddling fb bensulfuron methyl + pretilachlor recorded

lowest dry weight of weeds and highest rice grain yield followed by glyphosate fb

butachlor at Malan.

• Tank mix application of isoproturon 1.0 kg ha-1 + metribuzine 50 g ha-1 behaving

statistically alike with all the weed control treatments except atrazine 50 g ha-1, affinity

2.0 kg ha-1 and fenoxaprop 120 g ha-1 fb MSM, were equally effective to control weeds

and increase grain yield of wheat.

• In long term experiment on effect of continuous use of herbicides in transplanted rice-

wheat cropping system, herbicide rotation in both the crops and 100% N through

fertilizers or continuous use of single herbicides in rice with 75% N through fertilizer and

25% N through Lantana and herbicide rotation in wheat resulted in effective control of

weeds and higher grain yield of both the crops.

• In long-term experiment on effect of planting methods in maize-wheat sequence,

significantly highest maize grain yield was obtained with conventional planting of maize

+ soybean over remaining treatments. Whereas planting methods did not significantly

influence grain yield. Effective control of weeds with herbicides resulted in significantly

higher grain yield of maize over hand weeding twice. The chemical control of weeds

resulted in significantly highest grain yield of wheat over hand weeding twice.


6

• Pendimethalin 3.0 kg/ha (Pre.) controlled weeds effectively and gave highest garlic bulb

yield. This was followed by oxyfluorfen 0.50 kg/ha and pendimethalin 1.50 kg/ha.

• In okra, hand weeding thrice behaving statistically alike with hand weeding twice,

trifluralin 0.75 kg ha-1 + HW and pendimethalin 0.75 kg ha-1 + HW resulted in

significantly higher marketable yield of okra over remaining treatments by effective

control of weeds.

• To control weeds in garden pea, imazethapyr 150 g ha-1 (40 DAS) being statistically at

par with imazethapyr 100 g ha-1 (40 DAS) and 150 g/ha (20 DAS), resulted in

significantly higher green pod yield of pea.

• Integration of FYM 37.5 t/ha with Chromolaena mulch controlled weeds effectively and

resulted in significantly highest potato tuber yield.

D. Forage and Grassland Management

• Seventy five per cent recommended N + inoculation of Azospirillum + Azotobacter

resulted in significantly higher green fodder (529.6 q/ha), dry matter yield (106.8 q/ha)

and net return (Rs.41334/ha/year) from Napier Bajra Hybrid.

• In Setaria – white clover production system, application of 100% NPK through inorganic

fertilizer resulted in highest net returns.

• At Bajaura, a significant increase in green fodder yield up to 60 kg N/ha (44.2 q/ha) was

obtained in barley under rainfed conditions. The new barley introduction BHS 380

recorded significantly higher grain yield (21.7q/ha), however it could not surpass check

cultivar HBL 276 with respect to green fodder yield.

E. Agrometeorology

• With delay in sowing of gobhi sarson from October 15 to November 15 consistence

decrease in yield to the tune of 35.7 and 50.5% was realized in Hyola and HPN varieties,

respectively.

• The relationship of 13 years made tea productivity data of Tea Factory Palampur and

seasonal rainfall (February to September) indicated yield peaks fluctuations with the

rainfall amount. Rainfall higher than 2000 mm during this period was found to depress


7

the yield. The tea yield of April plucking was positively associated with the rainfall of

March and that of September with the rainfall of same month.

• Mean temperature of 13.1oC and rainfall of 30 mm during the month of February were

congenial for the incidence and spread of mustard aphid.

• Twenty hours with temperature ≤20oC and 24 hours with temperature of ≤24 oC during

growth period created highly favourable condition for rice blast spread.

• The rainfall forecast made at Palampur (Correct and usable %) was more than 69.1%

correct in all season except SW monsoon with 46.4%. The usability percentage for

weekly-accumulated rainfall varied between 27-71%. The RMSE varied between 9.5-

57.0 in all season. Higher rainfall amount was predicted for post monsoon and winter

season.

• The error structure for maximum temperature varied between 54.2 to 75.4%. It was

between 57.6 to 81.5 for minimum temperature in all the season. During rabi, the

accuracy was lower for minimum temperature and during kharif it was higher for

maximum temperature. RMSE varied between 1.9 to 2.7 for maximum and 1.57 to 2.3

for minimum temperature.

• The predicted rainfall was 42.0% of the observed in Kharif and 76% to percent in rabi

i.e. lower rainfall was predicted for the wetter and higher for the drier season.

• Economic impact assessed at university farm indicated 4.1 to 7.2% profit in cereal crops.

The higher profit to the tune of 3.8 to 4.7% in rice, 5.2 to 7.8% wheat and 3.5 to 5.2% in

maize was obtained at the selected farmers’ fields. During SW monsoon season, Rs. 350-

500 (44-75 kg feed) were saved due to correct cloud cover forecast in fishery enterprises

in the region.

Extension

On farm trials

• In maize-wheat sequence, application of recommended NPK to both the crops was

superior to application of N, NP or NK alone in influencing both grain and straw yields

of maize and wheat crops as well as maize equivalent during 2007-08 and 2008-09.


8

• Among different maize based cropping systems, maize-potato-onion resulted in highest

maize equivalent yield and thereby gross and net return during 2007-08 and 2008-09.

• Among different rice based cropping systems, rice-potato-onion gave significantly higher

rice equivalent yield during 2007-08 and 2008-09. This was closely followed by rice-

potato-French bean and rice-radish–potato cropping systems.

• In maize-wheat and rice-wheat cropping systems, recommended package of practices for

both the component crops in sequence gave significantly higher grain and straw yield,

grain equivalent yield and proved more profitable than Farmers’ practice as well as

Farmers’ practice with recommended NPK to each crop in sequence during 2007-08 and

2008-09. Super-imposition of 10 t FYM/ha on recommended practice further increased

yield and return over the recommended package of practices alone.

• Based on 11 on-farm trials, rice crop of HPR 2143 variety with SRI gave 5.3 - 8.3 Mg/ha

grain yield in comparison to grain yield of 4.9 - 6.1 Mg/ha under farmers’ practice.

• During the year under report 20 on-farm trials to demonstrate weed management

technology to make yield loss and assessment due to the weeds in maize, rice & wheat

and problematic weeds like Ageratum conyzoides, Ageratum houstonianum, Parthenium

hysterophorus, Lantana camara in orchards and grasslands were conducted at different

locations.

• In all, the research and extension faculty of the Agronomy conducted 84 on-farm trials in

different parts of the state to educate the farmers in the various aspects of crop production.

Frontline demonstrations

Four frontline demonstrations were conducted to popularize gobhi sarson in place of

wheat in maize-gobhi sarson sequence. Four frontline demonstrations were conducted to

popularize mash and gram in place of maize-wheat sequence. The results of FLDs were

encouraging. In addition, a large number of field demonstrations on crop production aspects were

conducted in different parts of state by agronomists of the department.

Field days and awareness programmes

From 6-12 September 2008, Department organized Parthenium awareness week. In all more than

3000 farmers from different panchayats and students of different colleges and schools participated in this

programme. Department of Agronomy and Geo-informatic Centre in participation organized Earth day on


9

22nd April, 2009 at CSKHPKV, Palampur. This organization of Earth day was sponsored by the Ministry

of Earth Sciences, New Delhi.

Recommendations in the package of practices

During the year under report, two recommendations were included in the package of practices

one each in the package and practices of kharif (use of cyhalofop butyl in rice) and rabi (clodinafop

propargyl in wheat) crops.

Other extension activities

The faculty of Agronomy made commendable efforts in organizing 117 extension trainings,

delivering 378 lectures in different trainings, 53 kisan melas/field days, delivering 10 radio and 10 TV

talks for the benefit of farmers throughout the state.

Publications

During the year under report, the faculty of the department published 29 research papers

in the national and international journals and presented 44 research papers in national and

international conferences.

Visit of dignitories

During 2008-09, Dr K A Singh, Director, IGFRI Jhansi, Dr S A Faruqui, Project

Coordinator, Dr. M.S. Gill, Director PDCSR, QRT team of AICRP (Forage Crops), and

Delegation of Kansas State University USA, AICRP (Forage Crops) visited the department in

different scientific pursuits.

Awards Honours

Dr. N.N. Angiras: Awarded the 2008 ‘Man of the Year Award’ representing India by American

Biographical Institute, USA on October 24, 2008.

Visits Abroad

During the year under report, Dr Naveen Kumar (Ullensvang, Norway) and Dr R S Rana (Nepal)

had opportunities to visit abroad.


10

HEADS OF THE DEPARTMENT AND FACULTY

S. No. Name Period 1. Dr. K Bassi July – September 2008 2. Dr. HL Sharma October – December 2008 3. Dr. NN Angiras January – June 2009

Faculty in Teaching

S. No. Name Designation Scheme 1. Dr. K. Bassi Professor APL - 010 2. Dr. H.L. Sharma Professor APL - 010 3. Dr. B.D. Kalia Professor APL - 010 4. Dr. Pawan Pathania Professor APL - 010 5. Dr. M.C. Rana Assoc. Professor APL - 010 6. Dr. G.D. Sharma Assoc. Professor APL - 010

Faculty in Research

At Department S. No. Name Designation Scheme

1. Dr. N.N. Angiras Sr. Agronomist and Head ICAR - 06 2. Dr. J.J. Sharma Chief Scientist (on EOL) ICAR - 07 3. Dr. J.P. Saini Sr. Scientist APL - 058 4. Dr. S.K. Gautam Sr. Scientist ICAR - 06 5. Dr. R. Prasad Sr. Scientist ICAR - 031 6. Dr.(Mrs) Neelam Sharma Sr. Residue Chemist ICAR - 06 7. Dr. SK Subehia Scientist (Soil Science) 8. Dr. R.S. Rana Agronomist (Centre for Geographical Information System) APL - 03 9. Dr. S.S. Rana Scientist ICAR - 07

At Main Campus in other establishments and Regional Research Centres and sub-Centres

S. No. Name Designation Place of posting 1. Dr. D. Badiyala Sr. Scientist and Head Department of Seed Science and Technology 2. Dr. Naveen Kumar Sr. Scientist and

In-charge AICRP on Forages and Grassland Management, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics

3. Dr. V.K. Sharma Sr. Scientist Department of Agricultural Engineering 4. Dr. R.K. Kataria Sr. Scientist Department of Seed Science and Technology 5. Dr. Kapil Saroch Sr. Scientist AICRP on Water Management, Department of Soil

Science 6. Dr. Rameshwar Scientist Department of Agroforestry 7. Dr. A.K. Manchanda Sr. Scientist Regional Research Station, Dhaulakuan 8. Dr. S.K. Sharma Sr. Scientist Research Station, Akrot 9. Dr. D.R. Thakur Sr. Scientist Regional Research Station, Bajaura 10. Dr. J. Shekhar Sr. Scientist Rice and Wheat Research Station, Malan 11. Dr. S.C. Negi Sr. Scientist Rice and Wheat Research Station, Malan 12. Dr. B. S. Mankotia Scientist Rice and Wheat Research Station, Malan 13. Dr. Anil Kumar Scientist Regional Research Station, Kukumseri 14. Dr. K.S. Thakur Sr. Scientist Oilseed Research Station, Kangra 15. Dr. U.K. Puri Sr. Agronomist Research Station, Salooni 16. Dr. Rajesh Singh Asstt Scientist Research Sub Station, Lari


11

Faculty in Extension Education

The Agronomists exclusively involved in Extension Education are at the disposal of the

Directorate of Education. Agronomy Extension Education Faculty at the main campus and at

KVKs is here as under;

S. No.

Name Designation Place of posting

1. Dr. B.L. Kapur Sr. Extension Specialist Directorate of Extension Education

2. Dr. J. Singh Agronomist Directorate of Extension Education

3. Dr. A.D Bindra Agronomist Directorate of Extension Education

4. Dr. Vinod Sharma Scientist KVK, Bajaura 5. Dr. Purushottam Kumar Agronomist on EOL 6. Dr. Sandeep Manuja Extension Specialist KVK, Kukumseri 7. Dr. A.K. Choudhary AES KVK, Sundernagar 8. Dr. Sanjay Kumar AES KVK, Bara 9. Dr. Deep Kumar AES KVK, Kangra

Schemes/Projects

During the year under report following ICAR/GOI/Miscellaneous projects/Revolving

funds were in operation in the department.

State/ICAR schemes in operation in the department during 2008-09.

S.No. Name of Scheme

Project title Source of funding

Principal investigator

1 APL-010-16

Teaching facilities in the department State Govt. Head

2 APL-003-16

Facilities for introduction of practical field crop production courses in curriculum of B.Sc. Agriculture at COA

State Govt Head

3 APL-058-16

Facilities for Research in the department of AFGM State Govt. Head

4 ICAR-06-16

AICRP on Weed Control ICAR NN Angiras

5 ICAR-07-16

AICRP on Integrated Farming System Research ICAR JJ Sharma/ HL Sharma

6 ICAR-031-16

AICRP on Agrometeorology ICAR Rajendra Prasad


12

Adhoc-projects

GOI/Misc projects/Revolving funds and CDA in operation in the department during 2008-09

S. No.

Name of Scheme

Project title Source of funding Principal investigator

CoPIs

1 Misc.706-16 FLDs on oilseed ICAR JJ Sharma/ HL Sharma

SK Sharma

2 Misc.756-16 FLDs on Pulses ICAR JJ Sharma/ HL Sharma

-do-

3 Misc.667-16 Tribenuron DF and MSM + Clodianafop-propargyl 15WP mixture against weed in wheat season-I

E.I. Du Pont, Gurgaon NN Angiras Suresh Kumar

4 Misc.674-16 Bioefficacy, phytotoxicity and Residue data of atrazine 50 WP in maize and potato

Krishi Rasayan Exports Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi

NN Angiras Neelam Sharma

5 Misc.676-16 Follow crop trial of MSM + clodinafop in wheat season-I

E.I. Du Pont, Gurgaon NN Angiras Suresh Kumar

6 Misc.687-16 Bioefficacy and phytotoxicity of BCSAA 10717-2% + glyphosate 40-42% SC against weed complex in Tea crop

Development executive (Bayer Crop Science) Ludhiana

NN Angiras Suresh Kumar

7 A49-039-16 Revolving Fund for Forage Seed Production and Nersery Raising

Departmental income JP Saini/Pawan Pathania

8 A96-086-16 Seed Production of Agricultural Crops and Fisheries (ICAR Adhoc-205-36)

Departmental income Naveen Kumar

9 CDA-005-16 Central Developmental Grant ICAR Head 10 CDA-008-16 Central Developmental Grant ICAR Head

BUDGET

Head-wise budget under different schemes

S. No. Scheme Budget (Rs) Pay TA Contingency Total 1 APL-010-16 4710934 2000 - 4712934 2 APL-003-16 1380246 1000 - 1390246 3 APL-058-16 223769 1000 - 2233769 4 ICAR-06-16 3300000 60000 1052000 4452000 5 ICAR-07-16 3567000 70000 455000 4062000 6 ICAR-031-16 900000 30000 210000 1140000 7 Misc.706-16 - - 10000 10000 8 Misc.756-16 - - 10000 10000 9 Misc.667-16 - - 70000 70000 10 Misc.674-16 - - 500000 500000 11 Misc.676-16 - - 180000 180000 12 Misc.687-16 - - 150000 150000


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Revolving Funds’ status (2008-09)

S. No. Name of the Fund

Initial balance (01-04-2008) (Rs.)

Income (Rs)

Expenditure (Rs*)

Closing balance (31-03-2009) (Rs.)

1 A49-039-16 27453 265987 205438 92551 2 A96-086-16 158563 294275 378385 78310 * Include an amount of Rs 72000 deposited with the Comptroller of the University on account of regularization of DPLs.

Central Developmental Assistance during 2008-09

S. No. Number Dean PGS/COA Receipts Expenditure 1 CDA-005-16 Dean PGS + Dean COA

25000+100000=125000 117013

2 CDA-008-16 Dean PGS+ Dean COA

10000+350000=360000 355287

Income generation

S. No. Scheme Amount (Rs) Remarks

1. ICAR - 06 28070 -

2. ICAR - 07 97350 -

3. ICAR - 31 500 -


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BACKGROUND OF THE DEPARTMENT

The Department of Agronomy was established in the year 1972 under the then

Agriculture Complex component of the Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla to develop skilled

and efficient human resource in the field of Agronomy, for imparting education to students,

undertaking appropriate research on crop and natural resource management on sustainable basis

in the hills and mountains and provide knowledge and skill to the hill farmers.

Palampur lies at an elevation of 1290.8 meters above mean sea level. Geographically it is

situated at 32o6/N latitude and 76o3/E longitude and represents mid hill sub-humid zone of H.P.

The average total annual rainfall ranges around 2693.4 mm, out of which 74.4 per cent is

received during monsoon (June to Sept.), 17.3 per cent during December to March and 8.3 per

cent during October-November. Temperature-wise, May and June are the hottest months having

a mean maximum temperature of 30.0oC and 29.6oC, respectively and mean minimum

temperature of 20.0oC and 20.0oC, respectively. December and January are the coldest months

having mean maximum temperatures of 14.4oC and 16.6oC and mean minimum temperature of

5.9oC and 6.6oC, respectively. The average total annual evaporation from US open pan

evaporimetre is 1097.0 mm and mean rate of evaporation per day range from 1.6 mm in January,

February to 3.7 mm per day during April, May. Mean relative humidity remaining between 60.3

to 75.4 per cent from June to September and 50.5 to 60.4 per cent for rest of the period.

The soils are clay loam to silty clay loam in texture developed from fluviel glacial parent

material consisting mainly slates, phyllites, quartz, schists and gneiss. The soil is classified as

Alfisols with typic hapludalf as its sub-order. The soils are acidic with the pH ranging from 5.2

to 6.0 and CEC from 9.0 to 13.0 mg/100 g soils. The status of organic carbon in the soil is

medium to high range. The soils are medium in available N and high in potassium and low in

available phosphorus.

The agricultural year is divided into three main seasons i.e. kharif, rabi and spring. Rice,

maize soybean and urdbean are main kharif season crops, while wheat, linseed, raya, lentil,

sarson are main rabi season crops. During the spring season potato and sunflower are the major

crops grown in this region.

Mandate

• Development of human resource in the subject of Agronomy


15

• Development of agro-techniques for various crops and cropping systems, pasture and grassland improvement, farming system models, crop-weather relationships

• Dissemination of technology so developed to extension functionaries and the farmers

TEACHING At UG level, the department imparts teaching in 13 core courses to the students of

Agriculture, Home Science and Veterinary and Animal Sciences. The department has started

offering courses to under graduate according to revised curriculum.

Courses offered

The detail of courses offered in UG and PG during 2008-09 is given below:

Courses offered during the Ist Semester of Academic year 2008-09 S No. Course

No. Course Title Credit hour Instructor

B. Sc. 1 Agron-111 Principles of Agronomy and Agricultural

Meteorology 2+1 MC Rana & R Prasad

2 Agron-112 Introductory Agriculture (Ancient Heritage, Agriculture Scenario and Gender Equity in Agriculture)

1+1 NN Angiras

3 Agron-234 Field Crops-I (Kharif crops including forages, cereals, oilseeds and commercial crops

2+1 GD Sharma

4 Agron-335 Practical Crop Production-I 0+1 MC Rana 5 Agron-358 Rainfed Agriculture 1+1 BD Kalia 6 LPM-112 Fodder Production and Grass Land

Management(B.V.Sc.) 1+1 Naveen Kumar

7 PC-301 Plant Clinic 0+1 GD Sharma M.Sc. 1 Agron-501 Modern Concepts in Crop production 3+0 GD Sharma 2 Agron-502 Agronomy of Major Field Crops 4+0 SS Rana 3 Agron-506 Crop and Seed Physiology 2+1 JP Saini 4 Agron-511 Principles and Practices of Weed Management 2+1 MC Rana 5 Agron-521 Principles and Practices of Water Management 2+1 Kapil Saroch 6 Agron-522 Soil Fertility Management and Fertilizer Use 2+1 HL Sharma 7 Agron-526 Soil Conservation and Watershed Management 2+1 K Bassi 8 Agron-531 Fodder and Forage Crops 2+1 VK Sharma 9 Agron-591 M.Sc. Seminar 1+0 K Bassi Ph. D. 1 Agron-612 Advances in Weed Crop Competition 2+0 NN Angiras 2 Agron-613 Weed Ecology 2+1 Suresh Kumar 3 Agron-622 Advances in Fertilizer use in Crop Production 2+0 BD Kalia 4 Agron-641 Advances in Agrometeorology 2+1 RS Rana 5 Agron-691 Ph. D. Seminar 1+0 K Bassi


16

Few courses are exclusively Field Practicals which expose the students to all the field

problems for raising successful crops. During the 3rd year, the students of B.Sc. (Ag.) are

allotted an area of about 400 m2 each at the farm on which they are required to raise crops during

the entire year. The students are given the profit earned by them under the auspices of “earn

while you learn scheme”. The irrigation facility has been strengthened and extended to each

field in the students’ farm. Electricity and potable water facilities have been provided in the new

student farm building.

Courses offered during the IInd Semester of Academic year 2008-09 S No.

Course No. Course Title Credit hour

Instructor

UG 1 Agron-123 Water Management including Micro-irrigation 2+1 Kapil Saroch 2 Agron-241 Crop Production (Home Science) 1+1 Naveen Kumar 3 Agron-246 Field Crops-II (Rabi crops including forage, cereals,

millets & pulses) 2+1 GD Sharma

4 Agron-347 Practical Crop production- II 0+1 MC Rana 5 Agron-369 Weed Management 1+1 MC Rana 6 Agron-3610 Farming Systems and Sustainable Agri. 2+0 HL Sharma M. Sc. 1 Agron-503 Agronomy of Vegetable Crops 3+0 SS Rana 2 Agron-504 Medicinal and Aromatic Crops 2+1 Rameshwar 3 Agron-505 Seed Production Agronomy 2+1 RK Kataria 4 Agron-507 Systems Research and Crop Modeling 2+1 RS Rana 5 Agron-512 Mechanism of Herbicide Action 2+1 Suresh Kumar/JP

Saini 6 Agron-523 Management of Problem Soils 2+1 Kapil Saroch/MC

Rana 7 Agron-524 Organic Farming 2+1 GD Sharma/S

Manuja 8 Agron-525 Dryland Farming 2+1 BD Kalia 9 Agron-541 Crop Ecology and Geography 2+0 R Prasad/VK

Sharma 10 Agron-591 M.Sc. Seminar 1+0 K Bassi Ph. D. 1 Agron-601 Advances in Crop Production 3+0 GD Sharma 2 Agron-611 Kinetics of Herbicides in Plants and Soil 3+0 NN Angiras 3 Agron-621 Advances in Mineral Nutrition of Crop Plants 2+0 HL Sharma 4 Agron-623 Advances in Soil Plant Water Atmosphere Relationship 3+0 K Bassi 5 Agron-631 Advances in Agrostology 2+0 Naveen Kumar 6 Agron-642 Vegetation and Hydrology 3+0 P Pathania 7 Agron-691 Ph. D Seminar 1+0 K Bassi

In PG programme, a number of courses are offered under the following fields of

specialization:


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i) Cropping systems and Crop Production

ii) Mineral nutrition and Water Management

iii) Weed Science

iv) Pasture and Grassland Management

v) Agrometeorology.

A crop cafeteria is being raised both during Rabi as well as kharif seasons for the benefit

of UG and PG students.

The students admitted during the year under report are as below,

Students admitted during the Academic Session of 2008-09 S. No.

Name Admission No.

Subject Advisor

Ph D 1. Navell Chander A2008-40-04 Weed Science Suresh

Kumar MSc. 1. Mr. Ashwani

Kumar A2008-30-04 Forage and Grassland

Management Naveen Kumar

2. Mr. Narendra Kumar

A2008-30-05 Weed Science MC Rana

3. Ms. Pryanka Gautam

A2008-30-06 Cropping system and crop production

GD Sharma

Scholarships

During 2008-09, the following students were awarded scholarships: Students awarded scholarship during the Academic Session of 2008-09 S. No. Name Admission No. Name 1 Vivek Kaila A-2007-30-07 Merit 2 Priyanka Gautam A-2008-30-06 -do-

Coaching Classes

During the year 2008-09 coaching classes for Junior Research Fellowship of ICAR were

undertaken. The faculty at the department took keen interest in undertaking coaching on different

aspects of the subject. Consequently two students qualified the JRF (Junior Research

Fellopwship).


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Students who completed their degrees

The detail of theses submitted and degrees completed by the students of Agronomy (M.

Sc. only) during 2008-09 is given here as under:

S. No.

Name & Admission No.

Title of the thesis Major Advisor

Date of completion

Honours/awards

1. Rohit Sharma A-2003-40-03

Standardization of round the year management techniques for the control of Lantana (Lantana camara {L.} var. aculeata)

Dr. JP Saini

14 Nov 2008 Merit Scholarship

2. Renu Sharma A-2004-40-01

Effect of long term integrated nutrient management system on soil and crop productivity in rice-wheat crop sequence

Dr. HL Sharma

16 April 2009

Merit Scholarship

3. Vishal Sharma A-2004-40-02

Studies on Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) in garden pea based cropping systems under dry temperate high hill conditions

Dr. BD Kalia

15 June 2009

-

4. Deenpal Singh A-2005-30-07

Studies on the effect of integrated use of nutrients in capsicum (Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum) under high hill dry temperate conditions of Himachal Pradesh

Dr. AD Bindra

17 March 2009

-

5. Pawan Kumar A-2006-30-12

Effect of dates of sowing on yield and quality of Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) under mid hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh

Dr. Rajendra Prasad

9 March 2009

-

Theses Abstracts

The abstracts of theses of the students who completed degrees during the period under

report have been given below:

Standardization of round the year management techniques for the control of Lantana

(Lantana camara {L.} var. aculeata)

Name of the student: Rohit Sharma

Lantana camara Linn. belonging to family Verbenaceae is an exotic ornamental perennial

shrub native of tropical America, reached India in early half of the 19th century from Australia


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categorized as one of the ten worst weeds of the world. Lantana camara has posed a serious

threat and spread like a wild fire in recent years in hilly terrains of Himachal Pradesh and

covering almost all the uncultivated land up to 6,000 feet amsl. Lantana management through

cutting is very labour intensive and time consuming process. The existing technology of Lantana

management could not become popular with the farming community because the field operations

of recommended technology coincide with most important field operations of maize and rice and

cutting of grasses from natural grasslands. Therefore, there was an urgent need to work out the

alternatives with respect to time of Lantana cutting and time and dose of glyphosate spray on

regenerated growth for the control of this weed, so that Lantana control operations are

convenient for adoption round the year to the farmers as per their preference and availability of

time. The present investigation was carried out with twelve combinations of four times of cutting

(March, July, September and December) and three times of spray (one, two and three months

after cutting) as main plot factors and three levels of glyphosate (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%) plus one

unsprayed check in sub plots which were evaluated in split plot design with three replications.

Cutting of Lantana bushes in September resulted in lowest growth and minimum percent

regeneration & highest control efficiency/rating. Consequently, fresh and dry biomass production

of local grasses emerged after Lantana control was highest under September cutting. Spray of

glyphosate one month after cutting proved most effective in reducing Lantana growth and

increasing fresh and dry biomass of grasses. In general glyphosate 1.5%, proved to be most

effective in reducing all the growth parameters viz. shoot height, shoots per plant, leaves per

plant, leaf area index, and fresh & dry biomass of Lantana and increasing fresh and dry biomass

of local grasses. Irrespective of times of cutting, spray of glyphosate one month after cutting was

superior to the other times of spray. Although at all the times of cutting and spray, glyphosate

1.5% was effective in controlling Lantana and increasing the biomass of local grasses, but, in

July and September cuttings when the spray was done at one month after cutting even 0.5% and

1.0% dose of glyphosate was as effective as 1.5% in controlling Lantana and increasing the local

grass yield. In March cutting, application of glyphosate 1.0% on regenerated foliage one month

after cutting was effective, however, if the spray is delayed, still higher dose of glyphosate

(1.5%) is needed. In December cutting, glyphosate 1.5% was effective when sprayed on

regenerated foliage one and two months after cutting. The application cost of glyphosate at 0.5,

1.0 and 1.5% came out to be Rs.4952.50, Rs. 6265.00 and Rs. 7577.50 per hectare, respectively.


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This includes the cost of cutting of Lantana bushes (Rs. 3250/ ha) and spray (Rs. 390/ha). Time

of cutting and time of spray were the non-monetary inputs.

Effect of long term integrated nutrient management system on soil and crop productivity in

rice-wheat crop sequence

Name of the student: Renu Sharma

An on-going field experiment entitled, "Effect of long term integrated nutrient

management system on soil and crop productivity in rice-wheat crop sequence" was continued at

Bhadiarkhar Farm of Department of Agronomy, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya

during the year 2005-06 and 2006-07. In this field investigation 12 treatment combinations

comprising T1 Control (No fertilizer, no manures to both the crops), T2 (50% NPK to both rice

and wheat), T3 (50% NPK to rice and 100% NPK to wheat), T4 (75% NPK to both rice and

wheat), T5 (100% NPK to both rice and wheat), T6 (50% NPK + 50% N (FYM) to rice and 100%

NPK to wheat), T7 (75% NPK + 25% N (FYM) to rice and 75% NPK to wheat), T8 (50% NPK +

50% N (wheat cut straw) to rice and 100% NPK to wheat), T9 (75% NPK + 25% N (wheat cut

straw) to rice and 75% NPK to wheat), T10 (50% NPK + 50% N (green manure) to rice and

100% NPK to wheat), T11 (75% NPK + 25% N (green manure) to rice and 75% NPK to wheat),

T12 (Farmers' Practice, 40% NPK and FYM 5 t/ha to both the crops) were evaluated in a

randomized block design with four replications. The growth parameters of rice and wheat, viz.,

plant height, dry matter accumulation, number of shoots per metre square, number of leaves per

hill at periodic intervals, yield attributes viz., number of panicles of rice and spikes of wheat per

metre square, number of spikelets per panicle or grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, and grain

and straw yields at maturity stage of the crop were recorded to evaluate the effect of different

treatments, besides the soil properties after harvest of each crop season. The growth,

development, yield attributes of both rice and wheat was found to be best when 50% N through

FYM and 50% NPK to rice and 100% NPK to wheat (T6) was applied during the preceding 16

years. However, statistically this treatment, was as good as the combined use of other organic

materials like green manure and wheat cut straw to the extent of 50% N to rice followed by

100% NPK to wheat as well as the application of 100% recommended doses of NPK to both the

crops in sequence. Significant decrease in growth and yield of both the crops was recorded due

to sub-optimal doses of NPK application to either of the crops. The effect of different treatments


21

on NPK uptake, by the crops followed similar trend as on the yield and yield attributes,

maximum being in T6 followed by T8, T7, T10 and T9. After the 16 years of application of

different treatments, an appreciable build-up in soil organic carbon content and available P was

noticed in all the treatments. In case of available N there was decline from the initial status and

in case of available K, there was depletion in control as well as in inorganically fertilized plots,

while in integrated nutrient management treatment plots it was just maintained. The microbial

biomass carbon content was maximum in wheat cut straw treated plots. Productivity trend

analysis revealed considerable seasonal variations. The sustainable rice equivalent yield indices

due to all the treatments was more than 0.5 revealing that all the nutrient management practices

were effective in sustaining the productivity of rice wheat system.

Studies on Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) in garden pea based cropping systems

under dry temperate high hill conditions

Name of the student: Vishal Sharma

To find out the effect of organic and bio-fertilizer in conjunction with inorganic fertilizers

on growth, yield and nutrient uptake in garden pea based cropping system, the field experiment

was conducted at the research farm of Highland Agricultural Research and Extension, Centre

Kukumseri (Lahaul & Spiti), CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur

(Himachal Pradesh) during 2006 and 2007. Six combinations of two cropping sequences (Pea-

buckwheat and pea-sarson) and three organic/biofertilizers (FYM 5 t ha-1, Rhizobium and FYM

2.5 t ha-1 + Rhizobium) as main plot factors and three fertilizer levels (50%, 100% and 150% of

recommended NPK) as sub-plot factors were evaluated in split-plot design with three

replications. Application of FYM 2.5 t ha-1 + Rhizobium in integration with 150% of

recommended NPK resulted in significant improvement in growth, yield, nutrient uptake of

garden pea and buckwheat/sarson and improved the fertility of the soil. Pea-buckwheat cropping

sequence in conjunction with integrated use of FYM 2.5 t ha-1 + Rhizobium along with 150% of

recommended NPK was found to be the best. However, organic carbon content was significantly

higher with FYM 5 t ha-1 in integration with 150% of recommended NPK. In terms of net

returns, FYM 2.5 t ha-1 + Rhizobium in integration with 100% of recommended NPK was as

good as in combination with 150% of recommended NPK, under pea-buckwheat/sarson cropping

sequence.


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Studies on the effect of integrated use of nutrients in capsicum (Capsicum annuum L. var.

grossum ) under high hill dry temperate conditions of Himachal Pradesh

Name of the student: Deenpal Singh

Sweet or bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum) commonly known as Shimla

Mirch was introduced by Britishers in the 19th century in Shimla hills. The crop has an

advantage of being an off season vegetable crop when grown under high hill dry temperate zone

of Himachal Pradesh as the availability of its fruits is at such a time when there is no other

source from other parts of India and Himachal Pradesh. Besides, physical environment nutrition

is one of the paramount factors which influence the productivity of capsicum. Application of

essential nutrient elements from a single source, be it chemical fertilizer, organic manure cannot

meet the requirement of any crop. Rather nutrients have to be supplied from organic, inorganic

and bio-fertilizer sources in an integrated manner and in balanced amounts. Keeping this

background in view, the present investigation entitled, "Studies on the effect of integrated use of

nutrients in capsicum (Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum) under high hill dry temperate

conditions of Himachal Pradesh" was carried out at the experimental farm of CSK HPKV,

Highland Agricultural Research and Extension Centre, Kukumseri, Lahaul & Spiti, during

summer 2006 and 2007. Among organics and bio-fertilizers FYM 5 t/ha + Azotobacter + PSB

resulted in significantly higher growth, yield attributes, yield and economic returns of capsicum.

This treatment remained at par with FYM 5 t/ha + Azotobacter. Among different levels of NPK,

application of 150 per cent of recommended NPK gave highest yield and net returns. Physico-

chemical properties of soil were improved in all the treatments where organics/bio-fertilizers

were applied either alone or in combination. Soil chemical properties were significantly

improved with the application of 150 per cent of recommended NPK.

Effect of dates of sowing on yield and quality of Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) under mid hill

conditions of Himachal Pradesh

Name of the student: Pawan Kumar

Stevia rabaudiana Bert. belongs to family Asteraceae. It is a perennial herbaceous plant

native to the valley of Rio Monday in highlands of Paraguay. Stevia is the richest source of high

potency natural sweeteners. Leaves are the principal harvestable produce. The sweeteners,

steviosides extracted from the plants are 300 times sweeter than sugar and are used as natural

alternative to artificial sweeteners. Leaf extract of this plant has been used traditionally in the


23

treatment of diabetes. To study the crop response at different phenophases and to develop

weather based predictive models for yield and quality in Stevia, the present investigation, "Effect

of dates of sowing on yield and quality of Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) under mid hill conditions

of Himachal Pradesh" was carried out at the experimental farm of Institute of Himalayan

Bioresource Technology (CSIR), Palampur, during 2007. The stem cutting were raised in

nursery and planted after 30 days. The experiment was conducted in split plot design by keeping

five dates of planting viz., April 15, May 15, June 15, July 15 and August 15 in main plot and

two genotypes viz., Accession-I and Accession-II in sub plot with three replications. The

observations indicated that the growth, leaf yield and quality of Stevia were found to be the

highest in April 15 planted crop and resulted in significantly highest dry leaf yield (10.72 q/ha)

and stevioside (7.08%) and also accumulated highest heat units Le., 2027 growing degree days

(GDD), 1022 helio thermal units (HTU) and 2155 photo-thermal units (PTU), respectively

followed by May 15 and June 15 planted crop. In April 15 planted crop, growing degree days

(GOD) showed 73% and 87% variation in biomass and stevioside followed by 70% and 91% in

July 15 planted crop, respectively. Among genotypes, Accession-I produced significantly taller

plants, more number of primary branches per plant, more leaf area index and higher dry leaf

yield than Accession-II on planting from April 15 until July 15. Accumulation of biomass and

stevioside in all planting dates showed significant and consistent decrease with delay in planting

in both the Accessions. The decrease was however, higher in Accession-II. Temperature

influenced biomass accumulation during vegetative stage and day length during establishment,

vegetative and floral bud stages of Stevia. Therefore, on the basis of present investigation, it is

concluded that Accession-I is suitable genotype for growing under mid hill conditions of

Himachal Pradesh and gave better growth, yield and quality characters when planted on April 15.


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RESEARCH

The research programme of the department includes finding out of cultural, nutrients and

water requirements of important crops and cropping systems of Himachal Pradesh in relation to

weather conditions, management of weeds in crops and cropping systems for higher factor

productivity and to increase the productitivity of pastures and grasslands by managing obnoxious

weeds. The programmses of the department are focused on following objectives:-

1. To develop agro-techniques for various crops and cropping systems, pasture and

grassland improvement and management of weeds for different agro-climatic conditions

of the state

2. to develop farming system models and

3. to develop crop weather relationship.

The objectives are being achieved through experimentation under:

1. All India Coordinated Research Projects

2. Adhoc Projects funded by different agencies

3. State Financial Projects

4. Projects of the post graduate students and teaching staff

5. Revolving Funds

The agronomic research is being conducted at the Main Campus, Regional Research

Centres and Research Sub-centres of the university on the aspects given as below,

• Interaction between agro-techniques and varieties of different crops.

• Improvement/refinement of agro techniques suiting to the need of small and marginal farming community of the state.

• Working out of agronomic requirements of various crops and cropping systems for sustained productivity.

• Management of weeds in cropped and non-cropped lands.

• Development, improvement and management of natural grasslands vis-à-vis cultivated fodder crops by management of obnoxious weeds and introduction of improved grasses.

The research results from the experiments of scientists and postgraduate students have

been discribed in this section under the following broad headings,

1. Cropping systems and crop production


25

2. Fertility and water management

3. Weed management

4. Forage and grassland management

5. Agrometeorology

A. CROPPING SYSTEMS AND CROP PRODUCTION

Diversification of maize-wheat cropping system

All the new early sown mustard genotypes were almost equal in yield (Table CS 1). Their

short duration make it possible to go for the third crop of green gram or French bean in autumn.

The third crop especially green gram made diversification remunerative as MEY under cropping

sequences involving green gram was significantly higher over other cropping sequences. The

highest maize equivalent yield was obtained under maize-mustard (Kranti)-green gram system

(93.1 q/ha) followed by maize-mustard (JD-6)-green gram (90.5 q/ha).

Table CS 1. Yield (q/ha) under different cropping systems Treatments Kharif Rabi I Rabi II MEY Maize-wheat 19.9 41.6 - 79.3 Maize-Mustard (Kanti)-Green gram 19.4 8.7 8.7 93.1 Maize-Mustard (Kanti)-French bean 19.2 8.5 34.4 71.8 Maize-Mustard (JD-6)-Green gram 19.4 9.1 8.1 90.5 Maize-Mustard (JD-6)-French bean 20.5 8.7 24.8 65.3 Maize-Mustard (Agrani)-Green gram 20.2 8.0 7.8 86.5 Maize-Mustard (Agrani)-French bean 20.1 8.2 36.6 73.8 Maize-Mustard (NDRE-4)-Green gram 20.0 8.3 7.5 85.8 Maize-Mustard (NDRE-4)-French bean 19.3 8.8 29.3 68.3 Maize-Gobhi sarson 19.8 15.4 - 61.6 CD(P=0.05) - 5.3 MEY, Maize equivalent yield Effect of tillage and nitrogen management in late sown wheat under maize-radish-wheat

cropping sequence

A general crop of rainfed maize was raised with recommended package of practices.

Residual moisture was utilized for sowing of radish. Recommended cultivar of late sown wheat

was sown by opening furrow with hand plough both under zero and conservation tillage. Plots

with conventional tillage were sown with hand plough after two ploughings. Conservation tillage

(Zero tillage + Mulch) had highest values of soil moisture at all soil depths.


26

During first year, conventional tillage while remaining at par with conservation tillage

resulted in significantly higher grain yield compared to zero tillage (Table CS 2). On the

contrary, during later years, conservation tillage resulted in significantly higher grain yield

compared to conventional (28.37 and 14.69%) and zero tillage (38.17 and 22.29%). Nitrogen

management had a significant effect on both grain and straw yields of late-sown wheat during

first year and on grain yield alone during later years. During all the years, there was a

progressive increase in grain and straw yields with increasing nitrogen level. However, increase

in grain yields during first year was significant only when nitrogen level was increased from

125% to 150% and during second and third year, when nitrogen was increased from

recommended to 150% of recommended.

Table CS 2. Effect of tillage and nitrogen management on grain and straw yields (Mg/ha) of

wheat

Treatment Grain yield Straw yield 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Tillage management Conventional tillage 1.63 1.41 1.77 2.46 2.27 2.84 Zero tillage 1.47 1.31 1.66 2.44 2.18 2.67 Conservation tillage 1.59 1.81 2.03 2.22 2.67 3.19 LSD (P = 0.05) 0.09 0.17 0.25 NS 0.37 0.33 Nitrogen management 100% N 1.50 1.40 1.57 2.22 2.16 2.74 125% N 1.54 1.49 1.91 2.28 2.36 2.94 150% N 1.65 1.63 1.98 2.62 2.60 3.02 LSD (P = 0.05) 0.09 0.17 0.25 0.33 NS NS

Studies on planting geometry in wheat + gram intercropping

Pooled data indicated that there was significant reduction in wheat grain yield ranging from

21.5 to 28.0% owing to intercropping of gram with wheat. However, pure crop of gram resulted

in highest wheat grain equivalent yield (86.51 q/ha), which was 2.5 times more than the yield of

pure wheat (Table CS 3). Wheat + gram intercropping in 4:2 row ratio produced highest seed

yield of gram as compared to rest of the intercropping ratios. Planting geometry of 4:2 being at

par with 2:1 produced significantly higher wheat equivalent yield than 4:1 and 3:1 planting

geometries.

Table CS 3. Effect of planting geometry on yield of wheat + gram intercropping system Treatments Grain/seed yield (q/ha)


27

Wheat Gram Wheat equivalent 07-08 8-09 Pooled 07-08 08-09 Pooled 07-08 08-09 Pooled

Pure Wheat 41.90 27.23 34.56 - - - 41.90 27.23 34.56 Pure Gram - - - 28.81 28.83 28.82 86.43 86.51 86.47 Wheat+Gram (2:1) 34.73 22.17 28.45 3.74 4.86 4.30 45.95 36.74 41.35 Wheat+Gram (3:1) 32.80 21.61 27.20 3.31 5.22 4.26 42.73 37.27 40.00 Wheat+Gram (4:1) 33.67 20.64 27.15 3.31 4.05 3.68 43.61 32.81 38.21 Wheat+Gram (4:2) 34.27 19.76 27.01 5.43 6.55 5.99 50.58 39.40 44.99 CD 5% 3.28 2.11 1.79 1.58 3.76 1.80 4.32 9.47 4.87

Studies on intercropping of mustard with wheat under mid-hill condition of Himachal

Pradesh

Under all intercropping or mixed cropping systems WEY (wheat equivalent yield) was

comparable to sole wheat (Table CS 4). However, wheat + mustard intercropping and wheat +

mustard mixed cropping system increased WEY by 106.3-112.7% and 98.8-113.8%, resectively

compared to sole mustard cropping.

Table CS 4. Effect of intercropping of mustard with wheat on yields (q/ha) of crops Treatment Grain/seed yield

Wheat Mustard Wheat equivalent Sole Wheat 46.78 - 46.78 Sole Mustard - 11.69 22.20 Wheat + Mustard (3: 1) 42.20 2.64 47.22 Wheat + Mustard (6: 1) 42.20 1.90 45.81 Wheat + Mustard (9: 1) 42.66 1.75 45.99 Wheat + Mustard (80 + 20) 43.11 2.29 47.46 Wheat + Mustard (70 + 30) 42.11 1.47 44.90 Wheat + Mustard (100 + 20) 42.66 0.78 44.14 CD (P=0.05) - - 3.79

Performance of mash varieties under sole and intercropping systems of cultivation in Paonta Valley

T5 (Mash, KU-59, 9.62 q/ha) being statistically at par with T3 (Mash, KU223, 9.44 q/ha)

and T4 (Mash KU-6-363 8.14 q/ha) produced significantly higher yield of mash under sole crop

(Table CS 5). There was huge difference in yield of each variety under sole and intercropping

system. The intercropped mash yield of different varieties ranged from 0.89 to 1.92 q/ha, which

was not significantly different from each other. Sole maize crop yield recorded under T1, was

highest (44.44 q/ha). Maize yield under maize + mash intercropping treatments were almost

equal except with Mash KU-553 which was higher over Mash KU-223. Maize equivalent yield

under T5 (48.14 q/ha) was statistically superior to all treatments except T3 and T7. KU-553 took

lowest number of days to flowering and pod formation under sole/intercropping system.


28

Table CS 5. Yield (q/ha) and development of mash varieties under sole and intercropping systems

of cultivation (2008) Treatments Yield Mash

Maize Mash Maize equivalent DOF DOP DOM T1 Maize sole 44.44 - 44.44 - - - T2 Mash, KU-553 - 7.41 37.03 42.33 53.00 90.33 T3 Mash, KU-223 - 9.44 47.02 45.33 56.33 81.33 T4 Mash, KU-6-363 - 8.14 40.74 48.33 59.33 82.33 T5 Mash, KU-59 - 9.62 48.14 52.33 61.66 78.33 T6 Maize+ Mash KU-553 38.86 0.89 43.33 43.66 54.66 90.66

T7 Maize+ Mash-KU-223 35.55 1.92 45.18 47.66 58.33 82.66 T8 Maize+ Mash-KU-6-363 37.77 0.92 42.59 49.66 59.00 84.00

T9 Maize+ Mash-KU-59 36.29 1.59 44.25 51.66 62.00 82.00 CD at 5% 3.18 1.64 3.04 1.17 0.76 0.76 Maize Rs 600/q; Mash Rs 3000 /q

Site-Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM) in Maize-Wheat Cropping System under

Irrigated Conditions

Plots receiving no fertilizers resulted in almost 50% and 75 to 80% reduction in maize

and wheat grain yields, respectively compared to plots receiving all the nutrients. Site-specific

nutrient management resulted in 24.86% higher wheat grain yield as compared to state

recommendation of 120 kg N, 60 kg P2O5 and 30 kg K2O/ha. Withdrawal of N from the SSNM

resulted in tremendous yield reductions of both maize and wheat; however, withdrawal of P

resulted in small reduction in wheat grain yield only (Table CS 6).

Table CS 6. Effect of SSNM on maize and wheat yield Nutrients (kg/ha) Grain yield (q/ha) Maize (Kharif) (N+P2O5+K2O+ZnSO4)

Wheat (Rabi) (N+P2O5+K2O)

Maize (08)

Wheat (08-09)

Control Control 34.33 11.11 State recommendations = 120+60+40 +0 State recommendations = 120+60+30 77.77 36.85 Improved nutrient recommendation = 150+60+40+25

Improved nutrient recommendation = 120+60+30

79.97 40.19

SSNM = 188+79+0+25 SSNM = 188+97+0 78.63 50.18 SSNM-N = 0+79+0+25 SSNM-N = 0+97+0 44.60 10.74 SSNM- P2O5 = 188+0+25 SSNM- P2O5 = 188+0+0 77.10 41.11 SSNM- K2O = 188+79+0+25 SSNM- K2O = 188+97+0 79.37 47.96 CD at 5% 7.31 4.52 Control, no fertilizers; RDF, State recommendations


29

Yield maximization in rice-wheat system through integration of organic, inorganic and

micro-nutrient fertilization

Recommended NPK + ZnSO4 25 kg/ha + sunhemp (green manure) + FeSO4 1% foliar

spray (T6) recorded significantly higher grain yield of rice during all the three years (Table CS

7). This was followed by recommended NPK + ZnSO4 25 kg/ha + green manure (T3). The

residual effect of FYM became visible only during the third year when the treatments T2 and T5

(involving residual effect of FYM) were found to be statistically similar to T3 and T6. Wheat

grain yield during 2008-09 was significantly higher under direct seeded rice than under

transplanted rice. The treatments involving FYM 5 t/ha (T2 & T5) recorded higher wheat grain

yield. Application of green manure to rice did not exhibit any residual effect on the subsequent

wheat crop during all the years.

Table CS 7. Effect of integrated nutrient management on grain yield of rice and wheat Treatment Rice Wheat

2006 2007 2008 2006 2007 2008 System of rice planting Direct seeded 44.68 22.6 33.77 30.24 21.87 27.08 Transplanted 54.29 31.4 45.40 30.67 18.81 23.20 CD (P=0.05) 0.81 0.9 2.82 NS NS 2.45 Nutrients management Rice Wheat T1: 100% NPK + ZnSO4

$ 100% NPK 46.35 25.7 39.68 29.23 17.77 19.45 T2:100% NPK + ZnSO4 100% NPK + FYM@ 47.02 25.1 41.55 32.42 24.91 34.88 T3: 100% NPK + ZnSO4+ GM* 100% NPK 53.81 29.9 42.70 30.72 18.21 20.40 T4: 100% NPK + ZnSO4 + FeSO4

** 100% NPK + MnSO4# 47.72 24.9 39.78 29.36 17.20 19.79

T5: 100% NPK + ZnSO4 + FeSO4 100% NPK + FYM + MnSO4

47.63 24.6 42.01 31.86 26.97 36.32

T6: 100% NPK + ZnSO4 +GM + FeSO4

100% NPK +MnSO4 54.38 31.8 43.79 29.16 16.99 19.99

LSD (P=0.05) 1.40 0.9 2.20 NS 2.30 3.79 $, 25 kg/ha; *, Sunhemp green manure; **, 1.0% foliar; # 0.5% foliar; Farmyard manure 5 t/ha

Amelioration of acidic soils far enhanced rice productivity

RDF + FYM + Lime 600 kg/ha + 100% extra K (T7) resulted in significantly higher grain

yield of 2.82 t/ha during 2008 (Table CS 8.). But it remained at par with RDF (T1), RDF + 10 t

/ha FYM + 600 kg/ha lime (T4) and RDF + 600 kg/ha lime (T2).


30

Table CS 8. Effect of soil amendments on grain yield of rice

Treatment Grain yield (t/ha)

2006 2007 2008 T1 Recommended fertilizer dose (RDF) 5.74 2.28 2.77 T2 RDF + 600 kg lime/ha 5.69 2.01 2.62 T3 RDF + FYM 10 t/ha 5.84 2.62 2.27 T4 T3 + 600 kg lime/ha 5.98 2.77 2.63 T5 T2 + silica 100 kg/ha 5.35 2.00 2.34 T6 T3 + silica 100 kg/ha 5.72 2.47 2.53 T7 T4 +100% extra K 5.84 3.08 2.82 T8 T6 +100% extra K 5.56 2.61 2.20 T9 RDF + 300 kg lime/ha 5.59 2.24 2.17 T10 50% RDF + 600 kg lime/ha + FYM 10 t/ha 5.58 2.09 2.54 LSD (P=0.05) 0.19 0.31 0.28

Rice varietal response to System of Rice Intensification

Hybrid rice variety HRI 152 (Arize 6129) resulted in highest grain yield (Table CS 9).

This was followed by HPR 1068, a newly released variety and HPR 2336- a promising pre-

released genotype; both at par with each other. VL Dhan 221, an early maturing genotype (90-95

days duration) resulted in as high as 4 t/ha of paddy yield under SRI.

Table CS 9. Performance of rice varieties under System of Rice Intensification

Genotype Panicles/m2 Panicle wt

(g) Grain yield

(t/ha) HPR 1068 263 2.77 5.94 HPR 1156 (Sukara Dhan 1) 253 2.50 4.77 HPR 2143 249 3.28 5.42 HPR 2336 213 3.91 5.80 HRI 152 (Arize 6129) 245 4.97 7.67 RP 2421 263 2.45 5.20 VL Dhan 221 252 2.39 3.99 Kasturi (Basmati) 179 2.58 3.48 LSD (P=0.05) 19 0.33 0.31

Evaluation of system of rice intensification (SRI) with conventional planting methods of

rice under different nitrogen management practices

Sprouted seed of rice onto puddle resulted in significantly higher water use, water use

efficiency and grain yield (Table CS 10a), net returns and B:C ratio (Table CS 10 b) as compared

with other methods of planting rice. Water management through intermittent flooding or

continuous flooding had no influence on effective tillers and rice yield under system of rice


31

intensification. Sprouted seeding and SRI increased grain yield over conventionally transplanted

rice by 41.21 % and 26.67 %, respectively. N 30 kg/ha at sowing and remaining 60 kg/ha in two

equal splits (M1) resulted in significantly higher effective tillers, grain and straw yields, net

returns and B:C ratio than application of 30 kg/ha at sowing and remaining as per LCC 3 (M2).

Table CS 10a. Effect of planting methods and nitrogen management, on grain and straw yields

and water use efficiency

Treatment Grain yield (Mg/ha)

Straw yield (Mg/ha)

Effective tillers/plant

Water used (mm)

WUE (kg/ha-mm)

Planting methods and water management PSS 4.66 6.68 8.50 1858.5 2.51 PCTR 3.30 7.53 12.17 1455.2 2.27 PSRIIF 4.18 6.37 15.33 1578.7 2.64 PSRICF 4.18 6.37 14.50 1678.7 2.49 PDS 3.35 6.98 8.17 1505.3 2.23 CD (P=0.05) 0.25 0.59 0.98 - 0.16 N Management M1 4.24 7.01 12.27 1615.2 2.61 M2 3.63 6.56 11.20 1615.2 2.24 CD (P=0.05) 0.16 0.37 0.62 - 0.23 PSS, Sprouted seeding in puddled field (continuous flooding); PCTR, Conventional transplanting (continuous flooding); PSRIIF, System of rice intensification (intermittent flooding); PSRICF System of rice intensification (continuous flooding); PDS, Direct seeding and puddling on the onset of monsoon (rain fed); M1, 30 kg N/ha at sowing and remaining 60 kg N/ha in two equal splits ;M2, 30 kg N/ha at sowing and remaining as per LCC3

Table CS 10b. Effect of planting method and water management on economics of rice Treatment Gross returns

(Rs/ha) Cost of cultivation

(Rs/ha) Net returns

(Rs/ha) B:C ratio

Planting methods and water management PSS 44950 13405 31565 2.35 PCTR 36050 16937 19113 1.13 PSRIIF 40862 15230 25632 1.68 PSRICF 40925 15642 25283 1.62 PDS 35600 11261 24339 2.16 CD (P=0.05) 1866 - 1866 0.12 Nitrogen management M1 42285 14495 27790 1.96 M2 37070 14495 22575 1.91 CD (P=0.05) 1180 - 1180 0.08

Effect of spacing on the growth and yield of Paddy (Arize 6444 ) under Systems of rice

intensification (SRI) (Poanta valley)


32

T5 SRI (30 cm x 30 cm, 78.0 q/ha) being at par with T4 (25 cm * 25 cm, 74.7q/ha)

resulted in significantly higher, plant height, tillers/plant, spike length, harvest index and yield

(Table CS 11). The increase in yield recorded under T5 was 21.4% over control T1 (15 cm x 15

cm, conventional).

Table CS 11. Effect of spacing on the growth and yield parameters of SRI paddy (Arize 6444)

Treatments Plant height (cm)

Tillers/plant Spike length (cm)

Yield (q/ha)

HI

T1-15 cm x15 cm (Conventional)

128.0 6.2 24.13 61.33 0.42

T2-15 cm x 15 cm 124.8 5.8 24.0 62.00 0.37

T3-20 cm x 20 cm 131.7 9.6 25.5 63.16 0.34

T4-25cm x 25 cm 130.6 15.6 26.4 74.66 0.44

T5-30 cm x 30 cm 128.5 17.9 27.3 78.00 0.49

CD at 5% NS 2.6 1.65 7.24 0.05

Management practices for enhancing grain yield and soil health of rain-fed upland rice

Incorporation of sunhemp in standing crop significantly reduced grain yield of rice (2.97

t/ha) than rice alone (3.16 t/ha) during the first year (Table CS 12). In the second year paddy

yield was not significantly influenced due to incorporation of sunhemp over rice alone. Paddy

grain yield increased with increase in phosphorus level upto 40 kg P2O5/ha during the first year.

Table CS 12. Effect of green manure and fertility level on rain-fed upland rice

Treatment details Grain yield (t/ha)

2007 2008 Green manuring Rice alone (M1) 3.16 2.35 Rice + Sunhemp (M2) 2.97 2.53 LSD (P=0.05) 0.12 NS Fertility level (kg N, P, K, Zn & lime/ha) 60-0-40-50-500 2.81 2.44 60-20-40-50-500 2.91 2.42 60-40-40-50-500 3.28 2.41 60-60-40-50-500 3.40 2.42 60-30-40-50-500 2.94 2.54 LSD (P=0.05) 0.19 NS Production potential of sweet corn (Bajaura Sweet Corn), pop corn (Bajaura Pop Corn) and baby corn (VL-78) at different plant spacing and nutrient management levels


33

Field experiments (Tables CS 13a-c) conducted each on sweet corn, pop corn and baby

corn cultivars revealed that plant spacing of 60 cm x 20 cm resulted in significantly higher yield

of ‘Bajaura sweet corn’ as compared to 45 cm x 20 cm plant spacing. ‘Bajaura pop corn’ gave

highest yield at 45 cm x 20 cm spacing, whereas highest baby corn yield (VL 78) was recorded

at 40 x 20 cm plant spacing.

Table CS 13a. Effect of nutrient management levels and plant spacing on sweet corn Treatments Grain yield

(q/ha) Total plant

stand (’000/ha)

Total cobs (’000/ha)

Plant height (cm)

Nutrient management Vermicompost 5 t/ha 34.08 89.4 75.7 203.8 Vermicompost 10 t/ha 35.73 91.5 76.4 204.8 50% RD + vermicompost 5 t/ha 55.35 90.2 81.3 211.5 100% NPK + FYM 57.13 89.5 79.4 208.7 CD (5%) 2.30 NS 3.72 NS Spacing (cm) 60 cm x 20 cm 45.37 81.9 75.7 206.9 45 cm x 20 cm 45.78 98.5 80.7 207.5 CD (5%) NS 3.61 2.63 NS RD, recommended dose (90+45:+30 of N, P2O5 and K2O)

Table CS 13b. Effect of different nutrient management levels and plant spacing on popcorn Treatments Grain

yield (q/ha)

Total plant stand

(’000/ha)

Total cobs (’000/ha)

Plant height (cm)

Nutrient management Vermi Compost 5 t/ha 32.75 91.8 78.9 207.3 Vermi Compost 10 tons/ha 38.78 86.5 80.8 203.2 50 % RD of NPK + Vermi Compost 5 tons/ha

55.43 88.9 80.2 210.7

Recommended NPK (90+45+30) + FYM 62.87 92.0 82.7 204.5 CD (5%) 3.53 NS NS NS Plant spacing (cm) 60 cm x 20 cm 46.11 79.3 76.7 205.5 45 cm x 20 cm 48.81 100.4 84.6 207.3 CD (5%) 2.50 6.21 4.26 NS

Table CS 13c. Effect of different nutrient management levels and plant spacing on babycorn


34

Treatments Yield (q/ha) Plants (000/ ha)

Cobs (000/ ha)

Cob/ plant

Barrenness (%)

Plant height (cm)

Baby corn

With husk

Green fodder

Nutrient management Vermi Compost 5 t/ha 10.55 59.08 168.2 104.2 271.5 2.62 2.82 174.2 Vermi Compost 10 tons/ha 11.56 62.90 180.0 102.0 267.5 2.67 3.25 179.0 50 % RD of NPK + Vermi Compost 5 tons/ha

14.81 83.29 217.8 105.5 321.0 3.06 1.85 185.2

100% NPK (150:60:40) + FYM

14.20 85.97 237.0 104.8 293.7 2.83 1.68 191.2

CD (5%) 0.87 4.59 10.5 NS 9.1 0.20 0.66 4.99 Spacing 60 cm x 15 cm 12.08 69.16 195.5 90.8 267.8 2.96 2.75 180.8 40 cm x 20 cm 13.48 76.46 206.0 117.8 309.1 2.64 2.05 183.9 CD (5%) 0.62 3.25 7.4 4.4 6.5 0.14 0.47 NS

Application of recommended dose of fertilizers or integrated use of chemical fertilizers +

vermicompost resulted in significantly higher yield of all the three specialty corn cultivars

released for sweet corn, pop corn and baby corn namely; ‘Bajaura Sweet Corn’, ‘Bajaura Pop

Corn’ and ‘VL 78’, respectively as compared to the application of vermicompost 5 as well as 10

t/ha alone.

Production potential of sweet corn at different spacing and nutrient management

The promising variety of sweet corn variety Bajaura sweet corn at 45 cm × 20 cm

spacing with 5 t vermicompost +20 t FYM gave comparable yield as with recommended

fertilizer (120-60-40) application at same spacing (Table CS 14).

Table CS 14. Integrated effect of spacing and nutrient management on sweet corn yield (q/ha) Nutrient source Spacing (cm) Mean 60 × 20 45 × 20 5 t vermicompost, 3.33 5.86 4.60 10 t vermicompost, 7.35 9.55 8.45 5 t vermicompost + 20 t FYM 11.33 26.05 18.69 50% NPK+5 t vermicompost 6.38 13.50 9.94 120-60-40 NPK (check) 23.98 23.57 23.78 Mean 10.48 15.70 LSD (P=0.05) Nutrients Spacing Interaction 1.08 1.71 2.41

Production potential evaluation of popcorn at different spacing and nutrient management


35

The promising popcorn variety Bajaura popcorn gave highest yield at 45 cm × 20 cm

spacing with recommended fertilizer (90-45-30) application. This was followed by yield

obtained with 45 cm × 20 cm spacing and 5 t vermicompost + 20 t FYM application (Table CS

15).

Table CS 15. Integrated effect of spacing and nutrient management on popcorn yield (q/ha) Treatments Spacing (cm) Mean Nutrient source 60 × 20 45 × 20 Vermicompost 5 t/ha 14.63 18.75 16.69 Vermicompost 10 t/ha 19.44 32.54 25.99 Vermicompost 5 t + FYM 20 t/ha 20.49 36.33 28.41 50% NPK+ vermicompost 5 t/ha 21.33 29.21 25.27 120-60-40 NPK (check) 19.33 47.64 33.48 Mean 19.04 32.89 LSD (P=0.05) Fertility source Spacing Fertility × spacing 1.57 2.48 3.51

Performance of new wheat genotypes at different seeding dates under irrigated conditions

Under irrigated conditions timely and late sowing of wheat recorded similar grain yield

(Table CS 16). A new genotype VL 907 recorded highest grain yield (46.6 q/ha).

Table CS 16. Effect of date of sowing and genotypes on yield (q/ha) of wheat Treatment Grain yield Dates of sowing Normal (4th –11th Nov.) 39.88 Late (25thNov.-1st Dec.) 36.09 CD (5%) NS Genotypes VL 907 46.58 HS 240© 36.23 VL 738© 30.23 VL 804 © 39.55 TL 2942 (I) 37.33 CD at 5% 4.32

Performance of new wheat genotypes at different seeding (late & very late) dates under

restricted irrigation


36

Under restricted irrigated conditions late sown wheat resulted in significantly higher grain

yield compared to very late sown (Table CS 17). Check varieties VL 892 (27.4 q/ha) and HS 490

(27.0 q/ha) maintained their superiority over new wheat genotype HS 502 (20.8 q/ha).

Table CS 17. Effect of date of sowing and genotypes on grain yield (q/ha) of wheat under restricted irrigation conditions Treatment Grain yield Dates of Sowing Late (25thNov.-1st Dec.) 24.18 Very Late (16th Dec. to 22nd Dec.) 19.95 CD (5%) 3.03 Genotypes HS 502 20.81 Sonalika (c) 19.05 HS 295(c) 16.00 VL 892(c) 27.44 HS 490 (I) 27.02 VL 804 © 22.05 CD (5%) 4.00

Performance of new wheat genotypes at different dates of sowing under irrigated

conditions

In normal sown crop of 5th November (D1), VL907 was the highest yielder (Table CS

18). In late sown crop of 26th Nov. (D2), VL 907 being at par with TL 2942 resulted in

significantly higher yield over rest of the varieties. Late sowing by 26th November resulted in

significant reduction in grain yield over normal sown crop (27%) except in case of YL 2942

where grain yields were same in both the dates of seeding.

Table CS 18. Interaction effect of date of sowing and genotypes on grain yield (q/ha) of wheat

Performance of new wheat genotypes at different dates of sowing under restricted

irrigation

VL 907 HS 240 VL 738 VL 904 YL 2942 Mean D1 46.46 34.45 35.62 42.67 37.44 40.33 D2 36.23 19.32 25.36 30.57 36.23 29.54 Mean 41.35 29.38 30.49 36.62 36.83 LSD (P=0.05) Dates of sowing 10.23 Genotypes 1.09 Genotypes at one date of sowing 3.00 Dates of sowing in the same or different genotype 10.0


37

Amongst late sown crop of 26th November (D1), HS-490 was significantly superior to

new test entry HS 502 but was at par with VL 804 and VL 892 (Table CS 19). But in case of

very late sown crop of 16th Dec. (D2), HS-295 remaining at par with Sonalika was significantly

superior to other varieties. HS-295 resulted in significantly higher yield under very late sown

conditions (D2). HS 490 resulted in significantly lower yield under very late sown condition over

normal sown conditions (D1).

Table CS 19. Interaction effect of dates of sowing and genotypes on grain yield of wheat

Date of sowing

Variety Mean HS-502 Sonalika HS-295 VL-892 HS-490 L-804

D1 29.57 27.42 24.19 32.25 36.56 33.33 30.55 D2 29.03 29.60 34.41 29.03 29.03 29.03 30.02 Mean 29.30 28.51 29.30 30.64 32.80 31.18 CD at 5% Dates of sowing NS Genotypes NS Genotypes at one date of sowing 4.98 Date of sowing in the same or different genotype 5.61

Evaluation of different wheat varieties under Zero tillage conditions

HPW-184 being at par with HS-420 resulted in significantly higher yield under zero

tillage conditions (Table CS 20). It is interesting to note that timely sown variety HPW-184 has

performed better under late sown conditions compared to late sown varieties like HS-420, HPW-

42, VL- 892 and HS- 295.

Table CS 20. Effect of genotypes on grain yield (g/ha) of wheat under zero tillage conditions Genotype Grain yield HS-295 17.64 VL-892 19.33 HS-420 22.72 HPW-184 25.05 HPW-42 20.39 CD 5% 3.69 Performance of new wheat genotypes at different nitrogen level under rainfed conditions


38

N levels couldn’t significantly affect the grain yield of wheat varieties (Table CS 21).

New test entries VL 907, YL 804 and TL 2942 were as good as HS 240 a check variety for grain

yields of wheat.

Table CS 21. Effect of N levels and genotypes grain yield (g/ha) of wheat

Treatment Grain yield N (kg/ha) 40 17.13 60 16.42 80 15.10 CD 5% NS Genotypes VL -907 18.02 HS-240 19.13 VL-738 1198 VL-804 16.47 TL-2942 15.48 CD 5% 2.85 Effect of sowing dates and fertility levels on the performance of gram variety GPF-2 under Paonta valley conditions

D1 (20th Oct) produced highest yield of 19.56 q/ha, which was statistically superior to

yield produced under D2 (17.08 q/ha) and D3 (7.09 q/ha) (Table CS 22). F2 (Recommended

Dose, RD) produced highest yield of 16.66 q/ha when compared to F1 (13.70 q/ha) and F3 (13.39

q/ha).

Table CS 22. Gram yield (q/ha) as effected by interaction of sowing dates and fertility levels (2008-09) Sowing dates

20th Oct (D1) 5th , Nov (D2) 20th Nov (D3) Mean

F1 (75% RD) 18.51 16.29 6.29 13.70 F2 (RD) 21.66 20.37 7.96 16.66

F3 (125% RD) 18.51 14.62 7.03 13.39

Mean 19.56 17.08 7.09

CD at 5% Sowing dates Fertility levels Interaction

1.93 1.93 NS


39

Effect of sowing dates and fertility levels on the performance of Lentil variety DPL-61

under Paonta Valley conditions

D1 (5th Nov) produced highest yield of 16.41 q/ha. D2 (12.28 q/ha) and D3 (13.08 q/ha)

did not differed statistically among each other (Table CS 23). F3 (125% RD) produced highest

yield of 15.86 q/ha, which was superior to F2 (13.08 q/ha) and F1 (12.83 q/ha). Lentil planted on

5 November with 25% more fertility gave highest seed yield of 19.25 q/ha.

Table CS 23. Lentil yield (q/ha) as effected by interaction of sowing dates and fertility levels

Fertility level D1

5th Nov D2

20th Nov D3

5th Dec Mean

F1 (75% RD) 15.74 11.48 11.29 12.83 F2 (RD) 14.25 11.29 13.70 13.08 F3 (125% RD) 19.25 14.07 14.25 15.86 Mean 16.41 12.28 13.08 CD at 5% Sowing dates Fertility levels Interaction 1.71 1.71 1.33 RD, recommended dose Effect of winter mulching and organic sources of nutrients on the performance of rajmash in dry temperate region

Different mulches applied before the onset of snow significantly affected the seed yield

of rajmash in the following summer season. Winter mulch of twigs of Salix spp (willow 8t/ha),

remaining at par with that of Artemisia 8t/ha, resulted in significantly higher seed yield as

compared to control. Application of recommended dose through inorganic fertilizer gave highest

yield followed by treatments in which half the recommended dose of fertilizer applied through

inorganic sources and remaining half through vermincomost and FYM in order. Treatments in

which complete dose of recommended nutrients was applied through organic sources resulted in

significantly lowest yield (Table CS 24).

Table CS 24. Effect of winter mulching and sources of nutrients on yield of rajmash


40

Treatments Seed yield (kg/ha)

Winter mulch Robinia twigs (8 t/ha) 2463 Willow (Salix sp.) twigs (8 t/ha) 2900 Artimisia (8 t/ha) 2846 Control (no mulching) 1971 CD (P=0.05) 141 Source of Nutrients 100% NPK (inorganic) 3071 50% NPK (inorganic) + 50% N (FYM) 2254 50% NPK (inorganic) + 50% N (VC) 2796 50% NPK (VC) + 50% N (FYM) 2058 1/3rd N (FYM) +1/3rd N(VC)+ 1/3rd N (Biozyme)

1942

LSD (P=0.05) 160 FYM- Farm Yard Manure; VC- Vermicompost Performance of promising yellow sarson varieties under mid-hill condition of Himachal Pradesh

Variety AG13A gave significantly higher seed yield of yellow sarson at 125% of recommend

fertility level (Table CS 25). However variety AG10 at recommended fertility level and AG11 at 75%

recommended fertility level resulted in similar seed yields of yellow sarson.

Table CS 25. Effect of fertility levels on seed yield (q/ha) of promising yellow sarson varieties Variety code Fertility level (NPK) Mean 75% 100% 125% AG 13 A 6.17 5.43 6.91 6.17 AG 13 5.18 4.94 5.06 5.06 AG 12 4.69 4.81 3.58 4.36 AG 11 6.67 6.52 6.42 6.53 AG 10 6.29 6.79 5.68 6.25 Mean 5.80 5.70 5.53

Influence of seeding rate, row spacing and fertility levels on the productivity of garden pea

in dry temperate zone of Himachal Pradesh

Significantly higher green pod yield was recorded when 120 kg seed rate was used along

with 45 cm row spacing and addition of 125 and 150% of recommended fertilizer (Table CS 26).

The green pod yield in general increased as the spacing is reduced from 60 cm to 45 cm but


41

further lowering of spacing to 30 cm reduced yield. Similarly green pod yield increased as the

seed rate increased from 80 kg to 100 kg/ha and further to 120 kg/ha. Also the green pod yield

increased with increasing fertilizer application from 100% to 125% only.

Table CS 26. Influence of treatment combinations (seeding rate, row spacing and fertility levels)

on green pod yield of garden pea

Treatment Green pod yield (kg/ha) Seed rate (kg/ha) Row spacing (cm) Fertility (NPK)

80 60 100% 2300 100 60 100% 2433 100 45 100% 2958 100 45 125% 3117 100 30 100% 2667 100 30 125% 2450 120 60 100% 3658 120 45 100% 4183 120 45 125% 4692 120 45 150% 5067 120 30 100% 3517 120 30 125% 4067 100 30 150% 4117 CD (P=0.05) 396

Polyhouse nursery performance of different vegetables in dry temperate region

Nursery of tomato, capsicum, cucumber, cabbage and cauliflower was raised in open,

ladakhi, arch type green house and soil trench under four different dates of sowing. Nursery of

all the above vegetables when sown either on 15th March or 30th March could not be grown in the

open field due to low temperature. Capsicum and tomato took more number of days for seedlings

to be ready for transplanting than cabbage and cauliflower. Nursery sown in trench took less

number of days than the nursery grown in open fields and ladakhi green house. Nursery raising

was possible only in the green house during March. Polyhouse enhanced average air temperature

over open fields and seed could germinate even in March and no seedling mortality was

observed due to cold (Table CS 27).


42

Table CS 27. Performance of Nursery of different vegetables in different green houses (Mean of two years)

Seeding date

Tomato Capsicum

Days to germination Seedlings ready for transplanting

Days to germination Seedlings ready for transplanting

O L T A O L T A O L T A O L T A 15 March - 42 31 47 - 66 44 73 - 44 29 48 - 67 44 75 30 March - 39 27 43 - 61 41 67 - 41 27 43 - 63 42 68 15 April 38 27 22 28 70 46 36 52 40 30 24 30 74 48 38 55 30 April 32 22 18 24 63 39 34 45 31 25 19 25 65 40 35 47 O- Open fields; L- Ladakhi Polyhouse; T-Soil Trench; A-Arc Type polyhous

B. FERTILITY AND WATER MANAGEMENT Fertilizer and irrigation management in zero-till wheat (rice-wheat system)

Sowing of wheat just by opening furrows with hand plough and band placement of

fertilizers (S2) resulted in significantly higher grain and straw yields over sowing of wheat just

by opening furrow and broadcast application of fertilizer before pre sowing irrigation (S1) and

sowing of wheat with zero-till seed-cum fertilizer drill (S3) (Table NW 1). There was a gradual

increase in grain yield with increase in number of irrigation during 2007-08 and 2008-09. Three

irrigations, at CRI, jointing and flowering resulted in significantly higher grain yield than single

irrigation at CRI.

Table NW 1. Effect of sowing and irrigation management on yield (Mg/ha) of zero-till wheat

Treatment Grain Straw 2006-

07 2007-

08 2008-

09 2006-

07 2007-

08 2008-09

Method of sowing and fertilizer application

Sowing in lines by opening furrows with hand plough and broadcast basal dose of fertilizers (S1)

1.58 2.36 2.43 2.54 3.98 3.40

Sowing in lines by opening furrows with hand plough and band placement of basal dose of fertilizers (S2)

1.91 2.46 2.63 3.29 4.02 3.92

Sowing with zero-till seed-cum fertilizer drill (S3) 1.54 1.44 1.58 2.42 2.47 2.74 CD (P = 0.05) 0.21 0.28 0.47 0.50 0.47 0.47 Irrigation levels CRI (I1) 1.62 1.83 1.89 2.61 3.12 3.14 CRI + Flowering (I2) 1.65 2.15 2.18 2.68 3.52 3.44 CRI + Jointing + Flowering (I3) 1.76 2.29 2.58 2.94 3.82 3.46 CD (P = 0.05) NS 0.28 0.47 NS 0.47 NS Control vs Others Control 1. 67 2.25 2.76 2.83 3.72 3.80 Others 1.68 2.09 2.22 2.75 3.49 3.35 CD (P = 0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS


43

Permanent plot experiment on integrated nutrient supply system in a cereal based cropping sequences (Rice-wheat)

Total average eighteen years productivity (rice+ wheat) of 6560 kg/ha was highest when

50% NPK (fertilizers) + 50% N (FYM) was applied to rice followed by 100% NPK (fertilizers)

to wheat (T6). This was attributed to higher rice and wheat yields in sequence (Table NW 2).

100% NPK each to rice and wheat remaining statistically at par with 50% NPK (fertilizers) +

50% N (green manure) applied to rice and 100% NPK to wheat and 75% NPK (fertilizers) +

25% N (FYM) was applied to rice and 100% NPK (fertilizers) to wheat, was next superior

fertility management treatment. Based upon eighteen years research findings, 50% NPK

(fertilizers) + 50% N (FYM) applied to rice followed by 100% NPK (fertilizers) to wheat in

sequence had the highest sustainable yield index.

Table NW 2. Average grain yields of rice and wheat, rice + wheat and sustainability index (1991-92 to 2008-09)

Treatments Rice Wheat Rice + wheat Sustainability index

Kharif Rabi

T1 A. Control Control 2236 1164 3400 0.295

T2 50% NPK 50% NPK 2588 2076 4664 0.405 T3 50% NPK 100% NPK 2587 2627 5214 0.437 T4 75% NPK 75% NPK 2724 2462 5186 0.431 T5 100% NPK 100% NPK 2748 3123 5871 0.505 T6 50% NPK+50% N FYM 100% NPK 3237 3322 6560 0.574 T7 75% NPK+25% N FYM 75% NPK 2747 2631 5378 0.471 T8 50% NPK+50% N WCS* 100% NPK 2649 2764 5413 0.464 T9 75% NPK+25% N WCS 75% NPK 2670 2360 5029 0.433 T10 50% NPK+50% N GM** 100% NPK 2811 2705 5516 0.461 T11 75% NPK+25% N GM 75% NPK 2792 2442 5234 0.443 T12 Farmers’ Practice Farmers’ Practice 2926 2261 5187 0.457

LSD (P=0.05) 161 371 474 - WCS*-Wheat cut straw; GM** -Green manure Studies on integrated nutrient management in rain-fed upland rice

120 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 and 60 kg K2O + 5 t/ha FYM (dry wt. basis) with no basal N (first

N (50%) dose was given 10-12 days after emergence) resulted in highest grain yield of 2524

kg/ha followed by the same dose with 50% basal N (2393 kg grains/ha) (Table NW 3). Similarly,

60 kg N + 30 kg P2O5 and 30 kg K2O + 5 t FYM (dry wt. basis) with no basal N (first N (50 %)

given 10-12 days after emergence) produced grain yield of 2293 kg/ha as compared to the same


44

dose with 50% basal N which yielded 2109 kg grains/ha. These preliminary results indicated an

advantage of delaying the first application of N to 10-12 days after emergence.

Table NW 3. Effect of treatments on grain yield (kg/ha) of upland paddy Treatments (N-P2O5-K2O (kg/ha): FYM (t/ha) Grain

yield T1: 0-0-0-0 1407 T2: 30- 15-15-0 with 50% N as basal, 25% N at tillering & 25 % N at PI 1515 T3: 30- 15-15-5 with N applied as in T2 1686 T4: 60- 30- 30-0 with N applied as in T2 1898 T5: 60- 30- 30-5 with N applied as in T2 2109 T6: 90- 45-45-0 with N applied as in T2 2122 T7: 90- 45-45-5 with N applied as in T2 2274 T8: 120- 60-60-0 with N applied as in T2 2288 T9: 120- 60-60-5 with N applied as in T2 2393 T10: 60- 30- 30-5 with 50% N 10-12 days after emergence (DAE), 25% N at tillering & 25 % N at PI

2293

T11: 90- 45-45-5 with N applied as in T10 2422 T12: 120- 60-60-5 with N applied as in T10 2524 CD at 5% 169.2

Response of promising pre-release upland rice cultures (AVT-2) to application of nitrogen

IET 19614 resulted in comparable grain yield (2.84 t/ha) as standard check ‘Vivek dhan 154’

(2.74 t/ha) (Table NW 4). This entry also recorded highest N response (13.71 kg grain/kg N)

followed by Sukara dhan 1 (10.4 kg). Averaged over varieties, graded levels of N increased grain

yield significantly up to 80 kg N/ha (2.61 t/ha).

Table NW 4. Effect of N levels and varieties on grain yield (t/ha) and N response in rain-fed

upland rice

Treatments Grain yield (t/ha)

Panicles/m2 Panicle wt. (g)

N response (kg grain/kg N)

N levels (kg/ha) 40 2.13 236 1.47 - 80 2.61 258 1.66 12.0 120 2.72 263 1.64 7.4 CD 5% 0.20 NS NS Varieties IET 19614 2.84 257 1.74 13.7 Sukara dhan 1 1.88 257 1.31 10.4 Vivek dhan 154 2.74 239 1.72 5.0 CD 5% 0.20 19 0.17

Response of pre-release transplanted rice cultures (AVT-2) to application of nitrogen


45

Test entry ‘IET 19628’ with N response of 12.6 kg grains/kg N recorded significantly

highest grain yield (4.30 t/ha) over all test cultivars (Table NW 5). RP 2421 (3.64 t/ha) was next

superior treatment in influencing grain yield. The interaction effect between cultivars and N

levels resulted in realization of highest grain yield of 5.38 t/ha from IET 19628 with 135 kg N

/ha. RP 2421 at 45 kg N/ha was next superior combination in influencing grain yield (4.85 t/ha)

of rice.

Table NW 5. Effect of varieties and N levels on grain yield of transplanted rice Treatments Panicles/m2 Grain yield (t/ha) N response

(kg grain/kg N) N levels (kg/ha) 45 182 3.74 90 181 3.02 -15.87 135 191 3.83 1.0 CD 5% NS 0.29 Varieties IET19624 203 3.09 -0.7 IET 19628 169 4.30 12.6 Vivek dhan 82 174 3.09 -13.0 RP 2421 193 3.64 -30.3 CD 5% 14 0.32 Response of pre-released maize genotypes of early maturity group to nitrogen

under rainfed conditions

New maize genotypes of early maturity showed good response to high doses of nutrients.

Grain yield increased significantly with increase in nutrients application from 100+50+50 kg N,

P2O5, K2O/ha to 200+80+80 kg N, P2O5, K2O /ha (Table NW 6). Pre-released genotypes AH-

31021 and FH-3356 resulted in significantly higher grain yield as compared to other test and

check cultivars except VIVEK HYBRID-33 ©, which was statistically superior to AH-31021.

Response of pre-released maize genotypes of medium maturity group to nitrogen under

rainfed conditions

Grain yield of new maize genotypes of medium maturity group increased significantly

with increase in nutrients application from 100+50+50 kg N, P2O5, K2O/ha to 150+65+65 kg N,

P2O5, K2O/ha (Table NW 7). Further increase in nutrient levels did not show any significant

effect on grain yield.

Table NW 6. Effect of nitrogen on pre-released maize genotypes of early maturity


46

Treatment Plant height

(cm) Plant stand (‘000/ha)

Cobs (‘000/ha)

Grain yield (q/ha)

Nutrients (N+P2O5+K2O kg/ha) 100+50+50 181.2 66.3 65.1 52.03 150+65+65 186.3 67.0 64.8 66.84 200+80+80 190.7 66.0 64.5 73.09 CD (5%) NS NS NS 4.45 Genotypes AH-31021 207.7 67.4 66.0 68.94 FH-3356 181.6 63.0 64.6 77.10 VL-113 178.2 67.6 66.4 59.53 SURYA © 191.9 66.6 63.4 42.94 VIVEK HYBRID-17 © 179.3 66.4 65.4 62.83 VIVEK HYBRID-33 © 177.9 67.5 65.8 72.59 CD (5%) 8.6 2.7 NS 2.57

Table NW 7. Effect of nitrogen on pre-released maize genotypes of medium maturity Treatment Grain yield

(q/ha) Total plant stand (‘000/ha)

Total cobs (‘000/ha)

Plant height (cm)

Nutrients (N+P2O5+K2O kg/ha) 100+50+50 64.11 66.6 64.3 218 150+65+65 74.77 68.0 65.6 224 200+80+80 79.02 67.5 64.9 231 CD (5%) 4.87 NS NS 5.95 GENOTYPE L-173 70.19 66.2 64.5 224 Malviya Hybrid-2 © 70.24 68.2 65.6 206 Parbhat © 77.47 67.7 64.8 244 CD (5%) 3.44 NS NS 4.26

Response of pre release maize germplasm of different maturity group to varying rates of

nutrient for yield maximization

Genotype L173, Malviya Hybrid and Prabhat being statistically at par gave highest yield

at 100-50-50, 200-80-80 and 150-55-55 nutrient application levels, respectively (Table NW 8).

Table NW 8. Response of pre release maize germplasm of different maturity group to varying

rates of nutrient for yield maximization


47

Fertility level Varieties L173 Malviya hybrid Prabhat Mean

100-50-50 5493 3965 4259 4572 150-55-55 4546 4967 5546 5020 200-80-80 4613 5553 4615 4927 Mean 4884 4828 4807 LSD (P=0.05) Fertility levels 295.6 Varieties NS Varieties at same fertility level 690.4 Varieties at same or different fertility level 633.5 Integrated nutrient management in QPM hybrids

State recommended dose of fertilizer without FYM and with 6 ton FYM both during first

and second year were at par with RDF formulated (150-60-40) in influencing QPM yield. Higher

inorganic fertilization (150-60-40) and additional application of 6 ton FYM decreased the yield

during both the years due to formation of multi cobs (Table NW 9).

Table NW 9. Effect of organic source and fertilizer levels on productivity of QPM maize Organic source/ fertility levels No FYM 6 ton FYM Mean 2007 2008 2007 2008 2007 2008 State recommended 7.52 4.24 6.60 5.46 7.06 4.85 150-60-40 (RDF) 7.44 5.79 6.80 5.23 7.12 5.51 125% RDF 7.18 5.09 7.03 4.61 7.10 4.85 150% RDF 7.23 5.03 6.80 4.23 7.02 4.63 Mean 7.34 5.04 6.81 4.88 LSD (P=0.05) 2007 2008

Organic source 0.13 NS Fertility levels NS 0.28 Interaction 0.27 0.39

Performance of new wheat genotypes at different N levels under rainfed conditions

A significant increase in grain yield was observed up to 60 kg N/ha (Table NW 10). New wheat

genotypes VL 907 (31.6 q/ha) was as good as TL 2942 for grain yield of wheat under rainfed conditions.

Table NW 10. Effect of N levels and genotypes on grain yield (q/ha) of wheat under rainfed conditions Treatment Grain yield


48

N (kg/ha) 40 25.22 60 29.23 80 32.16 CD (5%) 3.57 Genotypes VL 907 31.54 HS 240 © 26.68 VL 738 © 23.53 VL 804 © 28.99 TL 2942 (I) 33.61 CD (5%) 3.76

Performance of new barley genotypes under different nitrogen rates for higher grain and fodder

productivity under rainfed conditions in Northern H ill Zone.

A significant increase in green fodder yield of barley up to 60 kg N/ha (44.2 q/ha) was observed

under rainfed conditions (Table NW 11). The new barley introduction BHS 380 recorded significantly

highest grain yield (21.7q/ha), however, it could not surpass check cultivar HBL 276 with respect to green

fodder yield.

Table NW 11. Effect of N levels and genotypes fodder and grain productivity (q/ha) Treatment Green fodder Grain yield N (kg/ha) 20 32.81 16.78 40 36.99 19.53 60 44.17 21.59 LSD (P=0.05) 3.59 2.51 Genotypes BHS 380 39.34 21.74 BHS 169 9 (c) 31.10 18.84 HBL 276 (c ) 43.58 17.32 LSD (P=0.05) 3.4 1.72 Integrated nutrient management in mustard

Mustard seed yield increased with increase in fertilizer dose (Table NW 12). The increase

was 9.5, 15.7 and 27.1% with 50, 75 and 100% NPK, respectively over control. The seed

treatment with biofertilizer did not influence seed yield significantly.

Table NW 12. Effect of fertility levels and seed treatment on seed yield (q/ha) of mustard


49

Treatments Seed yield Fertility levels Control 5.58 50% RF (NPK) 6.13 75% RF 6.46 RF 7.09 LSD (P=0.05) 0.50 Seed treatment Untreated 6.46 Treated 6.17 LSD (P=0.05) NS RF, recommended fertilizers (NPK)

Effect of organic mulch application at recede of monsoons on conservation and carry-over

of seed-zone moisture for enhancing water and crop productivity

The maize yields in maize-based cropping sequences varied from 1.64 to 1.78 Mg/ha

under rain fed and from 1.74 to 1.99 Mg/ha under irrigated conditions (Table NW 13). The okra

yields in okra-based cropping sequences, for rain fed and irrigated conditions varied from 4.62 -

4.66 and 4.72 - 4.82 Mg/ha, respectively. The okra equivalent yields were significantly higher in

okra-based cropping sequences compared to maize-based cropping sequences both under rain fed

and irrigated conditions. Only pre-sowing irrigation of 5 cm was applied to maize as well as okra

crop under irrigated conditions. The WUE ranged from 0.97 to 1.05 kg/ha-mm under rain fed

and from 0.99 to 1.14 kg/ha-mm under irrigated conditions. The WUE values for okra-based

cropping sequence for rain fed and irrigated conditions varied from 2.72 - 2.74 and 2.70 -2.75

kg/ha-mm, respectively. During rabi, wheat yields varied from 2.06 to 2.34 Mg/ha under rain fed

and from 2.27 to 2.80 Mg/ha under irrigated conditions. The variation for yield of pea grown

with mulches ranged from 1.63 to 1.83 Mg/ha for limited irrigation and from 1.52 to 1.68 Mg/ha

for irrigated conditions. The WUE, in general, was higher under cereal based cropping system as

compared to vegetable based cropping system.

Table NW 13. Effect of organic mulch at the recede of monsoon on conservation and carry-over

of seed-zone moisture on productivity of different cropping sequences


50

Treatment Cropping sequence

I crop yield (Mg/ha)

Okra equivalent yield (Mg/ha)

II crop yield (Mg/ha)

Pea equivalent yields (Mg/ha)

Total water use (mm)

WUE (kg/ha- mm)

Kharif Rabi Kharif rabi

Under rain fed conditions MCT -WCT Maize -

wheat 1.66 2.49 2.06 6.23 1510 350 0.98 5.89

MMTM - WMT Maize -wheat

1.78 2.68 2.34 7.33 1510 350 1.05 6.69

MCTM - PCTM

(LIR)*

Maize -pea

1.64 2.47 1.83 17.50 1510 700 0.97 2.61

OCTM - WMT Okra- wheat

4.66 4.66 2.13 6.33 1510 350 2.74 6.08

OCTM - PCTM(LIR)*

Okra-pea 4.62 4.62 1.63 17.00 1510 700 2.72 2.34

Under irrigated conditions MCT - WCT Maize -

wheat 1.99 2.99 2.27 6.53 1560 450 1.14 4.42

MMTM - WMT Maize -wheat

1.86 2.79 2.80 8.73 1560 450 1.06 6.22

MCTM - PCT Maize -pea

1.74 2.61 1.68 16.30 1560 1000 0.99 1.68

OCTM - WMT Okra- wheat

4.82 4.82 2.73 8.50 1560 450 2.75 6.07

OCTM - PCT Okra-pea 4.72 4.72 1.52 15.93 1560 1000 2.70 1.52

LSD (P = 0.05)

- 0.92 1.06 -

CT, conventional tillage; CTM conventional tillage + mulch; MT, conservation tillage; MTM, conservation tillage + organic mulch; * Limited irrigated conditions: – irrigation depth of 2.5 cm

Water productivity in vegetable based cropping sequence as affected by irrigation management

Significantly higher broccoli yields (12.91, 7.06 and 6.40 Mg/ha) were obtained where 2

cm depth of irrigation was applied for the first 30 days plus 4 cm during the remaining growth

period of the crop (Table NW 14). This was followed by the treatment where 2 cm irrigation

depth was applied throughout the growth period. Over no-mulch treatment waste biomass mulch

increased broccoli yield by 15.4, 33.0 and 21.2 per cent during 2006-07, 2007-08 and 2008-09,

respectively. Respective increase in French bean yield was 21.4, 69.1 and 15.7 per cent,

respectively, during 2006-07, 2007-08 and 2008-09.

Table NW 14. Water productivity (Mg/ha) in vegetable based cropping sequence as affected by irrigation management

Treatment Broccoli curd yield French bean green pod


51

yield 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2007 2008 2009 Irrigation depth 2 cm 10.44 5.98 4.96 7.19 0.92 4.60 4 cm 9.67 4.58 4.60 6.83 0.83 3.81 6 cm 9.03 4.99 3.89 6.33 0.75 3.69 2 cm for the first 30 days + 4 cm thereafter

12.91 7.06 6.40 8.21 1.18 5.75

LSD (P = 0.05) 2.18 0.59 0.69 0.71 0.20 0.47 Mulching Mulch (5 t/ha on dry weight basis) 11.53 6.45 5.44 7.83 1.15 4.79 No Mulch 9.99 4.85 4.49 6.45 0.68 4.14 LSD (P = 0.05) 1.43 0.42 0.49 0.50 0.14 0.33

Effect of methods of planting and irrigation and mulching on potato production

Furrow method of planting increased tuber yield by 8.4 and 11.1 per cent, respectively

during 2008 and 2009 over raised bed method. Irrigation with garden pipe increased tuber yield

by 7.0 and 15.2 per cent over drip method. Over no mulch, mulching increased potato tuber yield

by 43.5, 9.9 and 10.3 percent, respectively, during 2007, 2008 and 2009 (Table NW 15).

Table NW 15. Effect of planting methods, irrigation methods and mulching on potato tuber yield Treatment Potato tuber yield (Mg/ha)

2007 2008 2009 Planting method Raised bed 16.50 17.79 21.67 Furrow method 14.73 19.29 24.08 LSD (P = 0.05) NS 0.76 1.55 Irrigation methods Garden pipe 15.81 19.17 24.25 Drip 15.43 17.92 21.05 LSD (P = 0.05) NS 0.76 1.55 Mulch levels Mulch 18.41 19.42 24.00 No Mulch 12.83 17.67 21.75 LSD (P = 0.05) 1.92 0.76 1.55

Judicious use of harvested rain-water in poly-lined tank for sustaining livelihood

The water applied, yields and net returns obtained under each activity are given in Table

NW 16. The Okra – radish - green onion - French bean (C6) cropping sequence gave highest net


52

returns. A total of 8560 and 56500 liters of water was applied from poly-lined tanks during

kharif and rabi seasons, respectively. The net returns were ranged from Rs 2065 to Rs

5238/kanal (400 sq m).

Table NW 16. Effect of irrigation and effective rainfall on yield and net return under different

activities

Cropping sequence Area/plot (m2)

Water applied (litre)

Effective rainfall (mm)

Yield (kg/plot)

Net returns (Rs/plot)

Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi Total C1 Maize – wheat 100 0 1000 1530 350 38.0 34.7 812 C2 Soybean – wheat 50 0 1000 1530 350 11.5 30.0 620 C3 Rice (SRI) – Pea 50 1200 17500 1740 350 28.0 71.5 1262 C4 Rice (CTR) – wheat 50 3900 1000 1620 350 15.5 18.0 399 C5 Brinjal – broccoli - green onion - French bean

50 1500 17500 1530 350 25.7 44.1 +62.3+30.0

1448

C6 Okra – radish - green onion - French bean

50 1000 17500 1530 350 18.0 130+65.7+ 32.0

1678

A Bio-composting unit 50 960 1000 104 kg VC

110 kg VC 1284

TOTAL 400 8560 56500 7303 Note: The irrigations to crops were applied from poly-lined water harvesting tank of 50,000 litres capacity through gravity head

C. WEED SCIENCE Weed survey and surveillance

Weed survey

During Kharif 2008, weed survey of Kangra district was done. The major weeds

associated with different crops and non-cropped areas are given below:

Maize: Brachiaria remora, Echinochloa colona, Digitaria sanguinalis, Commelina benghalensis and

Commelia forskalii.

Direct seeded upland rice: Echinochloa colona, Cyperus iria, Eriocolon sp. and Cyperus

rotundus.

Puddle seeded rice: Echinochloa colona, Cyperus iria, Ceasulia axillaris, Cyperus difformis,

Eriocolon sp., Scripus and Ammania pentantra.

Transplanted rice: Echinochloa colona, Cyperus iria, Paspalum conjugatuan, Scirpus sp., Setaria

glauca, Ammania baccifera and Eleusine indica.

Maize+Soyabean: Ageratum conyzoides, Brachiaria ramose, Digitaria sanguinalis and Cyperus iria


53

Soyabean: Ageratum conyzoides, Echinochloa colona, Commelina benghalensis and Panicum

dichotomiflorum.

Urdbean (Mash): Echinochloa colona, Digitaria sanguinalis, Commelina benghalensi and Cyperus

iria.

Moong: Ageratum conyzoides, Digitaria sanguinalis, Cyperus iria, Panicum dichotomiflorum and

Eleusine indica.

Sesame: Digitaria sanguinalis, Cyperus iria, Panicum dichotomiflorum

Okra : Echinochloa colona, Digitaria sanguinalis, Commelina benghalensis, Cyperus iria and Scirpus

sp.

Cabbage: Gallinsoga parviflora, Digitaria sanguinalis, Veronica, Poa annua, and Plantago major.

Cauliflower: Veronica, Gallinsoga parviflora, Poa annua, Stellaria and Oxalis corniculata

Carrot: Galllinsoga parviflora, Veronica persica, Plantago major, Conyza stricta and Poa annua.

Potato: Brachiaria reptans, Cyperus iria, Cyperus difformis and Veronica sp.

Ginger : Polygonum alatum ,O. corniculata, Alligator, Coronopu and Poa.

During Rabi 2007-08, weed survey of Kangra district was done. The major weeds

associated with different crops and non-cropped areas are given below:

Wheat: Phalaris minor, Avena leudoviciana, Poa annua, Briza minorVeronica persic and Stellaria

media.

Barley: Stellaria media, Capsella bursa pastoris and Veronica persica

Potato: Echinochloa colona, Digitaria sanguinalis and Panicum dichotomiflorum.

Sarson: Stellaria media, Capsella bursa pastoris, Veronica persica and Sisymbrium iria.

Survey of occurrence of Dendropthoe on tree trunks

This weed was found as a semiparasite on trunk of Mango and Neem trees under mid and

low hill conditions of Kangra district. The invasion was observed at following locations in

Kangra District.

Name of place Altitude Latitude Longitude Host tree Bairghatta(Chula) 657 31o 55' 14.9" 76o 27' 44.4" Mango Sakdi 591 31o 53' 37.7" 76o 29' 14.5" Mango Jaisinghpur 797 31o 58' 39.0" 76o 32' 42.6" Mango & Neem


54

Weed Surveillance

In Kangra district increasing dominance of Brachiaria ramose and Commelina

benghalensis was observed in upland kharif crops since last survey. More than 60 per cent of the

farmers are using herbicides to control weeds in maize and rice. But some of these farmers were

not following proper time, dose and method of application. Spread of Cassia tora and

Zygograma bettle on large scale was observed in Fatehpur, Rehan, Dadasiba and Nagrota Surian

areas of Kangra district.

Permanent herbicide trials Long-term effect of continuous use of herbicides on shift in weed flora in transplanted rice-wheat rotation

In transplanted rice, Echinochloa crus-galli, Panicum dichotomiflorum, Cyperus iria,

Ammania baccifera and Ageratum conyzoides were the dominating weeds during kharif 1999.

The population of these weeds decreased considerably by kharif 2000 and only Echinochloa and

Panicum were dominating. These weed species continued to dominate during kharif 2002 but

during kharif 2003, Echinochloa, Cyperus, Panicum, Ammania and Digitaria were dominating.

Ischaemum rugosum and Aeschynomene indica were the new weeds. During 2006, Echinochloa

crusgalli, Ischaemum rugosum, Cyperus iria and Aeschynomene indica were the dominating

weeds. During 2007 Echinochloa crusgalli, Cyperus iria and Panicum dichotomiflorum

dominated the rice fields. During initial years there was no significant difference between weed

management and fertility treatments in influencing the grain yield of rice. Continuous use of

butachlor 1.5 kg/ha fb 2,4-DEE with 75% N through fertilizer and 25% N through Lantana in

rice and continuous or herbicide rotation in wheat resulted in significantly higher grain yield of

transplanted rice by effective control of weeds. The data pertaining to total weed count and dry

weight and grain yield of rice recorded during 2008 have been summarized in Table WS 1a.

Table WS 1a. Effect of continuous use of herbicides on weeds and grain yield of rice Treatment Total weed count

(No m-2) Total weed dry weight (g m2)

Grain Yield (kg/ha)

Rice Wheat 60 DAT At Harvest

60 DAT At Harvest


55

Farmer Practice Farmers Practice

9.3(86.7) 9.1 (81.3)

6.0 (35.5)

4.7 (21.6) 2910.1

But. 1.5 kg/ha fb 2,4-DEE (100%ferti)

IPU + 2,4-D 7.2(50.7) 5.3 (26.7)

4.2 (16.5)

2.3 (4.5) 3304.7

But. 1.5 kg/ha fb 2,4-DEE (100% ferti)

Clod/IPU* +2,4-D

6.4(40.0) 6.6 (42.7)

2.8 (6.9)

2.6 (5.9) 3181.4

But 1.5 kg/ha fb 2,4-DEE (75%N ferti. 25% N through Lantana

IPU + 2,4-D 4.7(21.3) 4.9 (25.3)

1.5 (1.2)

1.9 (3.0) 3650.0

But 1.5 kg/ha fb 2,4-DEE (75% N ferti. 25% N through Lantana

Clod/IPU* +2,4-D

5.4(28.0) 5.9 (37.3)

2.0 (2.9)

3.0 (9.3) 2841.1

Cyhal*/But (100% fert.) IPU + 2,4-D 12.1(146.7) 8.6 (73.3)

6.0 (34.5)

4.0 (14.9) 3650.0

Cyhal*/But (100% fert.) Clod/IPU* +2,4-D

8.9(80.0) 8.4 (70.7)

4.5 (20.3)

4.0 (15.0) 2515.5

Cyhal*/But (75% N ferti +25% N through Lantana)

IPU + 2,4-D 5.6(30.7) 6.7 (44.0)

2.2 (4.0)

2.4 (4.9) 3798.0


Clod/IPU* +2,4-D

8.5(72.0) 9.6 (90.7)

4.5 (19.3)

4.9 (23.2) 3139.5

CD 5% 1.1 1.8 1.0 1.0 744.5 Values given in the parentheses are the original means *Herbicides used in rotation Table WS 1b. Effect of continuous use of herbicides on weeds and grain yield of wheat

Treatment Total weed count (No m-2)

Total weed dry weight (g m-2)

Grain yield (kg/ha)

Rice Wheat 120 DAS

At Harvest

120 DAS

At Harvest

Farmer Practice Farmers Practice

7.5 (56.0)

10.1 (101.3)

4.4 (18.8)

6.7 (43.3) 3659.8


IPU + 2,4-D 5.3 (28.0)

6.0 (34.7) 3.0 (9.3) 3.0 (8.3) 3936.1


Clod/IPU* +2,4-D

5.4 (29.3)

5.8 (33.3) 2.7 (8.4) 2.7 (6.5) 4616.8

But 1.5 kg/ha fb 2,4-DEE (75% N ferti. 25% N through Lantana)

IPU + 2,4-D 5.7 (32.0)

5.5 (29.3) 3.0 (9.1) 2.5 (5.1) 4749.9

But 1.5 kg/ha fb 2,4-DEE (75% N ferti. 25% N through Lantana)

Clod/IPU* +2,4-D

6.2 (37.3)

5.9 (33.3) 2.8 (7.6) 2.1 (3.5) 4774.6

Cyhal*/But (100% fert.) IPU + 2,4-D 5.9 (33.3)

5.7 (32.0) 2.7 (6.7) 2.2 (4.3) 4518.1

Cyhal*/But (100% fert.) Clod/IPU* +2,4-D

4.8 (22.7)

5.4 (28.0) 1.6 (1.8) 2.2 (3.9) 4315.9


IPU + 2,4-D 6.0 (34.7)

6.1 (37.3) 3.7 (12.4)

2.4 (4.9) 4233.0


Clod/IPU* +2,4-D

5.9 (34.7)

6.3 (38.7) 2.4 (5.9) 2.7 (6.2) 4804.2

CD 5% NS 1.1 NS 0.5 473.2 Values given in the parentheses are the original means *Herbicides used in rotation

In wheat, Phalaris minor, Avena ludoviciana, Lolium temulentum and Ranunculus

arvensis were the dominating weeds during 1999-2000. During Rabi 2002-2003 rotational use of

Clodinofop 60 g/ha fb 2,4-D 1.0 kg/ha resulted in significantly lower population and dry matter

of Phalaris minor, Lolium temulentum and Avena ludoviciana over farmer’s practice and


56

continuous use of IPU + 2,4-D. During 2007, Phalaris minor, Avena ludoviciana, Lolium

temulentum, Vicia sativa, Anagallis arvensis and Poa annua were the dominating weeds. Poa

annua and Alopecurus myosuroides were the new weeds. Whereas, during 2008 Stellaria,

Coronopus and Trifolium were the new weeds. The data on total weed count and dry weight and

grain yield of wheat recorded during 2008-09 have been summarized in Table WS 1b.

Weed dynamics in maize-wheat sequence under different planting methods

Significantly highest maize equivalent yield/ maize grain yield was obtained with

conventional planting of maize + soybean over remaining treatments, which were statistically at

par with each other (Table WS 2).

Table WS 2. Effect of planting and weed control methods on weeds and grain yield of maize and

wheat Treatment Weed count

( No m-2) Weed dry weight (g m-2)

Maize grain yield (kg/ha)

Weed count ( No m-2)

Weed dry weight (g m-2)

Wheat Grain yield (kg/ha) Maize Wheat 60

DAS At harvest

60 DAS

At harvest

120 DAS

At harvest

120 DAS

At harvest

Planting methods CT M+s CT 9.9

(98.0) 11.1 (131.3)

5.9 (34.8)

6.0 (40.6)

5188.7 7.8 (62.7)

8.7 (76.7)

4.7 (24.8)

6.1 (37.0)

3456.4

Conventional tillage

Conventional tillage

10.4 (124.7)

11.7 (140.0)

5.2 (33.5)

6.5 (46.6)

4109.7 7.9 (63.3)

9.2 (87.3)

5.8 (33.8)

6.2 (42.6)

3844.7

Zero tillage Zero tillage 10.0 (107.5)

13.9 (216.7)

4.8 (27.1)

7.1 ((53.8)

4633.1 8.2 (71.5)

8.4 (74.0)

5.1 (28.5)

6.1 (40.2)

2348.5

Conventional Planting

Zero tillage 9.0 (82.7)

9.5 (90.0)

4.5 (20.2)

4.5 (20.0)

4457.0 9.1 (82.0)

8.8 (80.0)

6.9 (48.6)

6.7 (47.2)

2704.5

Zero tillage Conventional Planting

9.4 (92.7)

11.7 (150.7)

4.2 (18.9)

5.7 (35.5)

4426.6 7.2 (52.7)

9.0 (81.3)

4.4 (20.0)

7.3 (54.6)

2528.4

CD 5% NS 2.45 0.91 1.52 416.40 NS NS 1.56 NS NS Weed control method H W twice H W twice 11.8

(141.6) 14.2 (209.9)

6.5 (42.1)

7.6 (59.5)

4449.5 9.3 (87.2)

9.8 (97.1)

6.6 (43.7)

7.5 (57.4)

2498.5

Atrazine 1.5 kg/ha (Pre) fb atrazine 0.75 kg/ha

Clodinofop 60 g/ha 35 DAS fb 2,4-D 1.0 kg)

7.7 (60.6)

8.9 (81.6)

3.4 (11.8)

4.3 (19.1)

4676.6 6.7 (45.7)

7.8 (62.7)

4.2 (18.5)

5.4(31.2) 3454.5

CD 5% 0.6 0.5 0.8 142.1 0.6 1.1 0.8 1.0 282.0 Values given in the parentheses are the original means

Effective control of weeds with herbicides resulted in significantly higher grain yield of

maize over hand weeding twice. However, appearance of Ageratum at later stages of crop growth

increased total count and dry matter of weeds but there was no significant reduction in grain

yield of maize. Application of atrazine 1.50 kg ha-1 fb atrazine 0.75 kg ha-1 resulted in lower

population of weeds.


57

Plating methods were not significant for wheat grain yield. The chemical control of

weeds resulted in significantly highest grain yield of wheat over hand weeding twice.

Weed management studies in Potato-Maize Cropping System under organic farming

In organic potato-maize cropping system integration of FYM 37.5 t/ha with Chromolaena

mulch resulted in highest potato tuber yield (Table WS 3). FYM 37.5 t/ha in integration with

transparent sheet/black polythene sheet was at par with FYM 25 t/ha for potato tuber yield.

Table WS 3. Effect of different treatments on weeds and potato tuber yield Treatment Total weed count (No

m-2) Total dry weight (g m-2)

Tuber yield

(kg ha-1) 60 DAT At harvest

60 DAT At harvest

FYM-25 t/ha Lantana mulch 1.0 (0.0) 5.9 (34.7) 1.0 (0.0) 2.0 (3.1) 12222 Fym-25 t/ha Chromolaena mulch 1.0 (0.0) 5.2 (28.0) 1.0 (0.0) 1.7 (2.2) 17064 FYM-25t/ha + Transparent polythene sheet

11.9 (140.0) 5.3 (29.3) 38.9 (3567.4) 2.2 (4.5) 14484

FYM-25 t/ha + Black polythene sheet 3.6(12.0) 5.1 (25.3) 1.4(1.1) 2.0 (3.5) 9851 FYM-37.5 t/ha Lantana mulch 1.0(0.0) 5.0 (24.0) 1.0 (0.0) 1.7 (1.8) 15879 FYM-37.5 t/ha Chromolaena mulch 1.0(0.0) 5.2 (26.7) 1.0 (0.0) 1.7 (1.9) 23323 FYM37.5t/ha+ Transparent poly. Sheet 12.6 (157.3) 6.1 (38.7) 6.4 (42.5) 2.8 (8.2) 17500 FYM-37.5 t/ha + Black poly. Sheet 3.8(13.3) 4.7 (21.3) 1.6 (1.7) 1.6 (1.5) 16667 CD 5% 0.7 NS NS NS 1582 Values given in the parentheses are the original means

Weed management in cropping system Weed dynamics in rice-wheat cropping systems

Combinations of glyphosate with butachlor and Bensulfuron methyl + pretilachlor (T5)

resulted in lowest dry weight of weeds (5.8 g/m2) followed by glyphosate + butachlor (Table WS

4). As a result, these treatments produced significantly higher grain yield of rice.

Table WS 4. Effect of treatments on weeds (g/m2, 45 DAT) and rice grain yield (kg/ha) Treatment Dose

(kg/ha) Time (DAT) Weed dry wt. Yield

T1: Glyphosate* 0.75 15 18.01 5.69 T2: Butachlor 1.50 0-5 9.44 5.63 T3: Bensulfuron methyl + pretilachlor (post) 0.06+0.60 8-15 10.92 5.44 T4: T1 + T2 6.85 5.89


58

T5: T1+T3 5.80 5.83 T6: Hand weeding twice 20&40 10.44 5.67 T7: Conoweeder 20&40 17.31 5.46 T8: Weedy check 18.07 4.89 CD 5% - 0.41 *Glyphosate was applied 15 days before transplanting Weed management in maize-peas cropping system

All the weed control treatments behaving statistically alike resulted in significantly

higher grain yield of maize by effective control of weeds over weedy check (Table WS 5a).

Weeds in weedy check reduced grain yield of maize by 40.5 per cent over atrazine 1.0 kg ha-1 fb.

2,4-D 0.5 kg ha-1. Among the treatments applied in pea, pendimethalin 0.75 kg/ha f.b.

mechanical weeding being statistically at par with mechanical weeding twice resulted in

significantly higher pod yield of pea (Table WS 5b).

Table WS 5a. Effect of treatments on weeds and grain yield of maize Treatment Total weed count

(No m-2) Total weed dry weight

(gm-2) Yield (kg/ha)

60 DAS Harvest 60 DAS Harvest Weed control methods in Maize Weedy check 10.9(117.0) 8.9 (78.0) 3.4 (10.4) 8.3 (116.7) 2695.4 Mechanical weeding (2) 3.3 (10.0) 9.2 (87.7) 1.9 (2.8) 5.2 (30.6) 4313.5 Atrazine 1.0 kg/ha PE fb. HW 7.6 (57.8) 11.7 (136.5) 2.5 (5.3) 6.3 (42.8) 4106.2 Atrazine 1.5 kg/ha PE 7.5 (56.0) 9.6 (92.3) 2.5 (5.4) 6.6 (47.5) 4183.9 Atrazine 1.0 kg/ha PE fb. 2,4-D 0.5 kg/ha 1.0 (0.0) 7.8 (64.6) 1.0 (0.0) 7.1 (52.8) 4526.8 C D 5% 0.60 1.56 0.07 1.09 505.9

Weed control methods in Pea Weedy check 6.2 (50.3) 9.6 (94.9) 2.3 (4.8) 9.0 (80.1) 3948.7 Mechanical weeding (2) 6.0 (46.7) 10.0 (100.7) 2.3 (4.7) 4.2 (18.4) 4082.5 Pen 1.2 kg/ha PE 6.3 (52.3) 9.1 (87.5) 2.3 (5.1) 8.8 (110.0) 3761.9 Pen 0.75 kg/ha PE fb. Mechanical weeding 5.8 (43.5) 9.1 (84.2) 2.2 (4.6) 4.9 (23.9) 4067.5 C D 5% 0.28 NS NS 2.41 NS Values given in the parentheses are the original means

Table WS 5b. Effect of treatments on total weed count, total weed dry weight and marketable yield of pea

Treatment Total weed count


(gm-2) Yield

(kg/ha) 90 DAS Harvest 90 DAS Harvest

Weed control methods in Maize Weedy check 6.5 (73.5) 10.6 (121.3) 4.2 (29.4) 8.3 (116.7) 5846.3 Mechanical weeding (2) 7.8 (106.7) 9.7 (100.3) 5.6 (51.3) 5.2 (30.6) 6698.9 Atrazine 1.0 kg/ha PE 8.2 (120.3) 10.9 (124.0) 5.6 (52.8) 6.3 (42.8) 7353.7


59

fb. HW Atrazine 1.5 kg/ha PE 6.6 (77.7) 12.1 (155.3) 4.7 (35.1) 6.6 (47.5) 7113.6 Atrazine 1.0 kg/ha PE fb. 2,4-D 0.5 kg/ha

6.6 (77.7) 12.1 (154.2) 4.8 (37.5) 7.1 (52.8) 4894.3

C D 5% 0.46 1.56 NS NS 1272.6 Weed control methods in Pea Weedy check 14.9 (222.8) 14.9 (223.1) 9.6 (95.3) 9.0 (80.1) 4364.3 Mechanical weeding (2) 1.0 (0.0) 8.3 (71.5) 1.0 (90.0) 4.2 (18.4) 7243.3 Pen 1.2 kg/ha PE 11.2 (135.7) 12.2 (149.6) 7.9 (66.8) 8.8 (110.0) 6511.2 Pen 0.75 kg/ha PE fb. Mechanical weeding

1.6 (6.1) 8.9 (80.0) 1.4 (2.9) 4.9 (23.9) 7406.8

C D 5% 1.55 0.84 1.25 2.41 766.9 Values given in the parentheses are the original means Effect of maize based cropping systems on weed dynamics, soil health and crop

productivity

Weeds in Farmer’s practice reduced the grain yield of maize 7.1 per cent over

recommended practice (Table WS 6). Different cropping systems did not significantly influence

grain yield of maize.

Table WS 6. Effect of treatments on total weed count, total weed dry weight and grain yield of maize Treatment Total weed count


(gm-2) Yield (kg/ha)

60DAS Harvest 60DAS Harvest Cropping system Maize Wheat 13.1(170.0) 11.4(130.0) 7.3(53.2) 6.2(38.3) 3497.5 Maize Chickpea 10.4(114.0) 12.1(151.3) 5.3(31.2) 6.4(41.5) 3348.3 Maize Pea 12.1(146.0) 12.6(160.7) 5.5(30.8) 6.1(37.5) 3095.0

Maize Mustard 12.0(144.0) 10.3(105.3) 6.8(45.0) 4.9(24.3) 3865.00 Maize Potato 10.1(126.7) 11.8(138.0) 4.8(24.8) 5.8(33.0) 3420.00 C D 5% 1.00 0.5 1.6 1.0 NS

Weed control method Recommended herbicide

Recommended herbicide

12.9(166.7) 10.7(113.9) 6.8(45.7) 5.4(28.6) 3778.68

Farmer’s Pratice Farmer’s Pratice 10.5(113.6) 12.6(160.3) 5.1(28.4) 6.4(41.2) 3512.00 C D 5% 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.7 NS Values given in the parentheses are the original means

Weed management in individual crops Studies on efficacy of alternative tank-mix and sequential application of herbicides to

control mixed weed flora in wheat

Isoproturon 1.0 kg ha-1 + metribuzin 50 g ha-1 resulted in significantly higher grain yield

of wheat by effective control of weeds (Table WS 7). However, it behaved statistically alike with

all the weed control treatments except atrazine 50 g ha-1, affinity 2.0 kg ha-1 and fenoxaprop 120


60

g ha-1 fb MSM. Weeds in weedy check reduced grain yield of wheat by 53.3 per cent over

isoproturon 1.0 kg ha-1 + metribuzin 50 g ha-1.

Table WS 7. Effect of different treatments on weeds and grain yield of wheat Treatment

Total weed count (No m-2)

Total weed dry weight (gm-2)

Yield (kg/ha)

120DAS At Harvest 120DAS At Harvest

Weedy check 10.1 (102.7) 16.4 (266.7) 12.5 (158.7) 8.2 (67.8) 2080.4 Hand weeding twice 5.9 (33.3) 7.8 (61.3) 6.2 (42.7) 4.4 (18.4) 2749.9 2,4-D 0.75 kg/ha at 35 DAS fb clodinofop 60 g/ha(45DAS)

7.4 (53.3) 11.4 (136.0) 10.9 (156.0) 5.5 (32.7) 2773.9

Fenoxaprop, 120 g/ha fb MSM 4 g/ha 7.0 (48.0) 10.0 (100.0) 4.7 (23.3) 4.6 (20.6) 2510.8 Sulfosulfuron 25 g/ha fb MSM 4 g/ha 5.7 (32.0) 11.8 (141.3) 8.9 (82.0) 6.4 (40.6) 3109.4

Affinity 2 kg/ha 5.7 (32.0) 9.3 (88.0) 6.5 (50.0) 5.6 (31.2) 2510.8 Atrazine 25 g/ha fb metribuzin(100 g/ha(Pre).

5.4 (29.3) 8.1 (65.3) 9.4 (94.0) 5.3 (27.5) 2869.5

Isoproturon 1.5 kg/ha 8.2 (68.0) 10.0 (98.7) 4.1 (20.0) 6.3 (39.3) 3108.6 Isoproturon1.0 kg/ha + 2,4-D 0.5 kg/ha 7.2 (53.3) 9.8 (96.0) 11.1 (177.3) 6.2 (37.9) 3132.6 Isoproturon 1.0 kg/ha + metribuzin 50 g/ha 7.7 (58.7) 8.8 (76.0) 9.7 (95.3) 5.3 (27.2) 3189.1 Atrazine 50 g 7.1 (49.3) 10.7 (113.3) 6.5 (54.9) 6.3 (38.5) 2391.3 Atrazine 25 g/ha fb IPU 1.0 kg/ha 9.7 (93.3) 8.1 (65.3) 3.4 (14.3) 4.6 (20.3) 2989.1

CD 5% 1.5 2.5 NS 1.6 597.81 Values given in the parentheses are the original means

Bio-efficacy of Tribenuron methyl 75% against broad-leaf weeds in wheat

Application of tribenuron was as effective as IPU + 2,4-D for controlling mixed weed

flora and increasing grain yield of wheat (Table WS 8). There was no phytoxicity of tribenuron to wheat

crop. Weeds in weedy check reduced grain yield of wheat by 53.2 per cent over isoproturon + 2,4-D

(1250 + 750 g ha-1). Tank mix application of isoproturon + 2,4-D (1.25 kg + 0.75 kg ha-1)

behaving statistically similar with isoproturon + 2,4-D (1.00 kg + 1.0 kg ha-1), isoking + 2, 4-D

1.00 kg + 1.0 kg ha-1), isoking + 2, 4-D 1.25 kg + 0.75 kg ha-1), sequential application of

isoproturon fb 2,4-D (1.0 kg fb 1.0 kg ha-1) and isoking fb 2,4-D (1.0 kg fb 1.0 kg ha-1) resulted

in significantly higher grain yield of wheat over remaining treatments.

Table WS 8. Effect of different treatments on total weed count, total weed dry weight and grain yield of wheat

Treatment Dose

(g/ha) Total weed count (No. m-2) Total weed dry weight (g m2) Grain yield

(kg/ha) 100 DAS At harvest 100 DAS At harvest Tribenuron+Surf 18.75 10.7 (113.3) 12.3 (149.3) 5.8 (33.4) 8.2 (65.7) 2254.1 Tribenuron+Surf 22.58 10.3 (105.3) 10.5 (109.3) 6.6 (45.6) 6.7 (43.5) 2704.5 Tribenuron+Surf 26.25 10.3 (106.7) 7.8 (61.3) 5.8 (34.1) 4.5 (19.9) 3216.7 Tribenuron 18.75 9.5 (89.3) 10.4 (106.7) 4.8 (22.0) 6.8 (45.1) 2087.1 Tribenuron 22.58 10.7 (113.3) 8.1 (64.0) 5.0 (24.5) 5.0 (24.4) 2443.2 Tribenuron 26.25 8.9 (78.7) 7.8 (61.3) 4.6 (20.5) 4.2 (17.5) 3152.3


61

Tribenuron+Surf 45 11.2 (127.7) 9.7 (93.3) 4.8 (22.7) 6.4 (40.5) 2803.0 Tribenuron 45 10.5 (109.3) 10.5 (110.7) 4.2 (16.7) 6.7 (44.0) 2689.4 IPU+2,4-D 1250 +750 6.8 (45.3) 7.0 (48.0) 3.1 (8.9) 4.0 (14.8) 3280.2 Weedy check 12.7 (161.3) 11.3 (128.0) 6.4 (40.5) 8.1 (64.9) 1536.2 CD 5% 2.0 1.6 1.7 1.2 516.3 Values in the parenthesis are the means of original values

Bio-efficacy of Metsulfuron methyl 20 WG and Clodinafop propargyl 15% WP mixture

against weeds in wheat

Clodinafop (60 g ha-1) behaved statistically similar to MSM + clodinofop + surf (8 + 120 g ha-1)

in increasing the grain yield of wheat (Table WS 9) . Weeds in weedy check reduced the grain yield of

wheat by 64.6 per cent over clodinafop 60 g ha-1.

Table WS 9. Effect of different treatments on total weed count, total weed dry weight and grain

yield of wheat Treatment Dose

g/ha Total weed count

(No. m-2) Total weed dry weight

(g m2) Grain yield

(kg/ha)

Straw yield

(kg/ha) 90 DAS At harvest 90 DAS At harvest Metsulfuron methyl + surfactant

4 7.1 (49.3)

9.8 (97.3) 3.5 (11.2) 7.0 (47.5) 2575.8 6148.2

Clodinofop propargyl

60 6.8 (45.3)

9.7 (93.3) 3.2 (9.6) 6.8 (44.8) 4053.0 6851.9

Metsulfuron methyl + Clodinofop + Surf.

4 + 60 6.5 (41.3)

6.3 (41.3) 3.0 (8.4) 3.3 (10.8) 3712.1 6481.5

Metsulfuron methyl + Clodinofop

4 + 60 7.5 (54.7)

7.1 (49.3) 3.8 (13.6) 3.1 (8.9) 3333.3 7272.6

Metsulfuron methyl + Clodinofop + Surf..

8 + 120 5.4 (28.0)

5.0 (24.0) 2.6 (5.7) 2.6 (6.0) 7259.3 3787.9

Metsulfuron methyl + Clodinofop

8+120 5.4 (28.0)

5.9 (33.3) 2.7 (6.3) 2.4 (4.8) 5777.8 3219.7

Isoproturon + 2,4-D 1250 + 750 7.8 (60.0)

9.0 (80.3) 4.8 (22.5) 8.1 (63.8) 5185.2 2689.4

Weedy check - 9.4 (86.7)

13.4(178.3) 6.4 (40.0) 10.8(116.4) 4845.1 1433.3

CD at 5% 1.0 1.7 0.6 1.0 1363.0 314.9 Values in the parentheses are the original means

Standardization of doses of sulfosulfuron to control weeds in wheat

Sulfosulfuron 25 g ha-1 (55 DAS) resulted in significantly highest grain yield of wheat by

effective control of weeds (Table WS 10). Weeds in weedy check reduced grain yield of wheat

by 52.1 per cent over sulfosulfuron 25 g ha-1 (55 DAS).

Table WS 10. Effect of different treatments on weeds and grain yield of wheat Treatment Total weed count


(g m-2) Yield

(kg/ha)


62

120 DAS At harvest 120 DAS At harvest Sulfosulfuron 15g/ha (45 DAS) 15.3 (233.1) 11.4 (130.0) 15.2 (232.0) 6.9 (47.3) 2346 Sulfosulfuron 15g/ha (55 DAS) 12.3 (149.3) 11.2 (124.4) 9.4 (87.3) 6.5 (41.5) 2750 Sulfosulfuron 15g/ha (65 DAS) 13.6 (184.9) 10.2 (102.7) 12.5 (157.3) 6.6 (43.2) 2492 Sulfosulfuron 20g/ha (45 DAS) 11.5 (130.7) 11.7 (135.0) 10.3 (105.3) 7.8 (60.6) 2731 Sulfosulfuron 20g/ha (55 DAS) 14.2 (201.3) 10.4 (106.7) 6.9 (46.7) 7.3 (52.8) 2954 Sulfosulfuron 20g/ha (65 DAS) 10.1 (100.6) 11.4 (128.4) 9.3 (88.0) 7.4 (53.3) 2352 Sulfosulfuron 25g/ha (45 DAS) 11.8 (138.7) 9.9 (97.3) 11.4 (128.7) 6.8 (45.7) 2385 Sulfosulfuron 25g/ha (55 DAS) 12.5 (154.7) 11.2 (125.3) 7.9 (61.3) 5.9 (33.9) 3615 Sulfosulfuron 25g/ha (65 DAS 12.5 (156.3) 10.4 (108.0) 13.3 (176.0) 6.8 (45.3) 2801 Isoproturon 1.25kg/ha + 2,4-D 0.75 kg/ha 9.0 (80.3) 11.2 (124.7) 8.7 (75.3) 7.5 (54.6) 2957 Isoproturon 1.0kg/ha +2,4-D 0.50 kg/ha 9.5 (88.3) 8.3 (68.0) 8.6 (74.7) 6.7 (44.0) 2769 Weedy check 17.2 (293.3) 12.1 (145.3) 16.1 (257.3) 8.1 (64.2) 1731 CD 5 % 0.7 0.1 1.6 0.7 273

Values given in the parentheses are the original means

B. Studies on testing the efficacy of isoking (isoproturon) for control of weeds in wheat

Table WS 11. Effect of treatments on weeds and grain yield of wheat Treatment Total weed count

(Nom-2) Total weed dry weight

( g m-2) Grain yield (kg ha-1)

120 DAS At harvest 120 DAS At harvest Isoproturon 1.0 kg/ha fb 2,4-D 1.0 kg/ha 8.1 (64.0) 10.3 (104.7) 14.2 (204.0) 5.7 (31.3) 2484 Isoproturon 1.25 kg/ha fb 2,4-D 0.75 kg/ha 7.7 (58.7) 8.9 (78.7) 13.4 (182.7) 5.9 (34.4) 2054 Isoking 1.0 kg/ha fb 2,4-D 1.0 kg/ha 6.6 (42.7) 8.6 (73.3) 11.3 (128.0) 5.4 (28.7) 2428 Isoking 1.25 kg/ha fb 2,4-D 0.75 kg/ha 8.5 (72.0) 8.5 (70.7) 11.9 (145.3) 5.4 (28.5) 2101 Isoproturon 1.0 kg/ha +2,4-D 1.0 kg/ha 6.9 (48.0) 9.1 (82.7) 13.6 (186.7) 5.6 (30.0) 2319 Isoproturon 1.25 kg/ha +2,4-D 0.75 kg/ha 5.9 (34.7) 7.9 (61.3) 12.2 (149.3) 5.4 (28.6) 2496 Isoking 1.0 kg/ha+2,4-D 1.0 kg/ha 5.5 (30.7) 9.6 (91.3) 11.5 (130.7) 6.0 (34.8) 2406 Isoking 1.25 kg/ha+2,4-D 0.75 kg/ha 8.0 (64.0) 7.6 (57.3) 16.4 (273.3) 5.5 (29.9) 2243 Farmers’ practice 10.0 (100.0) 10.6 (110.7) 12.2 (148.0) 6.7 (44.5) 1950 Weedy check 15.3 (234.7) 11.6 (134.0) 20.1 (404.7) 7.1 (49.7) 1413 CD 5% 1.0 1.2 2.8 0.9 291 Values in the parentheses are the means of original values

Chemical weed control in barley

Isoproturon 1.0 kg/ha + metsulfuron 4 g/ha being at par with hand weeding twice (T7),

isoproturon (0.75 & 1.0 kg/ha) (T1 & T2), isoproturon 1.0 and 1.25 kg/ha along with 2,4-D 0.5

kg/ha (T5 & T6) resulted in significantly higher grain yield of barley (Table WS 12).

Significantly lower weed dry matter and count were recorded under hand weeding twice

followed by isoproturon 1.0 kg/ha + metsulfuron 4g/ha (T4).


63

Table WS 12. Effect of treatments on weed count (No/m2) and dry matter (g/m2) and grain yield (kg/ha) of barley

Treatments Weed count Dry matter Grain yield T1: Isoproturon 0.75 kg/ha 11.8(138.7) 13.39(20.3) 1575 T2: Isoproturon 1.0 kg /ha 10.3(106.7) 13.39(20.3) 1656 T3: T1 + metsulfuron 4g/ha 11.0(122.7) 18.09(36.3) 1554 T4: T2 + metsulfuron 4g/ha 8.9(80.01) 9.53(9.6) 1911 T5: Isoproturon 1.0 kg + 2,4 –D 0.5 kg/ha

9.8(101.31) 14.77(25.6) 1665

T6: Isoproturon 1.25 kg + 2,4-D 0.5 kg/ha

8.3(69.3) 11.46(14.9) 1593

T7: Hand weeding twice 0.7(0.00) 2.12(0.00) 1741 T8: Weedy check 15.5(240.0) 24.65(67.2) 844 CD at 5 % 2.4 1.55 422 Figures in parentheseis represent original weed count & weed dry matter Efficacy of different post emergence herbicides for controlling weeds in mash under Poanta valley conditions

Post emergence application of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 50 g/ha resulted in significantly higher

number of pods and mash seed yield of 7.40 q/ha (Table WS 13). However, pendimethalin 1.0

kg/ha + HW, quizalofop + chlorimuron-ethyl 4.0 g/ha (POE), fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 5.0 g/ha +

chlorimuron-ethyl 4.0 g/ha (POE), imazethapyr 250 ml/ha (POE) and imazethapyr 300 g/ha

(POE) were as good as post emergence application of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 50 g/ha in influencing

mash seed yield. Lowest weed count was recorded under imazethapyr 300 g/ha (POE) followed

by pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha + HW and imazethapyr 250 g/ha (POE).

Table WS 13. Effect of treatments on weeds (60 DAS) and yield of Mash

Treatments

Weeds/m2

Dry matter (q/ha)

Pods/plant

Mash yield q/ha

T1-Weedy check 33.33 6.66 12.46 4.07 T2-Pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha + HW 8.33 1.33 25.86 7.03 T3- Quizalofop-ethyl 37.5 g/ha (POE) 17.0 3.66 19.80 5.37 T4- Chloromuron-ethyl 4.0 g/ha (POE) 13.33 2.83 17.40 5.27 T5- Fenoxaprop-p- ethyl 50 g/ha (POE) 12.0 2.50 26.53 7.40 T6- Quizalofop + chlorimuron-ethyl 4.0 g/ha (POE)

13.0 2.00 26.40 7.22

T7- Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 5.0 g/ha + chlorimuron-ethyl 4.0 g/ha (POE)

13.0 2.66 21.20 6.48


64

T8- Imazethapyr 250 g/ha (POE) 8.66 2.16 18.93 6.48 T9- Imazethapyr 300 g/ha (POE) 7.33 2.16 26.40 6.94 CD at 5% 2.84 0.76 2.24 1.58 Efficacy of Imazethapyr at different doses and time of application for weed control in mash

Imazethapyr at 75 g ha-1 being at par with imazethapyr at 100 & 125 g ha-1 both at 10 and 15 DAS

resulted in significantly lower weed dry weight and higher seed yield compared with its other dose and

time of application (Table WS 14). Pendimethalin 1.5 kg ha-1 controlled the initial flush but did not

control the second flush of weeds effectively. It was next superior treatment in reducing weed dry weight

and increasing mash seed yield.

Table WS 14. Effect of treatments on weed dry weight (g m-2) and seed yield (q ha-1) of mash

Treatments Dose (g ha-1)

Time of application (DAS) Weed dry weight Seed yield

Imazethapyr 50 10 62.8 6.99 Imazethapyr 75 10 36.9 8.65 Imazethapyr 100 10 24.6 8.59 Imazethapyr 125 10 16.4 8.64 Imazethapyr 50 15 55.9 7.12 Imazethapyr 75 15 29.7 8.75 Imazethapyr 100 15 19.8 8.89 Imazethapyr 125 15 10.2 8.72 Imazethapyr 50 20 96.5 6.75 Imazethapyr 75 20 55.2 7.35 Imazethapyr 100 20 37.8 7.89 Imazethapyr 125 20 20.6 8.66 Pendimethalin 1500 Pre-em 66.5 7.48 Weedy check - - 160.4 5.91 CD (P = 0.05) - - 14.5 0.25

Efficacy of quizalofop-ethyl and chlorimuron-ethyl mixtures against mixed weed flora in mash

Quizalofop 40 g ha-1 + chlorimuron 4 g ha-1 being at par with quizalofop 30 g ha-1 + chlorimuron

4 g ha-1 during both the years resulted in significantly lower total weed dry weight and hence higher mash

yield over other treatments (Table WS 15). However, this treatment was also at par with quizalofop 30 g

ha-1 + chlorimuron 2 g ha-1 and quizalofop 40 g ha-1 + chlorimuron 2 g ha-1 during the first year.

Table WS 15. Effect of treatments on weed dry weight (g m-2) and seed yield (q ha-1) of mash


Weed dry weight Seed yield

2007 2008 2007 2008


65

Quizalofop + chlorimuron 20 + 2 132.3 118.4 7.15 8.10









Pendimethalin 1500 32.7 25.0 7.95 7.70

Weedy check -- 165.8 204.6 6.10 5.73

CD (P = 0.05) -- 17.5 12.9 0.33 0.29

Standardization of the doses of “Valour” for weed control in mash

Valour 50 g ha-1 was phytotoxic, however, mash crop was recovered at later stages. It controlled

the weeds effectively and significantly increased mash yield as compared to the other treatments except

pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha-1 + HW (Table WS 16). The higher doses of valour (75 and 100 g ha-1) recorded

significantly lower weed dry weight compared to its lower doses. But their irrecoverable phytotoxicity,

resulted in significantly lower mash yield.

Table WS 16. Effect of treatments on weed dry weight (g m-2) & mash yield (q ha-1)


Total weed dry weight

Seed yield

Valour 25 84.2 6.5 Valour 50 24.8 9.2 Valour 75 24.0 4.5 Valour 100 11.7 2.0 Pendimethalin + HW 1000 17.9 8.8 Hand weeding (20 & 40 DAS) 15.3 9.5 Weedy check 30.4 5.3 LSD (P = 0.05) 4.7 1.6

Chemical weed management in kulthi (Horse gram)


66

Pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha-1 + HW being at par with quizalofop 30 g ha-1 + HW and pendimethalin

1.5 kg ha-1 resulted in significantly higher seed yield of kulthi over other treatments due to comparatively

lower weed dry weight (Table WS 17). At the initial stages, valour 0.50 kg ha-1 was phytotoxic. However,

it was the next superior treatment in increasing seed yield.

Table WS 17. Effect of treatments on weed dry weight and seed yield of kulthi

Treatments Dose (kg/ha) Total weed dry weight (g m-2)

Seed yield (q ha-1)

Pendimethalin (pre) 1.0 42.2 11.4 Pendimethalin (pre) 1.5 26.8 15.0 Pendimethalin + HW 1.0 15.9 16.9 Valour (pre) 0.25 85.7 7.5 Valour (pre) 0.25 42.3 12.5 Valour (pre) 0.25 24.3 9.2 Quizalofop 0.030 29.3 12.2 Quizalofop 0.040 26.4 11.0 Quizalofop + HW 0.030 13.6 14.7 Weedy check 240.8 6.2 LSD (P = 0.05) 9.5 2.7

Efficacy of post emergence herbicides for controlling weeds in gram in Poanta valley

Highest yield of gram (12.77 q/ha) was recorded under hand weeding twice (Table WS

18). Herbicidal treatments (POE) T9, T10, T6, T5, T3, T7, T8 and T5 did not significantly differ

from T1 control in influencing seed yield of gram. T11 and T12 recorded significantly lower yield

as there was toxicity of herbicide to crop.

Table WS 18. Effect of treatments on weed density and dry weight and yield of gram

Treatment Dose Time (DAS) Weeds/m2 Weed dry weight (q/ha)

Gram yield (q/ha)

T1: Weedy check - - 217 2.16 7.03 T2:Hand weeding - 25-30 & 50-55 3 0.19 12.77 T3:Quizalofop-ethyl 40g/ha 30 199 1.38 7.22 T4:Quizalofop-ethyl 40g/ha 40 211 1.72 5.92 T5:Quizalofop-ethyl 50g/ha 30 219 1.59 7.40 T6:Quizalofop-ethyl 50g/ha 40 216 1.44 7.44 T7:Imazethapyr 25g/ha 30 203 1.66 6.48 T8:Imazethapyr 25g/ha 40 242 1.51 5.55 T9:Imazethapyr 40g/ha 30 175 1.16 8.14


67

T10: Imazethapyr 40g/ha 40 179 1.20 7.96 T11:Chlorimuron-ethyl 4g/ha 30 213 1.55 3.88 T12:Chlorimuron-ethyl 4g/ha 40 212 1.48 3.14 CD at 5% - - 53.9 0.38 3.72

Efficacy of different post emergence herbicides for controlling weeds in lentil at

Dhaulakuan

Highest yield of 8.88 q/ha was recorded under T2 (HW, twice) (Table WS 19). Herbicide

treatments (POE) T10, T9, T8, T7, T6, T3, T4 and T5 did not differ significantly from weedy check.

T11 and T12 resulted in significantly lower yield, as there was phytotoxicity. These herbicides

also failed to control weeds, which appeared in the later stages of crop growth.

Table WS 19. Effect of weed control treatments on weeds and yield of lentil

Treatments Dose Time (DAS) Weeds/m2 Dry matter (q/ha)

Lentil yield (q/ha)

Weedy check - - 203.0 1.96 5.07 Hand weeding - 25-30 and 50-55 8.0 0.24 8.88 Quizalofop-ethyl 40 g/ha 30 185.0 1.68 5.18 Quizalofop-ethyl 40 g/ha 40 188.3 1.74 5.55 Quizalofop-ethyl 50 g/ha 30 191.6 1.77 5.00 Quizalofop-ethyl 50 g/ha 40 189.6 1.74 5.55 Imazethapyr 25 g/ha 30 195.0 1.74 5.92 Imazethapyr 25 g/ha 40 135.6 1.37 6.66 Imazethapyr 40 g/ha 30 131.6 1.44 6.48 Imazethapyr 40g/ha 40 135.0 1.46 6.83 Chlorimuron-ethyl 4g/ha 30 151.6 1.53 2.22 Chlorimuron-ethyl 4g/ha 40 155.0 1.57 1.57 CD at 5% - - 18.0 0.19 1.86

Efficacy of different herbicides for weed control in Lentil

Pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha-1 + HW and quizalofop 30 g ha-1 + chlorimuron 4 g ha-1 were at par with

each other in lowering weed dry weight and increasing seed yield of lentil over other treatments (Table

WS 20). Imazethapyr 100 g ha-1 was comparable to hand weeding twice for seed yield of lentil.

Table WS 20. Effect of treatments on total weed dry weight & seed yield of lentil

Treatments Dose

(g ha-1) Weed dry weight

(g m-2) Seed yield

(q ha-1) Imazethapyr 50 56.9 8.40 Imazethapyr 75 32.6 9.73 Imazethapyr 100 24.3 10.01


68

Imazethapyr 125 20.2 9.81 Valour 750 15.9 6.40 Pendimethalin + HW 1000 13.4 11.02 Clodinofop 750 21.7 9.88 Quizalofop + chlorimuron 30+4 22.6 10.97 Isoproturon 1000 27.3 9.95 Hand weeding (30 & 60 DAS) - 15.4 10.26 Weedy check - 145.7 2.12 LSD (P = 0.05) - 5.2 0.28

Efficacy of imazethapyr compared with some common herbicides for weed control in peas

Pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha-1+ HW and hand weeding twice resulted in significantly lower weed dry

weight and higher green pod yield over other treatments (Table WS 21). Imazethapyr at 100 & 125 g h-1

were the next superior treatments in increasing yield.

Table WS 21. Effect of treatments on total weed dry weight and pea pod yield



Pod yield (q ha-1)

Imazethapyr 50 124.5 60.5 Imazethapyr 75 78.8 78.5 Imazethapyr 100 32.4 85.8 Imazethapyr 125 24.2 86.4 Valour 750 35.7 64.3 Pendimethalin 1000 48.6 82.4 Pendimethalin + 1HW 1000 12.5 98.7 Isoproturon 1000 35.7 80.7 Hand weeding twice (30 & 60 DAS) - 23.5 95.5 Weedy check - 148.5 50.2 LSD (P=0.05) - 9.4 8.5

Efficacy of quizalofop-ethyl and chlorimuron-ethyl in mixture for controlling weeds in peas

Quizalofop 40 g + chlorimuron 4 g ha-1 was best combination to control weeds effectively and

giving significantly higher pod yield compared with other mixtures as well as standard checks viz.

isoproturon 1.0 kg ha-1, pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha-1 and clodinofop 1.0 kg ha-1. Hand weeding twice

produced significantly highest pods yield of green pea (Table WS 22).

Table WS 22. Effect of treatments on total Weed dry weight & pea pod yield


69

C. Treatments Dose (g ha-1)


Pod yield (q ha-1)

Quizalofop + chlorimuron 30+2 24.8 88.6 Quizalofop + chlorimuron 30+4 17.9 92.5 Quizalofop + chlorimuron 40+2 21.3 90.4 Quizalofop + chlorimuron 40+4 14.5 97.3 Isoproturon 1000 35.7 87.3 Pendimethalin 1000 38.5 85.4 Clodinofop 1000 30.2 89.3 Hand weeding twice (30 & 60 DAS) - 24.5 102.3 Weedy check - 105.0 60.1 LSD (P = 0.05) - 6.4 3.7

Weed management studies in Indian mustard

Except hand weeding twice, oxadiargyl 180 g/ha and oxadiargyl 90 g/ha + HW, all

treatments resulted in significantly higher seed yield of sarson over weedy check (Table WS 23).

Pendimethalin + IPU gave highest sarson yield. Weeds in weedy check reduced sarson grain

yield by 70.3 percent.

Table WS 23. Effect of treatments on weeds and grain yield of Sarson Treatments Total weed count


(g m-2) Seed yield

(kg/ha) 90 DAS At harvest 90 DAS At harvest

Weedy check 5.5 (29.3) 8.9(112.7) 3.1(9.03)

3.4(10.59)

702.8

Hand Weeding twice (30 & 60 DAS) 3.0 (8.0) 7.7(67.7) 1.2(0.43)

2.6(5.93)

866.0

Oxadiargyl 180 g/ha (Pre-emergence) 6.2 (37.0) 7.4(54.7) 3.64(12.28)

2.93(7.57)

963.9

Oxadiargyl 90 g/ha (Pre-emergence) +1HW

3.0 (8.0) 8.2(69.0) 1.95(2.81)

2.97(7.81)

954.9

Pendimethalin 1.5 kg/ha (Pre-emergence)

4.6 (20.0) 8.5(72.0) 2.75(6.56) 3.05(8.32) 1186.3

Pendimethalin0.75kg/ha (Pre- 1.0 (0.0) 6.1(37.3) 1.00(0.00) 1.99(2.97) 1533.6


70

emergence) + HW Trifluralin 1.5 kg/ha (PPI) 5.3 (26.7) 6.5(46.0) 2.63(5.89) 2.13(3.55) 1461.8 Trifluralin 0.75 kg/ha(PPI) + HW 2.2 (4.0) 5.9(37.0) 1.49(1.23) 1.96(2.83) 1446.8 Isoproturon 1.25 kg/ha (35DAS) 5.1 (25.3) 7.4(59.3) 2.93(7.56) 2.34(4.46) 1475.7 Isoproturon 0.6 kg/ha (35DAS) + HW 1.0 (0.0) 7.5(65.0) 1.00(0.00) 2.98(7.85) 1149.9 Oxadiargyl 90 g/ha (Pre-emergence)+IPU 0.75 kg/ha (35 DAS)

4.4 (18.7) 6.3(38.7) 3.06(8.37)

2.45(4.98)

1475.7

Pendimethalin 0.75kg/ha (Pre-emergence)+ IPU 0.75 kg/ha (35 DAS)

4.1 (15.7) 5.3(38.7) 2.10(3.42)

1.65(1.74)

2373.4

Trifluralin0.75 kg/ha (PPI)+ IPU 0.75 kg/ha (Pre-emergence)

5.3 (26.7) 6.9(62.0) 3.54(11.50)

2.43(4.90)

1387.5

Pendimethalin 0.75kg/ha (Pre-emergence) fb clodinafop 60 g/ha

3.2 (9.3) 4.8(22.7) 1.04(0.09)

1.90(2.60)

1274.0

CD 5% 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.08 411.9 Values in parentheses are original means

Weed management studies in garlic

Pendimethalin 3.0 kg/ha gave highest garlic bulb yield (Table WS 24). This was followed

by oxyflourfen 0.50 kg/ha and pendimethalin 1.50 kg/ha. Weeds in weedy check reduced garlic

bulb yield by 97.7 per cent over pendimethalin 3.0 kg ha-1 + HW.

Table WS 24. Effect of different treatments on weeds and yield of garlic Treatment Weed count

(No m-2) Weed dry weight

(g m-2) Yield

(kg/ha) 90 DAS At harvest 90 DAS At harvest

Unweeded 18.9(356.0) 11.8(137.3) 11.2(123.6) 8.0(63.9) 153.8 Hand weeding at 30, 60 & 90 DAS 4.8(22.7) 8.8 (77.3) 1.3(0.7) 4.9(23.4) 1384.6 Oxyflurofen 0.25 kg/ha(Pre) 4.5(20.00 6.8 (45.3) 1.4(0.9) 3.4(11.2) 1846.2 Oxyflurofen 0.15 kg/ha (Pre) + Handweeding 4..5(20.0) 6.7(44.0) 1.9(3.0) 3.2(9.5) 3384.6 Pendimethalin 1.50 kg/ha (Pre) 5.5(29.3) 7.4(53.3) 2.2(3.9) 3.8(13.9) 4769.2 Pendimethalin 0.75kg/ha (Pre) + Handweeding 4.6(20.0) 9.0(81.3) 1.1(0.3) 6.4(40.9) 3230.7 Trifluralin 1.5 kg/ha (Pre) 4.8(22.7) 7.7(61.3) 1.5(1.6) 4.5(23.5) 2153.0 Trifluralin 0.75 kg/ha (Pre) + Handweeding 4.9(24.0) 9.1(82.7) 1.2(0.3) 5.3(28.1) 1692.3 Metolachlor 1.5 kg/ha (Pre) 5.8(33.3) 7.2(50.7) 1.8(2.4) 3.7(13.2) 1384.6 Metolachlor 1.5 kg/ha (Pre) + Handweeding 4.9(24.0) 7.6(57.3) 1.4(1.1) 4.9(23.4) 3384.6 Pendimethalin 3.0 kg/ha Pre) 5.0(24.0) 6.0(36.0) 2.0(3.3) 3.1(9.6) 6615.4 Oxyflurofen 0.50 kg/ha (Pre) 4.4(18.7) 5.6(30.7) 1.4(1.1) 2.4(5.0) 5076.9


71

CD at 5% 1.4 1.7 0.8 1.7 307.7 Values given in the parentheses are original means

Standardization of doses of post-emergence herbicides in garden pea (Pisum sativum var

hortense)

Imazethapyr 150 ha-1 (40 DAS) being statistically at par with imazethapyr 100 g ha-1 (40

DAS) and 150 g/ha (20 DAS), resulted in significantly higher green pea pod yield by causing

significant reduction in total weed count and total weed dry weight. Weeds in weedy check

reduced green pod yield of pea by 61.05 per cent over imazethapyr 150 g ha-1 (40 DAS).

Table WS 25. Effect of treatments on total weed count, total dry weight and yield of garden pea Treatment Total weed count (No m-2) Total weed dry weight (g m-2) Yield

(kg/ha) 90 DAS At harvest 90 DAS At harvest Weedy check 12.7 (160.0) 14.8 (217.3) 7.5 (54.8) 24.3(601.3) 3083.4 Hand weeding (30, 60 & 90 DAS) 1.0(0.0) 6.1(37.3) 1.0(0.0) 2.5(6.1) 7111.6 Pendimethalin 1.5 kg/ha (Pre-em) 9.0 (80.0) 8.7 (74.7) 5.1 (25.6) 14.6 (231.3) 6416.7 Isoproturon 1.0 kg/ha (35 DAS) 9.6 (92.0) 9.1 (81.3) 7.3 (52.4) 15.4 (239.3) 5083.3 Isoproturon 1.25 kg/ha (35 DAS) 11.1 (124.0) 10.0 (101.3) 7.0 (48.4) 18.6 (384.7) 5500.0 Imazethapyr 100 g/ha (35DAS) 12.2 (148.0) 12.0 (144.0) 7.8 (60.6) 20.3 (410.7) 5833.3 Imazethapyr 150 g/ha (35 DAS) 11.6 (134.7) 10.7 (113.3) 7.5 (54.7) 17.1 (296.0) 7333.3 Isoproturon 1.0 kg/ha (50 DAS) 3.2(18.7) 8.0 (64.0) 2.3 (7.3) 13.9 (192.7) 5416.7 Isoproturon 1.25 kg/ha (50 DAS) 5.7 (32.0) 6.6 (42.7) 3.4 (11.5) 10.1 (105.3) 6083.3 Imazethapyr 100 g/ha (50 DAS) 13.0 (168.0) 11.6 (134.7) 7.5 (54.9) 19.1 (368.0) 7500.0 Imazethapyr 150 g/ha (50 DAS) 9.9 (97.3) 12.2 (149.3) 6.5 (41.6) 16.5 (272.0) 7916.7 CD 5 % 2.2 1.6 1.2 6.2 750.2 Values given in the parentheses are the original means

Weed management studies in okra

Hand weeding thrice behaving statistically alike with hand weeding twice, trifluralin 0.75

kg ha-1 + HW and pendimethalin 0.75 kg ha-1 + HW controlled weeds effectively and resulted in

significantly higher marketable okra yield over remaining treatments (Table WS 26). Weeds in

weedy check reduced marketable yield of okra by 75.6 per cent over hand weeding thrice.

Table WS 26. Effect of treatments on weeds and fruit yield of okra Treatments

Total weed count (No m-2)

Total weed dry weight (gm-2)

Yield (kg/ha)

60 DAS At Harvest 60 DAS At Harvest Trifluralin 1.5kg/ha 14.1 (197.3) 16.6 (276.0) 7.9 (61.1) 7.6 (56.1) 2262.3


72

Trifluralin 0.75kg/ha + 1 HW 13.4 (178.7) 19.8 (389.3) 7.4 (54.2) 7.0 (48.3) 4387.3 Pendimethalin 1.0kg/ha 14.9 (221.3) 17.9 (321.3) 7.4 (54.3) 8.5 (70.5) 2323.2 Pendimethalin 0.5kg/ha + HW 15.7 (245.3) 18.8 (353.3) 6.9 (47.1) 6.9 (46.0) 3503.8 Quizalopof 30g/ha 12.4 (152.7) 14.8 (218.7) 6.9 (46.1) 7.3 (52.9) 2812.0 Quizalopof 20g/ha 13.8 (190.7) 19.9 (394.7) 7.6 (56.6) 7.5 (56.1) 3497.2 2 Handweeding 1.7 (2.7) 13.2 (173.3) 1.0 (0.0) 6.6 (42.0) 3047.2 3 Handweeding 1.7 (2.7) 13.3 (177.3) 1.0 (0.0) 6.1 (36.9) 4168.2 Unweeded 15.6 (241.3) 20.5 (419.3) 8.8 (77.1) 9.3 (84.8) 1533.9 CD 5% 1.2 1.1 0.5 0.8 1304.4

Values given in the parentheses are the original means

Crop-weed competition studies in okra

The studies on crop weed competition in okra indicated that first 20-40 days is the critical

period of crop weed competition.

Table WS 27. Effect of treatments on total weed count and dry weight and fruit yield of okra Treatment Total weed count

(No m-2) Total weed dry weight (g m-2) Yield

(kg/ha) 60 DAS At Harvest 60 DAS At Harvest

Weed free up to 20 DAS 13.8 (190.7) 13.9 (194.7) 5.4 (28.8) 6.8 (46.0) 2248.8 Weed free up to 40 DAS 14.1 (197.3) 15.4 (237.3) 4.9 (23.1) 6.5 (41.9) 2644.4 Weed free up to 60 DAS 1.0 (0.0) 12.5 (156.0) 1.0 (0.0) 6.3 (39.1) 2973.3 Weed free up to 80 DAS 1.0 (0.0) 11.4 (128.0) 1.0 (0.0) 5.9 (34.0) 3126.7 Weed free up to Harvest 1.0 (0.0) 1.0 (0.0) 1.0 (0.0) 1.0 (0.0) 3506.7 Weedy up to 20 DAS 1.0 (0.0) 1.4 (1.3) 1.0 (0.0) 1.0 (0.0) 3444.4 Weedy up to 40 DAS 3.4 (21.3) 1.9 (4.0) 1.7 (2.7) 1.0 (0.0) 2282.2 Weedy up to 60 DAS 1.0 (0.0) 1.0 (0.0) 1.0 (0.0) 1.0 (0.0) 1317.8 Weedy up to 80 DAS 15.0 (223.3) 1.0 (0.0) 6.1 (36.2) 1.0 (0.0) 1306.7 Weedy up to Harvest 17.6 (308.0) 14.4 (206.7) 7.0 (47.4) 7.5 (55.5) 1088.9 CD 5% 2.4 1.5 0.8 0.6 1162.2 Values given in the parentheses are the original means

Weed Seed Bank Studies

� In rice-wheat sequence, maximum emergence of broad leaved (625 m-2) T4 (continuous

use of herbicides) and grasses (455 m-2) was observed from the soil taken after wheat

where rotational use of herbicides in wheat was done. Similarly weed emergence/100 g

soil was also maximum in T4 (Buta 1.5 kg ha-1 fb 2,4-D- isoproturon 1.0 kg ha-1) ie

continuous use of herbicides. Whereas, in soil taken after rice, maximum emergence of

broad leaved (624 m-2) T5 (continuous use of herbicides in rice and rotational use in

wheat) and grasses (227 m-2) T7 rotational use of both the herbicides was done. Weed

emergence/100 g soil was also maximum in T7.


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� In weed dynamics studies in maize-wheat there was more emergence of broad leaved

weeds and grasses in hand weeding under ZT-ZT planting systems treatment as

compared to application of herbicides. Maximum emergence of broad leaved (1136 m-2),

grasses (1092 m-2) and weed emergence/100 g soil was observed from zero-tillage -

zero-tillage treatment and this treatment was closely followed by conventional planting

conventional planting in integration with HW in soil taken after the harvest of wheat.

Whereas, in soil taken after the harvest of maize, maximum emergence of broad leaved

(1022 m-2), grasses (341 m-2) and weed emergence/100 g soil (2.72) was observed from

Bed planting - Bed planting treatment integrated with 1HW, planting method.

� In maize-pea experiment, application of atrazine 1.50 kg ha-1 in maize and weedy check

treatments for pea, recorded higher emergence of broad leaved (2670 m-2), grasses (341

m-2) and weed emergence/100 g soil.

D. Herbicide residues and nutritional uptake in permanent herbicide trials

� Sulfosulfuron residue data at three application rates i.e. 15 g ha-1, 20 g ha-1 and 25 g ha-1

revealed that herbicide in soil persisted up to 60, 90 and 90 days, respectively.

� On the basis of % reduction of root length and shoot length of bioassay plant it was

found that pendimethalin at two doses i.e. . 1.5 kg ha-1and . 3.0 kg ha-1 persisted upto 60

and 90days respectively.

� Weed control treatments” viz, metsulfuron methyl 4 g/ha , clodinofop propargyl 60 g/ha ,

metsulfuron methyl 4 g/ha + clodinofop propargyl 60 g/ha , metsulfuron methyl 8 g/ha +

clodinofop propargyl 60 g/ha, isoproturon1.0 kg/ha +2,4-D1.0 kg/ha, isoproturon

1.25kg/ha +2,4-D 0.75 kg/ha applied applied in experiment entitled ,” “Bioafficacy

studies of metsulfuron methyl and clodinafop propargyl mixture aginst weeds in wheat”

did not leave any residues in post harvest soil samples.

� In “Weed dynamics in maize-wheat sequence under different planting methods”

experiment, non-significant differences in emergence, root length shoot length and dry

weight of bioassay plant cucumber indicated that herbicides both atrazine and

metolachlor applied in maize experiment did not leave any residues in post harvest soil

samples. Atrazine residues analyzed by HPLC technique were also found to be non-

detectable in the same experiments.


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� In“Weed management in maize-peas cropping system ” trial, non detectable levels of

residues were recorded by using bioassay technique in different treatments .Atrazine

residues analyzed by HPLC technique were also found to be non-detectable in the same

experiments.

� On the basis of % reduction of bioassay plant parameters it was observed that at two

levels of application of sulfosulfuron i.e. 25 g ha-1 and . 50 g ha-1, most of sulfosulfuron

herbicide remained only up to 25cm but the movement of herbicide is up to 55cm.

� The distribution of butachlor in soil was 0.09, 0.04 µgg-1-and non detectable from lower

dose (1.5 kg ha-1) and 0.13, 0.08 and 0.005 µgg-1from higher dose(3.0 kg ha-1) in 0-5

cm, 5-10 cm and 10-15 cm layer of soil .This indicated that inspite of irrigation almost

everyday most of the residues remained up to 10 cm depth.

� In permanent herbicide trial on transplanted rice-wheat sequence, non detectable levels of

isoproturon residues were recorded by using bioassay and spectrophotmetric techniques.

� Rotational use of herbicide clodinofop increased the uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus

by 2.28, 15.47 and 6.43 per cent, respectively by wheat over their uptake with continuous

use of IPU. The uptake of potassium by associated weeds was decreased by 12.67 per

cent by herbicide rotation with clodinofop methyl over continuous use of IPU.

� An increase in uptake of nitrogen ,phosphorus and potassium by 4.82,0.41 and 17.01 per

cent, respectively by wheat crop with 25% nitrogen substitution through lantana over

100% N through chemical fertilizers Whereas the uptake of phosphorus and potassium by

associated weeds of wheat crop decreased by 8.33 and 10.22 per cent with substitution of

25% N through Lantana over 100% N through chemical fertilizers.

� The uptake of phosphorus and potassium by rice crop was increased by 10.06, and 0.14

per cent, respectively by herbicide rotation with cyhalofop butyl over continuous use of

butachlor. Whereas the rotational use of herbicide increased the uptake of nitrogen,

phosphorus and potassium by associated weeds of rice crop over their uptake with

continuous use of butachlor.

� Substitution of 25% nitrogen through lantana increased the uptake of nitrogen

,phosphorus and potassium increased by 5.32, 4.03 and 9.07 per cent, respectively by

rice crop over 100% nitrogen through chemical fertilizers. Whereas the uptake of


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nitrogen and phosphorus by associated weeds of rice crop decreased with substitution of

25% N through Lantana over 100% N through chemical fertilizers.

� 25% nitrogen substitution through lantana recorded higher values of organic carbon

content over 100% N through chemical fertilizers.

� In another long term experiment on weed dynamics in maize-wheat sequence under

different tillage methods, organic carbon content was significantly influenced by planting

methods during both seasons.

D. FORAGE AND GRASSLAND MANAGEMENT

Integrated Nutrient Management in Napier bajra hybrid under mid hills of N-W Himalaya

Seventy five percent recommended N + inoculation of Azospirillum + Azotobacter

resulted in significantly higher green fodder yield (529.6 q/ha), dry matter yield (106.8 q/ha)

(Table FG 1) and net return (Rs. 41334/ha/year). The magnitude of increase was 10.7 and 7.5

percent over recommended N and 75% recommended N + Azospirillum, respectively. Net return

realized under T4 was 15.4 percent higher over T1. B: C ratio was also higher under T4 (3.56)

closely followed by T2 (3.22).

Table FG 1. Effect of INM on growth and yield of Napier bajra hybrid Treatment Green forage

yield (qha-1) Dry forage

yield (qha-1)

B:C

T1 100% N (90 kg N/ha) 478.60 94.30 2.98 T2 75% N + Azospirillum 492.55 99.61 3.22 T3 75% N + Azotobacter 470.95 94.66 3.16 T4 75% N + Azospirillum+ Azotobacter 529.61 106.80 3.56 T5 50% N + Azospirillum 382.17 76.36 2.99 T6 50% N + Azotobacter 399.10 80.79 3.16 T7 50% N + Azospirillum+ Azotobacter 409.34 80.80 3.15 T8 25% N + Azospirillum 280.74 56.44 2.74 T9 25% N + Azotobacter 276.74 55.92 2.75 T10 25% N + Azospirillum+ Azotobacter 303.73 62.87 2.90


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CD at 5% 16.26 8.64 0.17 Integrated Nutrient Management in forage –forage based system

Table FG 2. Effect of treatments on growth and yield of forage species Treatments Forage yield (q ha-1) Economics

Setaria White clover

Total Net returns (Rs/ha/yr)

B:C

Control 124.34 (29.59)*

63.10 (10.48)*

196.0 (40.8)

8692 1.15

Biofertilizer (Azotobacter/ Rhizobium) 177.67 (40.76)

98.53 (16.35)

271.4 (52.8)

14551 1.53

50% NPK through inorganic fertilizer 212.15 (44.93)

112.80 (18.71)

309.7 (60.0)

14840 1.11

Biofertilizer (Azotobacter/ Rhizobium) + 50% NPK through inorganic fertilizer

272.30 (60.18)

150.53 (25.00)

415.2 (79.3)

21279 1.37


169.80 (28.19)

433.8 (83.7)

20775 1.11

Biofertilizer (Azotobacter /Rhizobium) + 75% NPK through inorganic fertilizer

344.62 (75.33)

166.43 (27.59)

516.1 (97.4)

24272 1.22


174.29 (28.95)

519.1 (99.0)

26131 1.30

CD5% 27.92 (9.27)

11.57 (1.99)

20.8 (4.5)

- -

* Figures in parentheses is dry fodder yield (q/ha)

In setaria – white clover production system application of biofertilizer (Azotobacter to

Setaria /Rhizobium to white clover) + 75% NPK through inorganic fertilizer remaining at par

with application of 100% NPK through inorganic fertilizer to both crops produced significantly

higher green forage yield (Table FG 2). Application of 100% NPK through inorganic fertilizer

resulted in highest net returns and was followed by application of Azotobacter /Rhizobium +

75% NPK through inorganic fertilizer. In term of B:C ratio, biofertilisers alone proved

superiority over rest of the treatments. Biofertilizer (Azotobacter/ Rhizobium) + 50% NPK

through inorganic fertilizer resulted in better B: C ratio and was followed by 100% NPK through

inorganic fertilizer.

Performance of new barley genotypes to nitrogen levels for higher grain and fodder

productivity under rainfed conditions in NHZ


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Response of barley to N-application was observed up to 40 kg N/ha both in case of grain

and forage yield. BHS-169 a check variety resulted in significantly highest yield over new test

entry BHS 380 and check variety HBL 276. HBL -276 resulted in highest forage yield. This was

followed by BHS-380 and BHS-169.

Table FG 3. Treatment effects on grain and forage yields of dual purpose barley

Treatment Grain yield (q/ha)

Forage Yield (q/ha)

Nitrogen (kg/ha) 20 15.37 14.89 40 19.24 19.59 60 19.08 16.40 CD 5% NS NS Genotype BHS-380 18.56 16.03 BHS-169 (C) 20.86 14.11 HBL-276 (C) 14.27 20.74 CD 5% 1.63 4.34 E. AGROMETEOROLOGY Experimental Agro meteorological Advisory Service at Palampur

1. The validation of forecast was done with the observed data recorded at Palampur. The

rainfall forecast (Correct and usable %) was more than 69.1% correct in all season except

SW monsoon with 46.4%. The Ratio score (%) was more than 56.5% during all the

seasons. The usability percentage for weekly-accumulated rainfall varied between 27-

71%. The RMSE varied between 9.5-57.0 in all season. Higher rainfall amount was

predicted for post monsoon and winter season.

2. The correct and usable cases varied between 59.8 to 78.0% in all the season for cloud

cover. RMSE varied between 2.16 to 3.2 and correlation was positive and significant for

all seasons. Cloud amount forecast was poor in kharif than rabi seasons.

3. The error structure for maximum varied between 54.2 to 75.4% and 57.6 to 81.5 in

minimum temperature in all the seasons. The lower accuracy was obtained due to rabi

season in minimum and higher in kharif in maximum. RMSE varied between 1.9 to 2.7 in

maximum and 1.57 to 2.3 in minimum temperature. The temperature predicted and


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observed over different seasons indicated less than 0.6-degree difference in the season. In

general lower temperature values for maximum temperature and higher for minimum

temperature were predicted.

4. Correlation coefficient was significant for all the seasons and coefficients of

determination varied between 52 to 77% in maximum temperature and 32 to 81% in

minimum temperature. The higher maximum and minimum temperatures were predicted

than observed in both kharif and rabi. The wind speed forecast was more than 98% true

in all the days of different seasons. Whereas, the wind direction reliability is very low.

5. The predicted rainfall was 42.0% of the observed in kharif and 76% to percent in rabi i.e.

lower rainfall was predicted for the wetter and higher for the drier season. There is

further need for fine-tuning the forecast.

6. 57 AAS bulletins were prepared in English and in Hindi. All the English bulletins were

published in university website www.imd.gov.ina and www.cropweatheoutlook.com of

CRIDA (ICAR) and April onward in indianweatherwatch.org. This year was good in

respect of rainfall. 30 AAS bulletins were published in Newspapers.

7. Economic impact assessed at university farm indicated 4.1 to 7.2 % in cereal crops. The

higher profit to the tune of 3.8 to 4.7 in rice, 5.2 to 7.8 % wheat and 3.5 to 5.2 % in maize

selected farmers’ fields. During SW monsoon season Rs. 350-500 (44-75 kg feed) were

saved due to correct cloud cover forecast in fishery enterprises in the region.

Impact, adaptations and vulnerability of Indian Agriculture to climate change

The Info crop model was validated for soybean and mustard for this region and yield was

simulated for increase in temperature and elevated CO2.

Soybean

One and two degree rise in temperature and CO2 levels did not change the planting windows

in soybean. Elevated levels of 50 ppm and 100 ppm carbon dioxide showed an increase of 5%

and 10.2 percent in soybean yield. The temperature rise of 1 and 2 0C showed reduction to the

tune 1.3 to 3.5 and 4 to 6 percent, respectively. The temperature rise of 1 and 2 0C coupled with

50 ppm elevated carbon dioxide increased the yield in all planting windows. The further increase


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in carbon dioxide levels to 100 ppm increased yield ranging 11 to 13.6 percent in 1oC and 7 to 10

% in 20C rise in temperature.

Mustard

Late sowing was best planting window but this was shifted to early date under irrigated

conditions. Under rainfed and two irrigations conditions 10C rise in temperature caused reduction

in yield. Four and six times irrigation was benefited with 1- 20 C rise in temperature in all the

sowing windows. In general, elevated levels of carbon dioxide 420 and 470 ppm showed

decrease in yield under all dates of sowing and in all irrigation levels including rainfed

conditions. Under rainfed and two irrigations conditions yield of mustard decreased with rise in

10C and 20C temperature. The four and six times irrigation level showed increase in yield with

1and 2 0 C rise in temperature + 50 ppm carbon dioxide. The 10 percent rainfall reduction plus

one degree rise in temperature caused decrease in yield.

Developing Block-Wise agriculture information files for “Diversified Agriculture to

enhance Farm Income” In Himachal Pradesh

The Land use of each block (Seventy Five blocks) was analyzed using IRS-LISSIII

remote sensing data for the entire H.P. The agriculture data and data for crop production

suitability etc were collected for different blocks of Himachal Pradesh and it was presented as

block wise thematic maps. The elevation and temperature parameters were processed for

calculating the crop suitability for identification of niche areas for vegetable based

diversification.

Developing District-Wise Land use of Himachal Pradesh, 2008-09 - An additional Activity (Completed in March 2009) A whole of 55,673 sq km area of Himachal Pradesh is divided into classes’ viz., forests,

agriculture, grass/shrub, non-vegetation/rocks, glaciers and water bodies. Remote sensing land

cover estimates for the state indicated that 15 per cent of the total geographical area is cultivated

land. The non-cultivated lands under different land covers are grass/shrubs (18%), non-

vegetation (25%), forests (32%) and glaciers/snow and water bodies (collectively constitute the

remaining 12 per cent). The estimates of prominent classes viz. Forest and Agriculture use were

compared with revenue records indicated higher degree of accuracy for flat lands than


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mountainous areas. The study also prepares the Digital elevation model for each block of H P

showing the elevation of each point in the map.

Contingent crop planning for Kharif season under Paonta valley conditions of Himachal

Pradesh

Maize (Naveen) produced highest yield of 31.97 q/ha under D1 (30 June), which was superior to the yield obtained under other sowing dates. The yield of maize decreased with the delay in sowing (Table A1).

Cowpea (C-475) gave highest yield of 6.07 q/ha under D1 (30 June) which was statistically at par with the yield recorded under D2 but superior to all other sowing dates.

Mash (UG-218) gave highest yield of 5.17 q/ha under D2 (15 July), which was significantly superior to all other treatments. Lowest yield of 3.36 was recorded under D4 sowing date.

Til (LTK-4) produced highest yield of 5.17 q/ha under D1 (June 30) which was statistically superior to yield produced under other sowing dates. Lowest yield (2.74 q/ha) was recorded under D4, 15 Aug sowing date.

Soybean (Harit soya) produced significantly higher yield under D1 (30th June) which and D2 (15 July).

Table A 1. Yield (q/ha) of crops under different seeding dates Maize Cowpea Mash Til Soybean D1 (30 June) 31.97 6.07 4.41 5.17 16.74 D2 (15 July) 28.09 6.04 5.17 3.26 15.89

D3 (30 July) 16.80 3.95 4.03 3.71 8.95

D4 (15 Aug) 7.25 4.02 3.36 2.74 6.07

CD at 5% 1.27 0.58 0.41 0.24 1.40

Contingent crop planning (Rabi 2008-09) under Paonta valley conditions

Wheat- Raj 3777 gave highest yield of 34.72 q/ha under D1 (1 Dec) which was superior to yields

obtained under other sowing dates (Table A 2). The variety performed well up to 30

December (D3). Very low yield of 3.61 q/ha was harvested under D4 (15 Jan) sowing

date.

Gram (HC-1) gave highest yield of 13.33 q/ha under D1 (Dec, 1) which was significantly

superior to the yield obtained under all other sowing dates except D2 (12.0 q/ha).

Gobhi sarson (Sheetal) produced highest yield of 13.77 q/ha under D1 (1st Dec), which was

significantly superior to yield obtained under all other sowing dates.


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Lentil HPL-5 gave highest yield of 12.66 q/ha under D1 (1st Dec), which was statistically

superior to the yield obtained under all other, sowing dates except D2 (15 Dec, 10.66

q/ha).

Table A 2. Crop yields under different seeding dates Sowing date Wheat yield

(q/ha) Gram yield

(q/ha) G. sarson yield

(q/ha) Lentil yield

(q/ha)

D1 (1 st Dec) 34.72 13.33 13.77 12.66 D2 (15th Dec) 22.77 12.00 12.00 10.66 D3 (30th Dec) 14.61 6.33 8.44 9.00 D4 (15th Jan) 3.61 2.33 3.77 5.33 CD at 5% 3.63 3.50 1.01 2.28


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EXTENSION

In addition to Extension Education work being carried out by the Extension Agronomists

at the main campus and KVKs, under its various R&E programmes, the Faculty in the

department enganged in teaching and research also carry out on-farm research and extension

work/activities at different sites in Himachal Pradesh under different co-ordinated and adhoc

projects. The various on-farm R&E activities undertaken by the Agronomists of the Department

during the year are presented in this section:-

ON-FARM RESEARCH

Cropping systems

The results have been presented for two years 2007-08 and 2008-09. Two farming

situations were identified. Farming situation I has three centres and II has two centres. Each year

three experiments were conducted at 60 locations.

Response of maize and wheat to nutrients on farmers’ field (Experiment 1)

The data revealed superiority of application of recommended doses of NPK fertilizers to

both the crops in maize-wheat sequence over application of N, NP and NK in influencing both

grain and straw yields of maize and wheat crops as well as maize equivalent during 2007-08 and

2008-09 (Table E 1a). However, when NP and NK were compared, it was found that application

of NP proved better than NK. The response in terms of kg of nutrients applied per kg of maize,

wheat or maize equivalent grain yield was, in general, greater for P2O5 followed by K2O and

least for N (Table E 1b).

Intensification and diversification of the existing cropping system (Experiment 2)

Maize based cropping systems

The results in Table E 2 revealed that all crop sequences gave significantly higher mean

maize equivalent over traditional maize-wheat system. However, maize-wheat was comparable

to maize – gram in influencing net return. Maize-potato-onion resulted in highest maize

equivalent yield and thereby gross and net return during both the years (2007-08 and 2008-09).


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Table E 1a. Response of different crops (kg/ha) to N, P and K application under maize - wheat sequence (Mean of 18 locations)

Treatment Maize yield Wheat yield Maize equivalent Grain Stover Grain Straw

2007-08 Control 1841 3517 1800 2229 4611 N 2211 4346 2233 2705 5646 NP 2996 5480 2871 3482 7413 NK 2836 5535 2620 3196 6867 NPK 3550 6766 3329 4210 8672 LSD (P=0.05) 168 501 117 125 675 2008-09 Control 1972 3960 1828 2277 4784 N 2281 4664 2212 2747 5685 NP 3030 6393 2827 3442 7379 NK 2892 6085 2632 3219 6941 NPK 3731 7756 3273 4074 8766 LSD (P=0.05) 137 293 128 191 497 Recommended dose, Maize- 90:45:30 and wheat- 80:40:40; Price- maize Rs 6.50/kg and wheat- Rs 10.00/kg Table ECF 1b. Response of different crops to nutrients (kg grain/kg nutrient) Nutrient Year Maize Wheat Maize equivalent N 2007-08 4.111 5.411 6.094 2008-09 3.432 4.809 5.299 P2O5 2007-08 16.668 16.830 21.009 2008-09 17.641 15.691 20.699 K2O 2007-08 19.647 10.565 17.708 2008-09 21.871 10.813 18.879 Table E 2. Yield and return under maize-based cropping sequences (Mean of 14 locations) Sequence Yield

(kg/ha) Maize equivalent

(kg/ha) Gross return

(Rs/ha) Net return

(Rs/ha) Kharif I Kharif II Rabi I Rabi II

2007-08 Maize-wheat 3305 - 3342 - 8446 73689 44407 Maize + Soyabean - wheat

2811 890 3417 - 11492 93244 57112

Maize-Gram 3350 - 1074 - 9960 75558 50755 Maize-Gobhi Sarson +Toria

3301 - 1220 671 10997 83517 53261

Maize-Potato-Onion 3395 - 16339 16462 27360 187337 100876 LSD (P=0.05) - - - - 1286 8095 8095 2008-09 Maize-wheat 3433 - 2988 - 8030 71514 42232 Maize + Soyabean - wheat 3298

890 3045

- 11406 94786 58654

Maize-Gram 3449 - 974 - 9445 73673 48868 Maize-Gobhi Sarson +Toria 3511

- 1137 608 10628 83104 52848

Maize-Potato-Onion 3555 - 18169 15617 28343 193993 107532 LSD (P=0.05) - - - - 1684 10843 10843 Maize Rs 6.50/kg ; wheat Rs 10.0/kg ;Toria Rs 20.00/kg ; Gram Rs 40.00/kg ; Gobhi sarson Rs 30.00/kg : Potato Rs 4.50/kg : Onioon Rs 5.00/kg : Soyabean Rs 25/kg


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Rice based cropping systems

The data in Table E 3 revealed that rice-potato-onion in farming situation I gave

significantly higher rice equivalent yield during 2007-08 and 2008-09. This was closely followed

by rice-potato-French bean and rice -radish –potato for rice equivalent yield. However, all of

these cropping sequences significantly increased net return over the traditional rice-wheat

cropping sequence.

Table E 3. Crop yields, rice equivalent yield and return under rice based cropping sequences (2007-08 & 2008-09)

Sequence Yield (kg/ha) Rice equivalent

(kg/ha)

Gross return (Rs/ha)

Net return (Rs/ha) Kharif Rabi I Rabi

II

Situation I (average of 6 locations/replications) 2007-08

T1 Rice-wheat 3114 3828 - 5666 100801 70236 T2 Rice-Radish-Potato 3084 18643 17307 12004 185239 104870 T3 Rice-Potato-French bean 3178 14092 7845 11590 182275 93565 T4 Rice-Potato-Onion 3198 14591 16973 13232 203815 116064 T5 Rice-Berseem + oats 3199 0 - 6977 110012 80048 LSD (P=0.05) 1009 15055 15055

2008-09 T1 Rice-wheat 3070 3791 - 5597 100226 69661 T2 Rice-Radish-Potato 3139 15474 19774 12166 187667 107298 T3 Rice-Potato-French bean 3186 17566 7565 12491 194959 106249 T4 Rice-Potato-Onion 3218 17391 17350 14219 218636 130885 T5 Rice-Berseem + oats 3221 54415 - 7574 119033 89069 LSD (P=0.05) 1135 16571 16571 Rice (Basmati) Rs 15.0/kg; wheat Rs 10.0/kg; Onion Rs 5.00/kg; Potato Rs 4.50/kg; French bean Rs 8.00/kg; Berseem + Oats (Green fodder) Rs 1.20/kg

Agronomic management practices for sustainable production system (Maize-wheat and rice-wheat)

Maize-wheat cropping sequence

The recommended package of practices for both the component crops in sequence (T3)

gave significantly higher grain and straw yield, maize equivalent yield and proved more

profitable than Farmers’ practice (T1) as well as Farmers’ practice with recommended NPK (T2)

to maize and wheat in sequence during 2007-08 and 2008-09 (Table E 4). Super-imposition of 10

t FYM/ha on recommended practice (T4) further increased yield and return over the

recommended package of practices alone.


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Table E 4. Effect of different agronomic practices on crop yields and economics under maize-wheat cropping sequence (2007-08 & 2008-09, average of 12 locations) Practice Yield (kg/ha) MEY Return

(Rs/ha) Maize Wheat Grain Stover Grain Straw Gross Net

2007-08 T1 Farmers’ practice 2231 3954 2162 2893 5560 48578 22262 T2 T1+ recommended NPK 2806 5233 2805 3755 7121 62585 34409 T3 Recommended package without

FYM 3149 5815 3151 4239

7997 70239 40957 T4 Recommended package plus FYM

10 t/ha 3460 6386 3700 4747

9153 79751 43469 LSD (P=0.05) 129 318 240 278 441 3703 3703 2008-09 T1 Farmers’ practice 2327 4904 2153 2957 5639 50665 24349 T2 T1+ recommended NPK 2934 6101 2663 3667 7032 63108 34932 T3 Recommended package without

FYM 3345 6823 3053 4159 8042 71865 42583 T4 Recommended package plus FYM 10

t/ha 3621 7434 3536 4687 9061 80596 44314 LSD (P=0.05) 149 300 193 289 381 3219 3219 MEY, maize equivalent yield; Recommended fertilizer dose: N, P2O5 & K2O (kg/ha), Maize-90, 45 & 30; Wheat-80, 40 & 40. T1: Application of 5t/ha FYM + 40% of recommended N/ha in maize and no FYM +40% of recommended N/ha in /wheat, sowing by broadcasting/line sowing and weed control (manual or no weed control)

Rice-wheat cropping sequence

Table E 5. Effect of different agronomic practices on crop yields and economics under rice-wheat cropping sequence (2007-08 & 2008-09, average of four locations)

Practice Yield (kg/ha) Rice

equivalent Gross return (Rs/ha)

Net return (Rs/ha) Rice Wheat

Grain Straw Grain Straw 2007-08 T1 Farmers’ practice 2338 3248 2453 3128 3972 71492 44860 T2 T1+ recommended NPK 2838 3855 2970 3756 4818 86507 57407 T3 Recommended package

without FYM 3019 4191

3269 4162

5198 93616 62960 T4 Recommended package plus

FYM 10 t/ha 3298 4464

3649 4584

5730 102968 65812 LSD (P=0.05) 120 239 236 353 230 4292 4292 2008-09 T1 Farmers’ practice 2319 3213 2277 3131 3837 69415 42783 T2 T1+ recommended NPK 2774 3849 2938 3734 4732 85160 56060 T3 Recommended package

without FYM 3088 4233 3282 4295 5276 95152 64496 T4 Recommended package plus

FYM 10 t/ha 3532 4778 3744 4905 6029 108632 71476 LSD (P=0.05) 302 451 278 464 469 8657 8657 Recommended fertilizer dose: N, P2O5 & K2O (kg/ha) Maize 90, 40 & 40; Wheat 120, 60 & 30.


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In rice-wheat cropping sequence, the recommended package of practices for both the

component crops in sequence gave significantly higher grain and straw yields and rice equivalent

than farmers’ practice as well as farmers’ practice with recommended NPK to rice and wheat in

sequence during 2007-08 and 2008-09 (Table E 5). The recommended package of practices also

proved profitable in influencing the overall net return. Super-imposition of 10 t FYM/ha on

recommended practice (T4) further increased yields and return over the recommended package of

practices alone.

System of Rice Intensification (Kangra District)

On-farm trials on, system of rice

intensification were conducted

with improved (HPR - 2143) and

local varieties at 11 locations in

Kangra District of Himachal

Pradesh. The size of observational units varied from 200 - 400 m2. The rice crop of HPR 2143

variety with SRI gave 5.3 - 8.3 Mg/ha grain yield in comparison to grain yield of 4.9 - 6.1 Mg/ha

under farmers’ practice (Table E 6).

Weed control

During the year under report 20 on-farm trials to demonstrate weed management

technology to make yield loss and assessment due to the weeds in maize, rice & wheat and

problematic weeds like Ageratum conyzoides, Ageratum houstonianum, Parthenium

hysterophorus, Lantana camara in orchards and grasslands were conducted at different

locations.

Results of the study reveal that spray application of IPU and atrazine was superior to their

broadcast application in wheat and maize, respectively. However, broadcast application of both

the herbicides was superior to farmers practice (Table E 7).

Table E 7. Effect of methods of application on grain yield of different crops Crop No. of on farm trials Average grain yield(q/ha)

Farmer Practice Spray Broadcast with sand Wheat 2 18.4 28.9 26.7 Maize 2 33.2 38.9 35.3

Table E 6. Comparative performance of varieties under SRI (system of rice intensification) in Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh

HPR - 2143 Local Plant height (cm) 121.7 - 123.9 - Tillers (No.) 15-17 - Panicle length (cm) 27.7 – 30.2 - Grain yield (Mg/ha) 5.3 - 8.3 4.9 - 6.1


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All the herbicides were superior to farmer practice in controlling the weeds and

increasing grain yield of wheat. Clodinofop 60 g/ha (Table E 8) was found to be superior to IPU

in controlling Avena ludoviciana and Lolium temulentum in farmers field. However, IPU had an

edge over clodinofop to control some of the broadleaved weeds.

Table E 8. Efficacy of clodinafop to control weeds in wheat (average of 2 trials)

Trreatments Average grain yield Farmer Practice 19.4 IPU 1.5 kg/ha (35 DAS) 26.2 Clodinofop 60 g/ha 28.2 2,4-D 16.4

The data on On-farm trials presented in Table E 9 indicated that chemical weed control

in farmers field increased the grain yield of wheat, maize, transplanted and puddle seeded rice by

15.7 %, 19.0%, 19.7% and 20.1%, respectively over farmer's practice. Whereas, weed free

treatment recorded an increase of 21.7%, 22.4%, 24.2% and 24.5% over farmer's practice in

wheat, maize, transplanted and direct seeded rice, respectively.

Table E 9. Yield of different crops under on-farm conditions.

Crop No. of

trials Methods of weed control

Average grain yield (q/ha) % increase over FP P Chemical weed

control Weed free

Chemical weed control

Weed free

Wheat 2 29.8 34.5 36.2 15.7 21.5 Maize 2 32.6 38.8 39.9 19.0 22.4 Rice Transplanted 2 28.9 34.6 35.9 19.7 24.2 Direct puddle seeded

2 24.9 29.9 31.0 20.1 24.5

The data on On-farm trials to control problematic weeds (Table E 10a) indicated effective

control of Ageratum conyzoides with atrazine 0.75 kg/ha broadcasted with sand in standing crop

of maize at 2-3 leaf stage of Ageratum. Whereas in pastures and grasslands, glyphosate 1.0

kg/ha resulted in effective control of Ageratum houstonianum (Table E 10b). However, atrazine

1.00 kg/ha at 2-3 leaf stage of Ageratum houstonianum was also found effective to control this


88

weed without any toxic effect on grasses. In case of Parthenium hysterophorus glyphosate 1.0

kg/ha and atrazine 1.00 kg/ha were effective to control this weed.

Table E 10a. On Farm -trials on control of Ageratum conyzoides in maize (No of trials 2) Treatment Weed population (No/m2) Farmer's Practice 988 Atrazine 0.75 kg/ha broadcast with sand 24 Table E 10b. On Farm -trials on control of obnoxious weeds in pastures and grasslands. Weed No. of

Trials Weed Control Practice

Unsprayed Glyphosate 1.0 kg/ha

Atrazine 1.0 kg/ha at 2-3 leaf

2.4-D Na 1.0 kg/ha

Ageratum houstonianum

1 132 Nil 12 32

Parthenium hysterophorus

2 160 Nil 12 28

Lantana camara 1 10 Nil - -

Front line demonstrations

The frontline demonstrations conducted to popularize gobhi sarson in maize-gobhi sarson

sequence over farmers’ practice revealed that the net profit owing to improved varieties over the

traditional varieties used by the farmers varied between Rs. 10747 to Rs. 19051/ha/annum at

different locations (Table E 11).

Table E 11. Crop yields (kg/ha) and comparative economics of improved variety over farmers’ variety in Maize-Gobhi sarson cropping system under rainfed situations (2007-08)

Location Farmer’s method Improved method Net profit (Rs/ha) over farmers’ practice Maize Gobhi

sarson Maize

(KH-101) Gobhi sarson (HPN-

1) Nandpur 2200 530 3650 810 10747 Rangas 2250 500 3500 1000 15739 Kalruhi 2000 600 3350 1170 19051 khabli 2120 580 3450 950 12327


89

The Frontline Demonstrations conducted to popularize Mash variety T9 and gram variety

Him Channa 1 revealed that the net profit due to the high yielding varieties varied between Rs.

2040 to Rs. 16080/ha/annum at different locations over the local variety (Table E 12).

Table E 12. Crop yields (t/ha) and net profit (Rs/ha) due to improved gram and mash variety over farmer’s variety during 2007-08

Location Farmer’s method Improved method Net profit over farmers’ practice Mash Gram Mash

(UG 218) Gram

(HC-1) Nandpur 270 310 380 340 2040 Rangas 250 350 350 700 9980 Rangas 250 300 400 700 16080 Kalruhi 500 - 900 - 13978

Biological management of Parthenium by Zygogramma

Zygogramma bicolorata activity increased from July to September. Its number/plant and

damage (30-80 per cent to Parthenium) was higher during July to September. Larval population

was also higher during August and September.

Parthenium awareness week

Department of Agronomy organized awareness week on this obnoxious weed on 6-12

September 2008. In all more than 3000 farmers from different panchayats and students of

different colleges and schools participated in this programme (Table E 13).

Table E 13. Number of participants in Parthenium awareness week Date Place No. of participants 6.9.2008 Govt. SSS Dadh and Gram Panchayat Dadh 300 8.9.2008 Gram Panchayat Rajaina 500 Govt. Sr. School Rajaina 200 9.9.2008 Govt. Middle School Bandahu and Gram Panchayat Bandahu 300 10.9.2008 Gram Panchayat Thural and Govt. Degree College Thural 300 11.9.2008 PSR Govt. Degree College, Baijnath 700 12.9.2008 CSK ,HPKV,Palampur-NCC and NSS volunteers 350


90

Recommendations in the package of practices

During the year under report, two recommendations were included in the package of practices

one each in the package and practices of kharif (use of cyhalofop butyl 90 g/ha in the form of clincher 10

EC 900 ml/ha 15 DAT/DAS in standing water to control grass weeds in rice: for the control of sedges and

broad-leaved weeds, apply 2,4-DEE (Himore 4% granules 20 kg/ha in transplanted rice or Himore 38 EC

0.6 kg/ha in direct seeded rice after 20-25 DAT/DAS )) and rabi (use of clodinafop propargyl 60 g/ha

(Topik 10 WP 600 g/ha or Topik 15 WP WP 400 g/ha) in wheat) crops.

Organization of Earth day

Earth day was organized on 22nd April, 2009 at CSKHPKV, Palampur. This was sponsored by the

Ministry of Earth Sciences, New Delhi.

Other extension activities

The faculty of Agronomy made commendable efforts in organizing 117 extension trainings,

delivering 378 lectures in different trainings, 53 kisan melas/field days, delivering 10 radio and 10 TV

talks for the benefit of farmers throughout the state.

Trainings organized/Extension Lectures delivered/OFTs/demonstrations/exhibitions etc. (2008-09) Name of the Scientist Trainings organized Lectures

delivered* OFT Field days/Melas

etc Demonst-rations

laid out$ N N Angiras - 10 24 - 5 Suresh Kumar - 7 24 - 5 Neelam Sharma - - - - - B S Mankotia - 11 - 1 - J P Saini - - - - - J Shekhar - - - 1 - D R Thakur 6 42 - 147.4 ha S C Negi - 3 10 - 24 Rameshwar - 17 1 - - Sandeep Manuja - 43 5 - 227 Anil K Choudhary 24 17 8 5/4 47.36 ha Anil Kumar - 6 1 - 167 K S Thakur - 5 1 - 167 Naveen Kumar - 11 - - 99 A K Manchanda - 14 - 1 - Vinod Sharma 36 43 - 44 25 ha Pawan Pathania 36 36 - - 5 ha R S Rana 1 - - - - S K Sharma - 37 (1250) - - 13 (2.4 ha) S K Subehia 1 - - - - Kapil Saroch - 5 - - - Janardhan Singh - 17 - 1 - Rajesh Singh 2 8 - - 3 Deep Kumar 9 19 10 - 258 S S Rana 2 27 - - 25 *In parentheses number of farmers; $ in parentheses area in ha.


91

TV/Radio talks and exhibitions (2008-09) Name of the Scientist Radio talks TV talks/facilitation Exhibition D R Thakur 2 - - S C Negi 1 - - Rameshwar 1 - - Sandeep Manuja 1 - - Suresh Kumar 2 - 7 Neelam - - 7 N N Angiras - - 7 Vinod Sharma 1 9 - Rajesh Singh - 1 - Deep Kumar 2 - - A K Manchanda - - 1

Trainings workshops/meetings attended and association in research/extension projects (2008-09) Name of the Scientist Trainings

Attended Workshops/

Meetings/symposia attended Research/Extension projects (No.)

B S Mankotia 1 4 - J Shekhar - 4 - D R Thakur 2 9 - S C Negi - 3 - Rameshwar 3 1 - Sandeep Manuja 3 5 - A K Choudhary 3 5 3 Anil Kumar 1 1 - K S Thakur 3 - Naveen Kumar - 1 3 A K Manchanda - 4 6 Suresh Kumar 5 6 Neelam 1 7 6 N N Angiras 3 6 Vinod Sharma 5 15 - Pawan Pathania - - 6 R S Rana - 4 3 S K Sharma - 1 - Kapil Saroch - 3 - Janardhan Singh 4 - Rajesh Singh 2 1 - Deep Kumar - 2 -

Publications

Research articles

Bhagat RM, Sharda Singh, C Sood, RS Rana , V Kalia, S Pradhan, W Immerzeel and B Shrestha.

2008. Land Suitability Analysis for Cereal Production in Himachal Pradesh (India) using

Geographic Information System. Journal of Indian Society of Remote Sensing 06: 60.


92

Bindra AD, Man Singh and MC Rana. 2008. Effect of sowing dates on growth, yield and

economics of different varieties of pea (Pisum sativum) under dry temperate conditions.

Himachal Journal of Agricultural Research 34 (2): 113-115.

Bindra AD, YP Dubey and MC Rana. 2008. Complementary effect of bio-fertilizers and nitrogen

levels on seed crop of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under dry temperate

conditions of Himachal Pradesh. Himachal Journal of Agricultural Research 34(1): 15-

17.

Chaudhary DR, AD Bindra and Sanjay Chadha 2008. Identification of heterotic combinations

and breeding for higher fruit yield and earliness in okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.)

Moench]. Himachal Journal of Agricultural Research 34 (2): 116-119.

Chopra Pankaj and NN Angiras. 2007. Influence of tillage and weed control methods on growth,

productivity and quality of maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Crop and Weed 3(2): 10-14.

Chopra Pankaj and NN Angiras. 2008. Effect of tillage and weed management on productivity

and nutrient uptake of maize (Zea mays L.). Indian Journal of Agronomy 53(1): 66-69.

Choudhary AK, RC Thakur and N Kumar. 2008. Effect of integrated nutrient management on

soil physical and hydraulic properties in rice-wheat crop sequence in N-W Himalayas.

Indian Journal of Soil Conservation 36(2): 97-104.

Dubey YP and AD Bindra. 2008. Affectivity of Rhizobium legumenosarum vicieae against

different nitrogen levels in pea (Pisum sativum)-maize (Zea mays) cropping sequence.

Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 78(1): 75-77.

Gautam Resham, Naveen Kumar, JP Yadvendra, SB Neog, PA Hollington, Sanjay Thakur,

Aditya Khanal and Bharat Bhandari. 2008. Distribution of ricebean in India and Nepal.

http://www.ricebean.org

Katoch Rajan, Uttam Bandana, E David and Naveen Kumar. (2008). Effect of NPK enrichment

on fodder production potential of ricebean under rainfed conditions. Forage Research

5:73.

Katoch Rajan, Uttam, Naveen Kumar and JC Bhandari. 2008. A study on asynchrony in pod

maturity and production potential in ricebean. Forage Research 33(4): 255-257.

Kumar Naveen. 2009. Hill Farming in Himachal Pradesh. http://www.ricebean.org/hills.htm


93

Kumar Suresh, NN Angiras, SS Rana and Neelam Sharma. 2007. A new formulation of

metribuzine for weed control in potato. Himachal Journal of Agricultural Research

33(2):147-150.

Kumar Suresh, NN Angiras, SS Rana and Neelam Sharma. 2008. Bio-efficacy of herbicides to

control weeds in potato. Himachal Journal of Agricultural Research 34 (1): 22-24.

Kumar Suresh, NN Angiras, SS Rana and Neelam Sharma. 2008. Efficacy of new herbicides to

manage weeds in transplanted rice. Himachal Journal of Agricultural Research 34 (1):

18-21.

Kumari V and Prasad R. 2009. Weather relations on floral phenology and autogamy in niger

(Guizotia abyssinica (Lf.) Cass) under north western Himalayas. Journal of

Agrometeorology 11(1): 59-63.

Mankotia BS, J Shekhar , RC Thakur & SC Negi. 2008. Effect of organic & inorganic sources of

nutrients in rice (Oryza sativa) - wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system. Indian

journal of Agronomy 55 (1): 32-36.

Pathania Raj, Parveen and P Pathania. 2008). Marietal and family characteristics among tibals of

HP. Studies of Tribes and Tribal 6(2): 73-78.

Rana MC, SS Rana , Sanjay K Sharma, Suresh Kumar and GD Sharma. 2007. Influence of seed

soaking with phosphorus, neem and seaweed extract on the productivity of pea under

Lahaul valley conditions of Himachal Pradesh. Himachal Journal of Agricultural

Research 33(2): 282-283.

Rana MC, SS Rana, GD Sharma, NN Angiras and AD Bindra. 2008. Influence of phosphorus

and seed soaking on productivity of French bean under Lahaul valley conditions of

Himachal Pradesh. Himachal Journal of Agricultural Research 34 (1): 121-122.

Rana SS, P Sood, P Pathania, S Kumar, S Chadha and DR Chaudhary. 2008. Weed crop

competition studies in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under dry temperate

conditions of North-western Himalayas. Himachal Journal of Agricultural Research

34(2): 10-14.

Rana Vijay, Rameshwar, Atul and Punam. 2009. Progeny performance of plus trees of Toona

ciliata M. Roem under nursery and field conditions. The Indian Forester 135(1): 92-98 .


94

Sharma Renu, MC Rana, NN Angiras, and Pankaj Chopra. 2008. Efficacy of clodianafop and

row spacing in controlling weeds in gobhi sarson. Indian Journal of Weed Science 39(3-

4): 219-222.

Singh KP and NN Angiras. 2008. Competitive ability of wheat with variable population of small

canary grass (Phalaris minor) under north-western Himalayas. Geobios. 35: 214-216.

Singh KP and NN Angiras. 2008. Interference of wild oat (Avena leudoviciana) in wheat under

mid hill conditions Himachal Pradesh, India. J. of Env. Bio-sci. 22(1):9-13.

Singh KP and NN Angiras. 2008. Studies on threshold value of E. crusgalli. L. in transplanted

rice under mid hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh. Adv. Plant Sci. 21(2): 505-508.

Singh KP, NN Angiras, Suresh Kumar and M Bhargava. 2007. Threshold level of Echinochloa

crusgalli L in transplanted rice under mid-hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh. Ann.

Plant Physiol. 21(1): 103-105.

Sood Bannu, SK Subehia and SP Sharma. 2008. Potassium Fractions in acid soil continuously

fertilized with mineral fertilizers and amendments under maize-wheat cropping system.

Journal of Indian Society of Soil Science 56 (1): 54-58.

Sood VK, JC Bhandari, Naveen Kumar and Rajan Katoch. (2008). Evaluation of Setaria

genotypes for fodder yield and quality traits under cool sub tropical and sub temperate

Himalayan region. Forage Research 34 (1): 25-28.

Symposium

Ahmed N, MS Mir, SS Rana, MC Rana and JI Mir. 2008. Strategies for ensuring food and

economic security in high altitude and cold arid region of North western Himalayas.

International conference on novel approaches for food and health security in high

altitudes, DIHAR, DRDO, Leh-Ladakh, Sept 6-10, pp 16.

Angiras NN, and Suresh Kumar. 2008. Invasion and management of Parthenium hysterophorus in pasture

ecosystems of Himachal Pradesh. National Symposium on New Paradigms in Agronomic

Research, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, November 19-21, 2008, Indian

Society of Agronomy.

Angiras NN, Suresh Kumar, Neelam Sharma and SS Rana. 2008. Studies on tank mix and sequential

application of herbicides to control mixed weed flora in wheat (Triticum aestivum). National

symposium on New Paradigms in Agronomic Research, November 19-21, 2008, Navsari, Gujarat

pp. 325-326.


95

Angiras NN. 2007. Invasion and Integrated management of Lantana camara under

agroclimatic conditions of India and Eritrea. International Conference Novel and Sustainable

Methods of Weed Management, European Weed Research Society and Hebrew University at

JERUSELAM.

Bhagat RM, Vaibhav Kalia, Ranbir Rana. 2008. A Disastrous Flash Floods in Himachal Pradesh, India–

A case study of Satluj River Basin. Xth International Symposium on High Mountain Remote

Sensing Cartography (HIMRSC-X)- Himalaya From Space, EDUSPACE held at ICIMOD

Kathmandu w.e.f. 8-11 September, 2008 pp 53.

Choudhary AK, DS Yadav, A Singh and A Singh. 2009. Impact of front line demonstrations in pulses on

technology transfer, productivity and profitability in Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh, India.

Fourth World Congress on Conservation Agriculture, Feb. 4-7, 2009, NAAS, New Delhi, Vol. I,

p395.

Dhancholia S and Sandeep Manuja. 2008. Eco-friendly management of root rot/wilt complex of pea in

cold temperate region of Lahaul valley in Himachal Pradesh. Third Indian Horticulture Congress

on new R&D initiatives in Horticulture for Accelerated Growth and Prosperity, Bhubneshwar, pp

56.

Katoch Rajan, JC Bhandari, Naveen Kumar, VK Sood and DK Banyal. 2009. Variation in nutritive and

anti-nutritive attributes of ricebean (Vigna umbellate) genotypes. Emerging Trends in Forage

Research and Livestock Production, Feb 16-17, 2009 CAZRI RRS Jaisalmer India.

Kumar Anil and KS Thakur. 2009. Relative performance of rapeseed-mustard species under late sown

conditions at different fertility levels under North Western Himalayas. Proceedings 4th world

Science Congress on Conservation Agriculture, 4-7 February 2009, New Delhi pp 228.

Kumar Naveen, Naleeni Ramawat, GD Sharma and JP Saini. (2008). Productivity and nutrient

uptake of maize in different planting systems and seed production. National Symposium

on New Paradigms in Agronomic Research , 19-21 November 2008, NAU, Navsari,

Gujarat pp.415.

Kumar Rameshwar, Yashulata Sharma, GD Sharma, Punam and Atul. 2008. Intercropping

studies on grain maize (Zea mays) and baby corn (Zea mays) with marigold (Tagetes

minuta) under organic conditions. National Symposium on New Paradigms in Agronomic

Research, Indian Society of Agronomy, Navsari Agriculture University, Navsari, 19-21

November, 2008.519p.

Kumar Suresh, NN Angiras and SS Rana 2008. Influence of seeding and weed control methods on the

productivity of puddle seeded rice. Biennial Conference of Indian Society of Weed Science in


96

Modern Agriculture: Emerging Challenges and Opportunities, Bihar Veterinary College, Patna,

27-28 February, 2008.

Kumar Suresh, NN Angiras and SS Rana. 2008. Integrated weed management in maize. Biennial

Conference of Indian Society of Weed Science in Modern Agriculture: Emerging Challenges and

Opportunities, Bihar Veterinary College, Patna, February 27-28, 2008.

Kumar Suresh, NN Angiras, Neelam Sharma and SS Rana. 2008. Crop-weed competition studies in garlic

(Allium sativum) under mid hill conditions of north-western Himalayas. National symposium on

New Paradigms in Agronomic Research, 19-21 November 2008, Navsari, Gujarat, pp 356-357.

Kumar Suresh, NN Angiras, SS Rana, Neelam Sharma and Rohit Sharma 2008. Parthenium

hysterophorus compost as an important component of INM strategy for enhancing productivity of

maize. National Seminar on Policy Interventions for Promotion of Balanced Fertilizers and

Integrated Nutrient Management, April 10-11, 2008, Deptt of Soil Science, COA, CSK HPKV,

Palampur.

Kumar Suresh, NN Angiras, SS Rana, Neelam Sharma and Rohit Sharma 2008. Effect of FYM and

different mulches on productivity and weed population in potato-maize cropping system. National

Seminar on Policy Interventions for promotion of Balanced fertilizers and integrated nutrient

management, 10-11 April 2008, Deptt of Soil Science, COA CSK HPKV, Palampur.

Mahajan Monika and Neelam Sharma. 2008. Persistence of atrazine in soil and its biochemical effects in

maize under midhill conditions of Himachal Pradesh. Second National Symposium on Analytical

Sciences (NSAS), 23-25 Nov 2008, IHBT, Palampur (HP).

Mankotia BS, J Shekhar and RP Kaushik. 2008. Evaluation of early maturing rice (Oryza sativa) hybrid

‘HRI 152’ and working its N requirement in north-west Himalayas. Proceedings National

Symposium on New Paradigms in Agronomic Research, Navsari Agricultural University,

Navsari, Gujrat, 19-21 November 2008, pp 46-47.

Manuja Sandeep, Jagdish Chand and Pawan Pathania. 2009. Effect of transplanting dates on yield of

capsicum grown under different types of protected structures in high hills temperate dry zone.

National Seminar on Emerging Trends of Agricultural Engineering for Farm Mechanization of

hilly regions, CSKHPKV, Palampur pp 63.

Negi SC, J Shekhar, BS Mankotia and Gurdev Singh. 2008. Standardization of fertilizer application

techniques for wheat (Triticum aestivum) under zero tillage conditions. National Symposium on

New Paradigms in Agronomic Research, 19-21 November 2008. Navsari, Gujrat pp 246.

Pathania P, Jagdish and S Manuja. 2008. Performance of nursery of vegetables in different green houses.

Paper presented in 3rd Indian Horticulture Congress Nov. 6-9, 2008 Bhubneshwar, Orissa pp – 37.


97

Pathania P, Jagdish and S Manuja. 2008. Performance of nursery of vegetables in different green houses.

National Symposium on New Paradigms in Agronomic Research, NAU, Navsari, 19-21

November 2008, p 452-453.

Pathania P, Jagdish Chand and S Manuja. 2009. Performance of different tomato varieties under protected

structures in high hills temperate dry areas of Lahaul Valley of Himachal Pradesh. National

Seminar on emerging trends of Agricultural Engineering for Farm Mechanization of hilly regions,

CSKHPKV, Palampur pp 63.

Rahi S, AK Choudhary, DS Yadav, A Singh and A Singh. 2009. Varietal evaluation and production

economics of coloured capsicum cultivars/hybrids under protected cultivation. National Seminar

on Emerging Trends of Agricultural Engineering for Farm Mechanization of Hilly Regions, 20-

21January 2009, CSK HPKV, Palampur (HP) Vol. I: p 64.

Rameshwar, R Uppal, V Rana and Atul. 2008. Selection of plus trees of Albizia Chinensis.

National Symposium on Agroforestry Knowledge for Sustainability, Climate Moderation

and Challenges Ahead, 15-17 December 2008, NRC Jhansi.

Rana RS, DR Thakur and HL Thakur. 2009. Impact of Climate Change on Agricultural Crops in

Himachal Pradesh. One Day Workshop on Climate Change and High Altitude Wetlands

Conservation, WWF, Shimla and GBPIHED at GBPIHED, Mohal, Kullu (HP), 22 June 2009.

Rana SS, HL Sharma, SK Subehia and SK Sharma. 2008. Identification of need based cropping

systems for mid hills agro-climatic conditions on Himachal Pradesh. National

Symposium on New Paradigms in Agronomic Research, 19-21November 2008, Navsari,

Gujarat pp. 456-457.

Saini JP, Naveen Kumar and BR Sood. 2008. Efficacy of herbicides for controlling weeds in

Napier Bajra Hybrid in grasslands of Himachal Pradesh. National Symposium on New

Paradigms in Agronomic Research , 19-21November 2008, NAU, Navsari, Gujarat

pp.334.

Saini JP, SS Rana and Suresh Kumar. 2008. Efficacy of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl with respect to dose and

time of application against weeds in direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa). National Symposium on

New Paradigms in Agronomic Research, Navsari Agricultural University Navsari, Gujarat, 19-21

November 2008, Indian Society of Agronomy.

Saroch K, S Sandal, SS Masand and OC Kapur. 2008. Effect of mulching and methods of irrigation on

broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) – French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cropping

sequence. National Symposium on New Paradigms in Agronomic Research, Navasari

Agricultural University, Navasari (Gujrat), 19-21 November 2008, p 271.


98

Sharma GD, R Kumar, Naveen Kumar, MC Rana, Rameshwar and K Bassi. (2009). Evaluation

of maize + vegetable cropping systems sown in different row patterns under mid hill

conditions of Himachal Pradesh. National Symposium on New Paradigms in Agronomic

Research , Nov 19-21, 2008 at NAU, Gujarat pp.413-414.

Sharma Neelam , Bandana, Suresh Kumar and NN Angiras. 2008. Total free amino acids and sugar

content in wheat leaves as influenced by isoproturon application. Second National

Symposium on Analytical Sciences (NSAS), 23-25 Nov 2008, IHBT, Palampur (H.P).

Sharma Neelam, Monika Mahajan and Suresh Kumar. 2008. Dissipation behaviour of atrazine in acid

alfisol and its residues in maize. Biennial Conference of Indian Society of Weed Science in

Modern Agriculture: Emerging Challenges and Opportunities, Bihar Veterinary College, Patna,

27-28 February 2008.

Sharma Neelam, Suresh Kumar and NN Angiras. 2008. Monitoring of isoproturon and butachlor residues

in wheat- rice cropping system. IUPAC sponsored first International Conference on

Agrochemicals Protecting Crop, Health and Natural Environment, IARI, New Delhi, 8-11

January 2008.

Sharma Neelam, Sweta, Suresh Kumar and NN Angiras. 2008. Simple method for pendimethalin analysis

and its application in terminal residues studies in garlic. Second National Symposium on

Analytical Sciences (NSAS), 23-25 November 2008, IHBT, Palampur (H.P).

Shekhar J, BS Mankotia and SC Negi. 2008. Evaluation of different crop establishment methods for

increasing grain yield in transplanted rice (Oryza sativa). Proceedings National Symposium on

New Paradigms in Agronomic Research, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujrat, 19-21

November 2008, p 242-243.

Singh Janardan, JK Sharma and Araia Woldeamlak. 2009. Chickpea cultivation in Eritrea –

Present status and technological gaps. International Conference on Grain Legumes:

Quality Improvement, Value Addition and Trade, 14-16 February 2009, Indian Institute

of Pulses Research, Kanpur.

Singh Rajesh. 2008. Effect of planting seasons, FYM and NPK on processing quality of potato

(Solanum tuberosum L.) in mid hills of Himalayas. In Global Potato Conference 2008. pp

108.

Singh Sharda, RM Bhagat, RS Rana,V Kalia, Kunal Sood, Arun Kumar. 2009. Software application for

agriculture land use management interfacing Geographic Information System. National

Conference on Geomatics and Impact of Climate Change with Specific Reference to Mountain


99

Ecosystem, ISG, Ahemadabad, Uttrakhand Space Application Centre Geomatics 2009 National

Conference, p 63.

Sood Bannu and SK Subehia. 2008. Effect of Long Term Use of Chemical Fertilizers and Amendments

on Potassium Use Efficiency in Wet Temperate Zone Soils of Western Himalayas. Proceedings

National Seminar on Policy Interventions for Promotion of Balanced Fertilization and Integrated

Nutrient Management, Department of Soil Science, COA, CSK HPKV, Palampur, 10-11 April,

2008 p 10-11.

Suri VK, SK Sandal and K Saroch. 2008. Soil and water conservation measures in relation to changing

climate. In Proceedings: Seminar on Soil and Water Conservation in H.P. (March 23-24, 2008)

Suri VK, SK Sandal and K Saroch. 2009. Poly-lined tank technology for rainwater harvesting in H.P.

Seminar on Issues related to Groundwater Management and Water Use Efficiency in HP, 18

March 2009.

Thakur DR and RC Thakur. 2009 Integrated nutrient management in rainfed maize-wheat system through

farmers’ participatory approach under mid-hill sub-humid agroclimate of Himachal Pradesh.

Fourth World Congress on Conservation Agriculture – Innovation for Improving Efficiency,

Equity and Environment, Indian Council of Agricultural Research at NAAS Complex, New

Delhi, 4-7 February 2009.

Thakur KS and Anil Kumar.2009. Adaptability of Brassica napus genotype ONK1 at different sowing

dates, spacings and fertility levels under rainfed conditions. Fourth world Science Congress on

Conservation Agriculture, 4-7 February 2009, New Delhi, pp286-287.

Extension

Bindra AD, Man Singh and BL Kapur. 2008. Makki ki fasal ka udyogic mahatab avam safal kheti ki

aadhunic vidhian. Parwatiya Khetibari 28(3): 3-6.

Chaudhary DR, AD Bindra and Anjuli Sharma. 2009. Khire ki safal kheti karne hetu kuchh mukhya

vagainic sujhab. Him Shrinkhla May 1(2): 31-32.

Chaudhary DR, AD Bindra, Anjuli Sharma and Vinod Kumar. 2009. Dhan ki unnat fasal ki vaiganik

vidhi. Him Shrinkhla May 1(3): 23-26.

Chaudhary DR, AD Bindra, Vinod Kumar and Anjuli Sharma. 2009. Adhik utpadan hetu rajmash ki

vaiganik kheti. Him Shrinkhla May 1(3): 14-17.

Chaudhary DR, Anjuli Sharma and AD Bindra. 2009. Kam lagat bale harit ghrihon ka varsh bhar upyog.

Him Shrinkhla May 1(2): 22-23.

Dardi MS, A Singh, AK Choudhary, S Rahi and K Arya. 2008. Foundation of sustainable hill agricultural

production – Animal Power (in hindi). Vishva Krishi Sanchar. 11 (6) : 21-22.


100

ivajaya raNaaÊ ramaoSavarÊ pUnama evaM Atula 2008. AaOYaQaIya evaM sauganQaIya paOQaaoM ko ]%pad: ek~IkrNa evaM BaMDarNa pìËyaaAaoM

kI mahta. pva-tIya KotIvaaD,I. A@tUvar ¹ idsamvar 16¹19.

Kumar Suresh, Surinder S Rana, Rohit Sharma and Pankaj Chopra 2008. Aallo ki phasal main

kahrpatwar prabandhan. Parvatiya Khetibari 28(1): 18-21.

Manchanda AK. 2008. Vagayanic tarike se Karen Aloo ki kheti. Yangvarta 2(1): 15-30.

Manchanda Anirudh, Pankaj Mital, HL Thakur and V Kalia. 2009. Participatory watershed management

for sustainable development at NWDPRA, Chogtali, pp125.

Pankaj Chopra, Suresh Kumar and NN Angiras 2008. Weed management in wheat under

Himachal Pradesh conditions. Indian Farmers Digest 41 (9): 7-10.

R S Rana 2008-09. Weather based Agro-advisory bulletins for farmers on weekly basis Both in English

and Hindi being published in university website. (www.hillagric.ernet.in/farm advice/ Palampur

and DST, Govt of India website (www.imd.gov.in) and local news papers. 100 in English and 70

in Hindi. 17 in News papers under AAS project.

Rahi S, A Singh, AK Choudhary and R Choudhary. 2008. Polyhouse cultivation of offseason vegetables

in mountain areas (in hindi). Kheti Dunia 4(4): 6.

Rahi S, AK Choudhary and M Sood. 2009. Bring change/ diversification in conventional agro-

technologies and produce quality exotic vegetables (in hindi). Kheti Dunia 14(16): 8.

Saroch K. 2009. Babhinn faslon, sabjion b fulon mein jal parbandh. Parvatiya Khetibari 29 (2): 15-18.

Sharma S, S Sandal, K Saroch and RC Jaggi. 2008. Parvatiya kshetron mein barsha sarankshan ke liye

polythene teh wale talab. Kheti Duniya, 32.

Sharma SC, SC Negi, S.K. Rana & S. Verma, S.L. Gartan, B. Singh, V. Ran & D. Singh 2008.

Himachal Pradesh ke liye sifarish ki gayi kuch nayi kismein. Parvatiya Khetibari 28(4):

10-11.

Singh Janardan and Surjeet Kumar. 2008. How to take higher yield of rabi pulses? Parvatiya

Khetibari 28 (4): 12-13.

Singh Janardan and Surjeet Kumar. 2008. Scientific method of gobhi sarson, Parvatiya Khetibari

28(4): 14-15.

Subehia SK, CM Sharma and SP Dev. 2008. Jaivic kheti mein poshak tatvon ka pravandhan (Hindi).

Parvatiya khetiwari 28(3): 18-19.

Suri VK, K Saroch and S Sandal. 2009. Sinchit avam barshashrit kshetron mein krishi aadanon ki dakshta

bdhane hetu sujhav. Parvatiye Khetibari 29 (2): 19-21.


101

Yadav DS, A Singh and AK Choudhary. 2009. ]%padna va ]pja kOsao baZ,o ? Kheti Duniya Punjabi version.

27(12): 17.

Yadav DS, A Singh and AK Choudhary. 2009. Kheti Duniya. 14(13): 11.

Yadav DS, A Singh, AK Choudhary and A Singh. 2008. Aigàma pMi@t p`d-Sana: KaVana ]<padna baZ,anao maoM yaaogadana.

Kheti Duniya 13(43):18.

Catalogue/Technical Bulletin/Review articles/Lectures

Awasthi CP and Neelam Sharma. 2008 Nutritional values of Sesame (Sesame indicum L.)

germplasm. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, COBS, CSKHPKV,

Palampur.

Kumar Suresh and SS Rana 2009. Propagation and cultivation practices of kuth (Saussuria lapa).

In National Training Programme on Floriculture, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants.

Directorate of Extension Education, CSKHPKV, Palampur. Pp 97-101.

Rahi S, A Singh, Amar Singh, DS Yadav, AK Choudhary and K Arya. 2008. gfjr x`g esa lCth

mRiknu KVK, Sundernagar Technical Bulletin No. 4.pp 1-30.

Rana SS, DR Chaudhary, Suresh Kumar and P Sood. 2009. Propagation and cultivation practices

of kalazira. In National Training Programme on Floriculture, Medicinal and Aromatic

Plants. Directorate of Extension Education, CSKHPKV, Palampur. Pp 102-106.

Sandal S., Saroch, K., Suri, V. K., Sankhyan, N., Jaggi, R. C. and Sharma, P.K. 2008. Barsha ke

Pani ka sarankshan avam sanchey:1-26

sauroSa kumaar, naIlama Samaa-Ê saurond` isaMh raNaa evaM raoiht Samaa- 2008. gaaj,ar Gaasa ³pariqainayama´¹ ek AiBaSaap. ÌiYa ivaBaagaÊ

ihmaacala p`doSaÊ ÌiYa BavanaÊ iSamalaa¹5.

Sharma V. 2009. Babycorn-agrotechniques for production and post harvest technology.

Babycorn Utpaadan avam Sarakhshan. Directorate of Extension Education, CSKHPKV,

Palampur, No. 004/09.

Pamphlets

navaIna kumaar va baI Aar saUd 2008 caragaah sauQaar kr caara ]%padna baZ,aeM.

navaIna kumaar va baI Aar saUd 2008 gaÌYma ?tu maoM paOiYTk caara ]%padna.

navaIna kumaarÊ, vaI ko saUd va jao saI BaMDarI 2008 paOiYTk caara ]%padna.

Rameshwar Kumar 2008-09. Organic Inputs in Hindi containing. 16p.


102

Sharma KC, A Gulati, V Sharma, D Singh, S Verma, RS Jambal, P Rahi, P Vyas and HL Thakur

2009. Role of biofertilizers in vegetable production 6p.

Sharma KC, A Handa, V Sharma, S Verma, DK Parmar, SD Sharma, R Devlash and HL Thakur.

2009. Agrotechniques for tomato cultivation in hills. 12p

Sharma KC, A Sharma, HL Thakur and V Sharma. 2008. Improved Agro-techniques for garlic

production in hills 2p.

Sharma KC, V Sharma, S Verma, NK Pathania, A Sharma, and HL Thakur. 2008. Agro-

techniques for pea cultivation in Himachal Pradesh 8p.

Sharma KC, V Sharma, S Verma, DK Parmar, SD Sharma, R Devlash and HL Thakur. 2009.

Agrotechniques for cauliflower and cabbage production in hills, 10p.

VIP Visitor

• Dr K A Singh, Director, IGFRI Jhansi on 23.5.2008

• QRT team of AICRP (Forage Crops) during August 2008

• Delegation of Kansas State University USA on 29.7.2008

• Dr S A Faruqui, Project Coordinator, AICRP (Forage Crops) on 27.4.2009

• Dr. M.S. Gill, Director PDCSR now PDFSR (Project Directorate for Farming Systems

Research) during July 2008 and March 2009. (Presently Director Extension Education,

PAU, Ludhiana)

Awards and Honours

Dr. N.N. Angiras: Awarded the 2008 ‘Man of the Year Award’ representing India by American

Biographical Institute, USA on October 24, 2008.

Visits Abroad

Dr Naveen Kumar: Attended ‘Annual Meeting’ of the project “Food Security through Ricebean

Research in India and Nepal (FOSRIN)’, October 13 to 15, 2008 at Ullensvang , Norway funded by

European Commission, Brussels, Belgium.

Dr R S Rana attended ‘European Space Meeting’ at ICIMOD, Nepal w.e.f 5-6 September 2008.

Release of Zygogramma bicolorata at military station, Nagrota, Jammu

International Bio diversity Day (Shimla, 22 May, 2009)

Weed invasion in Different Crops (Una District)

Echinochloa colona in Transplanted rice

Brachiaria ramosa in maize

Sinderala viallis, new weed on bunds in maize field

Alternanthera philoxeroides in rice

Sorghum halepense invasion in maize field

Recommended package & practices of weed management on Farmer’s field

Dr. Tej Partap, Honourable Vice Chancellor flagged off the Rally of NCC and NSS volunteers at

CSKHPKV Palampur

Students being explained about Parthenium

Parthenium management technology awareness -

farmers

Parthenium management technology awareness-

school children, GSSS Rajaina

Parthenium management technology awareness-

farmers of Thural

PARTHENIUM AWARENESS WEEK

Dr SC Sharma, Director of Research, CSKHPKV,

Palampur(Main Farm, Kharif 2008)

Dr SC Sharma, Director of Research, CSKHPKV,

Palampur(Main Farm, Rabi 2008-09)

Dr M S Gill, Director, PDCSR, Meerut (Padhiarkhar

Farm, Kharif 2008)

Dr M S Gill, Director, PDCSR, Meerut (Padhiarkhar

Farm, Rabi 2008-09)

Scientists of the Department (at PAU, Ludhiana) Head of the Department (at PAU, Ludhiana)

Field visits

Orchard grass + clover under pomegranate horti-

pastoral system

Oats

Setaria in hortipastoral system Napier as bundriser

Bracharia under pines Director IGFRI, Dr. KA Singh (Fodder unit Palampur)

Demonstrations on fodders and forages

Documents

ANNUAL REPORT - Hill Agrichillagric.ac.in/edu/coa/agronomy/AnnualReports/APR_Agron_PLP_2008-09.pdf · Annual Report (2008-09) 4 wheat with zero-till seed-cum fertilizer drill. Three